1、三、 代词(一) 知识概要英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。 人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 主格 i you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them 物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表人称 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的 形容词性 my your his her its ours your they 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours their
2、s 反身代词可见下表人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves 指示代词主要有 this, that, these, those疑问代词有：who, whom whose, what, which, 还有疑问副词 when, how, where, why。不定代词在初中课本中主要有 some, any， many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either(
3、二) 正误辨析误Toms mother is taller than my.正Toms mother is taller than mine.析形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：my book，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是 my mother,也就是 mine。误We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them.正We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or th
4、ree hours to finish it.析在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里 it 所代替的是不可数名词 homework， 所以应用 it。误He and you should go to the library to return the books. 正You and he should go to the library to return the books.析这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为 you, he, she, I,而复数时为 we, you， they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she 如果在表示不好
5、意思，承担责任时，单数时用， I, he, she, you, 复数时用 They, you， we, 如：Tom and I are good friends.You, he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.We, you and they have been there before.I, he and you have to pay for it.误He or his brother is doing their homework.正He or his brother is doing his home
6、work.析由 eitheror, neithernor, or 连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一单一复两名词时，一般将单数名词放在前，复数名词放在后，要用复数代词，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.误His brother is taller than him.正His brother is talle
7、r than he.析than 是连词，其后应视为省略句，than he is.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。I like you as much as she.正I like you as much as her.析asas 其后也应看作是省略句。应为 as I like her.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。误Myself did it yesterday.正I myself did it yesterday.正I did it myself yesterday.析反身代词不可作主语，但可以用作主语的同位语。误Take care of our
8、selves.正Take care of yourselves .(yourself)析祈始句的主语应看作第二人称 you.误Please bring your daughter with yourself.正Please bring your daughter with you.析反身代词不能作介词宾语，除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语，如： The old woman spoke to herself.误Make yourself home.正Make yourself at home.析这是英语中的习惯用法，意为“像在家里一样” 。这样的用法还有：enjoy oneself 玩得开
9、心 make yourself at home 像在家中一样 help yourself to something 自己拿某物 lost oneself 迷路 seat oneself 就坐 dress oneself 穿衣误 Whos this speaking. Thats Mary.正 Whos that speaking. This is Mary.析在电话用语中，this 指讲话人自己，而 that 指对方。误The days in summer are longer than this in winter.正 The days in summer are longer than t
10、hose in winter.析在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用 that 或 those 取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用 that,复数时用 those，如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.误It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.正It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.正It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.析在可数名词单数时
11、可用 so+形容词+不定冠词+ 名词+that 从句，也可用 such+不定冠词+形容词+that 从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时，只用 such, 如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming. They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在 many, much, few, little 这 4 个词前仅能用 so,如： She has so much money that she can buy everything she wants.而在 so 与 that
12、之间仅存形容词时，则不能用 such,如:She is so sweet that everyone likes her.误I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.正I want to buy the same dictionary as yours.析same 与定冠词 the 是固定搭配不可更改。这样的用法还有 all the same(仍然)。误 I hope she might pass the exam. I dont hope so.正 I hope she might pass the exam. I hope not.析在作肯定回答时，
13、I think so. I hope so. I believe so.但作否定回答时为： I dont think so. I hope/believe not.误 He studied very hard this term. So she did.正 He studied very hard this term. So did she.误 English is difficult to learn. So is it.正 English is difficult to learn. So it is.析在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语，这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句，
14、即 studied hard 既适用于 he,也适用于 she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复，即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要用倒装句。如第二组句子为：英语难学。答语为：是的，难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。误EveryonToms mother is taller than my.We have a lot of homework to do today. So we need two or three hours to finish them.He and you should go to the library to return the books. He or his brother is
15、 doing their homework.His brother is taller than him.I like you as much as her.Myself did it yesterday.Take care of ourselves.Please bring your daughter with yourself.Make yourself home. Whos this speaking. Thats Mary.The days in summer are longer than this in winter.It is so a good book that everyo
16、ne likes to read.I want to buy a same dictionary as yours. I hope she might pass the exam. I dont hope so. He studied very hard this term. So she did. English is difficult to learn. So is it.Everyone should do ones best.正Everyone should do his best.e should do ones best.正Everyone should do his best.
