1、英语五大基本句型结构 基本句型一:SV(主谓)Subject(主语) Verb(谓语)这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词(英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可把动词分成不及物动词与和及物动词。不及物动词:字典里词后标有 vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语) 。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of,at 后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了,如 listen to,look at.) ,不及物动词常见的有:appear,apologize,arrive,come,die,disappear,exist,fall,happen,
2、rise(好像还有所有的感官动词(如以上的 listenEragon 注)等等。如:The students work very hard.学生们学习很努力。She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上发生的。 (happen 是不及物动词,但表示“某地(某时)发生了什么事 ”,常用“sth.+ happen +地点/ 时间” 这一结构来表达,此时主语应是事情;表示“某人出了某事(常指不好的事)”,要用“sth.+ happen+to sb.”这一结构来表达Eragon 注
3、)基本句型二:SVP(主谓表 )(好像有的叫 SVC(主系表)Eragon 注)Subject(主语) Link.V( 系动词 )redicate( 表语)(表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于系动词(be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell 等词)之后。Eragon 注)这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类:(1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有:be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, soun
4、d, keep, remain, 等等。如:Several players lay flat on the playground.几个队员平躺在操场上。We should remain modest and prudent any time.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。This kind of food tastes terrible.这种食物吃起来很差。The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。(2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有:become, get, grow, turn, go
5、, come, prove,等等。如:Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。Dont have the food. It has gone bad.不要吃那种食物,已经变质了。The facts prove true.事实证明是正确的。基本句型三:SVO(主谓宾)Subject(主语) Verb(谓语) Object(宾语) (宾语是动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。Eragon 注)这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时,句子中有时含
6、有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是:名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如:You can put the books in your bag.你可以把书放在书包里。Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。She lost the chance to make her appearance on the stage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会。I prefer to make web pages.我更喜欢做网页。基本句型四:SVoO(主谓间宾直宾)Subject(主语) Verb(谓语) Indirect obje
7、ct(间接宾语) Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”,直接宾语常常指“ 物 ”。如:Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present.昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.老人正在给孩子们讲长征中的故事。这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型:(1)动词宾语for sb.; (2)动词宾语to sb.。如:Please show me your picture
8、.Please show your picture to me.请把你的画给我看一下。Ill offer you a good chance as long as you dont lose heart.Ill offer a good chance for you as long as you dont lose heart.只要你不失去信心,我会给你提供机会的。基本句型五:SVOC(主谓宾宾补)Subject(主语) Verb(动词) Object(宾语) Complement( 补语)这种句型中的宾语补语可统称为“复合宾语”。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式
9、等。如:Keep the children quiet, please. 请让孩子们安静下来。He painted the wall white. 他把墙漆成白色。We found him an honest person.我们发现他是一个诚实的人。His mother told him not to play on the street.他母亲告诉他不要在街上玩。注意:动词 have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch 等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带 to。如:The boss made him do the work
10、 all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。高考英语书面表达基础五大句型结构讲与练 句子是表达思想的最基本的语言单位。无论是书面表达还是口头表达,都凭借意义连贯的一系列句子以表达人们的思想。要写好一篇文章,无论是长篇大论,还是百字短文,都必须写好一个个句子。写好句子的关键就在于培养起句子筐架结构能力。而动词句型筐架意识、修饰语的定位意识以及英语主语表达方式辨别意识则是英语句子筐架结构能力的核心所在。所以有必要强化训练各个有关句式句型,为迅速提高英语书面表达能力打下扎实的基础。 一、主系表结构 【句型】SVSC (1) 主语+ be+ 表语( 名词/ 代词) 【用法】在本句型中,名词或代词作表语,
11、名词或代词可带附加成分。要注意主谓一致和时态问题。 Im a college student. It must be a grammar mistake 【练习】 人类居住的唯一家园是地球。The only home for man to live on is the earth. 失败为成功之母。Failure is the mother of success. 所有这些词典都对我帮助很大。All these dictionaries are a great help to me. 门口那辆摩托车不是我的。The motorcycle at the gate is not mine. 倘若我
12、是你,我就采纳他的建议。If I were you, I follow take his advice. 【句型】SVSC (2) 主语+ be + 形容词+ (介词短语) 跟 of 介词短语,用来描述人的品行或特点的形容词,如good, clever, kind, nice, foolish, silly, cruel, impolite, careless, stupid, right, unwise, wise, rude, wrong, naughty 等。 跟 of 介词短语的形容词,如forgetful, doubtful, proud, full, free, short, ca
13、reful, capable 表语形容词,如ready, sure, certain, sorry, present, content, fond, alive, awake, asleep, alike, alone, afraid, ashamed, aware 等。 一般形容词,如 pleasant, fine, busy, warm, absent, rich, angry, different 等;多数形容词后有固定的介词搭配。【用法】在本句型中,形容词作表语。用于本句型的形容词有: be rich in, be busy with, be responsible for, be a
14、ngry with, be different from, be fond of, be wele to My Chinese host was very hospitable. 【练习】 中国自然资源丰富。China is rich in natural resources. 王先生正忙于备课。Mr. Wang is busy preparing for his lessons. 他对他儿子学习上的进步感到自豪。He is very proud of his sons progress in study. 他们缺少时间和钱。They are short of time and money.