17、析one 作代词时，它的复数形式是 ones,所有格形式是 ones，反身代词为 oneself.如果讲 One should do ones best.则是对句。如果 one 与别的词组成其他词，如： someone, anyone, everyone 或 only one 则要用 his/her，来作其所有格形式。误 Who won the game? None.正 Who won the game? No one.析由 who 提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是 no one,而由 How many 提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是 None.如：How many books are t
18、here? None.误There are many trees on either sides of the street.正There are many trees on either side of the street.正There are many trees on both sides of the street.析either 作代词时由两个含意，其一是两者中随便哪一个，如：You can take either.其二是两者中的每一个。但要注意的是 either 后要加单数名词，如果作主语则谓语动词也要用单数形式。误Either you or I are right.正Eithe
19、r you or I am right.析在 eitheror,或 neithernor 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。误I have three sisters. Neither of them is a doctor.正I have three sisters. None of them is a doctor.析neither 用于两者中无一是，而 none 则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一是。误He doesnt like Beijing opera. I dont like too.正He doesnt like Beijing opera, I dont li
20、ke either.析either 作为“也”讲时，要用于否定句中，而 too 则用于肯定句中。误We like both this little boy.正We both like this little boy.析both 作同位语时，它在句中的位置有：在 be 动词之后，如：We are both students.在实意动词之前，如：The parents both want to go to the cinema.用于第一助动词之后，如：We have both read these English novels.使用时要注意以下句子的实际含意：Both of us are not
21、right.应译为：我们俩不都对。Neither of us is right.才应译为：我俩都不对。又如：I cant give you both of the books.意为：两本书我不能全给你，而 I cant give you either of the books.才为：两本书我全不能给你。误We each has a ticket for the concert.正We each have a ticket for the concert.析each 作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，但 each
22、 作同位语时，则应以原名词的数为准。误Every of us has to pass the exam. 正Each of us has to pass the exam.析every 只可作形容词，不可作代词，而 each 既可作形容词，又可作代词，在作形容词时 each 侧重强调个体，而 every 则侧重于全体。误Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day.正Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.析everyone 不可与 of 结构相连接使用，而 every on
23、e 则可以这样用。误I should read English everyday.正I should read English every day.析要注意的是 every day 是“每天” ，而 everyday 则是形容词为 “日常的” 。如：everyday English 日常英语，everyday life 日常生活。误There are trees on every sides of the street.正There are trees on each side of the street. 析every 用于三者或三者以上的每一个，而 each 用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因
24、为街道只有两侧，所以只能用 each而不能用 every.误All my parents are engineers.正Both my parents are engineers.析all 用于三者或三者以上的全部，而 both 则用于两者的全部。误All of students might make some mistakes.正All of the students might make some mistakes.正All students might make some mistakes.析非特指的名词前可用 all 但不可用 all of 结构，也就是讲 all of 结构后面的名词
25、前一定要有定冠词。其他与 all 有关的习惯用法还有：all the year round, all week, all day, all winter误The all village was flooded.正All the village was flooded.析all 作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。误The post office is on other side of the street.正The post office is on the other side of the street.析单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用 another,而特指时则要用 the other,因街
26、道只有两边，而不在这边必定是在另一边，所以要用特指。请参考下表的用法以便于记忆。单数 复数 泛指 another 形容词 作定语 作名词 another 代词 other others 特指 the other 形容词 the other 代词 the other the others 误There are ten students here Where are the others students?正There are ten students here.Where are the others?正There are ten students here Where are the othe
27、r students?析the others=the other students.误The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, another is a doctor.正The old man has two sons. One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.析another 用于泛指，如：Is it far from here to the station?Im sorry. I have no idea. One may say it is quite near; another may say it
28、is far from here.但在特指时则要用 the other.它可以用作定语，the other one,也可以用作代词 the other,但 the other 用作代词时它的含意一定是单数。如果指三者或者三者以上的情况时，则要用 oneanotherthe other.或者 onea secondthe third误Some people like sports. The others like reading.正Some people like sports. Others like reading.析在泛指的复数名词前用 someothersothers来表示某些人某些人某
29、些人。误Please remember to water the flowers each other day.正Please remember to water the flowers every other day.析every other day 为每隔一天。是习惯用法，不要随意改动。又如：on the other hand 另一方面。 误Many know him， but few likes him.正Many know him, but few like him.析few 用于可数名词，意为几乎没有，但 few 作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式，而 a few 为有一些。误You h
30、ave few friends, havent you?正You have few friends, have you?析little 与 few 用于句中时，均要按否定句看待。误Much of what you said are true.正Much of what you said is true.析much 用于不可数名词，作主语时用单数谓语动词。而 many 用于可数名词，它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。误This room is enough large for the students to live in.正 This room is large enough for the s
31、tudents to live in.析enough 可以用作代词，如： There is enough of the food. 又如：Enough has been done for the work，但 enough 还可以作形容词来修饰名词，这时 enough 可以放在名词之前，也可放在名词之后，如：money enough 与 enough money 都是对的。但当 enough 作副词修饰形容词时，则只能置于形容词之后了。误I want any books to read. Do you have any?正I want some books to read. Do you ha
32、ve any?析按照语法 any 用于疑问句和否定句，而 some 用于肯定句。误Would you like any thing to drink?正Would you like something to drink?析在由 would you like 发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用 some 而不用 any。误Someone want to meet you.正Someone wants to meet you.析不定代词应被看作单数，即使用 and 连接两个不定代词，也要看作单数，如： Anyone and eve
33、ryone has the right. 任何人，每一个人都有这样的权力。误New York is much colder in winter than before.正It is much colder in New York in winter than before.析it 常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象，或用在句中作形式主语或宾语，如：It is ten oclock now. (代时间)It is far from here to the airport. (代距离)It is very hot.(代天气)It is very difficult to learn English well. (作形式主语)We found it very difficult to answer the question. (作形式宾语 )误Be careful. Dont drink too many.正Be careful. Dont drink too much.析这里 much 所代的应是饮料或水，所以应为不可数名词。