15、你真糊涂,竟然相信他说的话。Its very foolish of you to believe what he said. 他总是乐于助人。He is always ready to help others. 【句型】SVSC (3) 主语+ be + 现在分词 【用法】在本句型中,现在分词作表语,大部分这类词已被看作形容词,它们用来修饰说明表示物的主语。用于本句型的现在分词有:amusing(有趣的), boring( 令人厌烦的),disappointing(令人失望的), ing(迷人的), inviting (引人注目的,吸引人的), forting(令人鼓舞的),confusing
16、(混淆的), exciting(令人兴奋的 ), embarrassing(令人为难的), discouraging(令人气馁的), disturbing(烦扰的), fascinating(迷人的), interesting, surprising(惊人的),missing, promising(有前途的), puzzling( 令人迷惑的), shocking (骇人听闻的), striking(引人注目的), pleasing(令人高兴的), touching( 动人的),worrying(令人担心的)等。 This poem is very moving. His speech was
17、 very boring. 【练习】 这个童话很有趣。This fairy tale is very interesting. 这个小伙子真讨人喜欢。The young man is very ing. 这场追猎扣人心弦, 可惜狐狸还是跑了。The hunt was exciting, but the fox escaped. 他的话使人相当泄气。What he said was rather discouraging. 他发现的情况使他十分惊讶。He was astonished at what he found. 我放在桌子上的英语书不见了。My English book on the d
18、esk is gone. 【句型】SVSC (4) 主语+ be + 过去分词+ (介词短语) 常见带介词 with 分词:excited, bored, delighted, disappointed, satisfied, displeased, dissatisfied, equipped, pleased 等。常见带介词 to 分词:devoted, lost, engaged, known, related, married. 常见带介词 on 分词:founded, based, bent, set 常见带介词 in 分词:absorbed, dressed, celebrated
19、, disappointed, delighted, lost, embarrassed, engaged, experienced, interested 常见带介词 for 分词:prepared, celebrated, pressed. 常见带介词 against 分词:arranged, prepared. 常见带介词 at 分词:amazed, disappointed, dissatisfied, amused, annoyed, astonished, delighted, excited, displeased, pleased, shocked, surprised. 常见
20、带介词 about 分词:excited, pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried. 【用法】在本句型中,过去分词作表语,且常常带介词短语,介词一般固定,不可随便选用。用于本句型的过去分词有: 【练习】 他是中国人民非常熟悉的。Hes well-known to the Chinese people. 他在教学方面缺乏经验。He is poorly experienced in teaching. 他们两年前在上海结婚的。They got married in Shanghai two years ago. 我不满意我们在那家旅馆受到的待遇。I wasnt sat
21、isfied with our treatment at that hotel. 我们要作好下一次考试的准备。We must be prepared for the next exam. 受到你的 very pleased to hear from you. 【句型】SVSC (5) 主语+ be + 形容词+ 不定式 用于本句型的形容词有:able, fit, likely, afraid, foolish, lucky, slow, angry, fortunate, mad, anxious, free, nice, stupid, polite, sorry, brave, glad,
22、 sure, careful, grateful, thankful, certain, quick, unable, clever, good, ready, crazy, unwilling, willing, wonderful, content, happy, cruel, rude, curious, sad, worthy, due, kind, selfish, wrong, eager, excited, disappointed, pleased, astonished, puzzled, bored, satisfied, frightened, shocked, surp
23、rised, delighted, worried 等。在本句型中,形容词作表语,表语后直接用动词不定式。不定式所表示的动作是有句中的主语所进行的。【用法】 Im very glad to know you They are all determined to settle in the countryside. 【练习】 他很勇敢,闯进了那着火的房子。He was very brave to break into the burning building. 英语的五大基本句型详解同一个词类可以在句中充当不同的成分,同一个句子成分也可以由不同的词类来担任。句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中,词
24、与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有六种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate )、表语(predicative)、宾语(object )、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial) 。英语句子成分中,有些具有形态标志。如第一人称代词作主语就用主格“ ”,作宾语用宾格“me” ,作定语用所有格 “my”。这些形态变化对分析辨认成分很有帮助。汉语与英语就句子成分表面上看来差不多,实际上有不少差别。例如:Xiao Li went
25、to bed as soon as he came home. 小李回家后, 立刻就睡觉了。Ill go when I have had my dinner. 我吃了饭就去。在英语中,同一个主语在第二次出现时不能省略,必须把每个谓语所陈述的对象都表示出来。而在汉语中,同一个主语在句中第二次出现时,就可以省略。如例()中,汉语说“小李回家后立刻就睡觉了” ,省去了第二个分句的主语,倒可以避免造成误解。若将第二次出现的主语补出来,说成“小李回家后,他立刻就睡觉了” 。听的人反而可能把那个“他”误会成另一个人。把句子的各个成分搞清楚,也就是把句子各部分的关系搞清楚。做到这一点,才可以准确地理解句子的
26、意思或造出结构正确、意思明白的句子。有一点要注意,在分析句子结构时,应该抓住主要成分。我们分析句子结构,划分句子成分无非是为了理解,或者是为了造句。各种语言有各自的规则、各自的习惯,而且语言是很灵活的东西,发展过程也很复杂,很难把语法的现象都做出明确、统一的解释来。在使用一种语言时,语法应让位于习惯。符合习惯的,有时尽管不符合语法,也是正确的。英语句子有长在短,有简有繁,从现象看,似乎千变万化,难以捉摸,但从实质看,可以发现其内在联系,找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下:
27、基本句型一: + (主谓)基本句型二: + (主谓表)基本句型三: + (主谓宾)基本句型四: + + (主谓间宾直宾)基本句型五: + + (主谓宾宾补)基本句型 一此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 + (不及物动词)1. The sun was shining. 2. The moon rose. 3. The universe remains. 4. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 5. Lucy and Mary get up early every morni
28、ng.6. What he said does not matter. 7. They had talked for half an hour when I came in.8. His parents have worked in the factory for more than ten years.基本句型 二此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem 等属一类,表示情况;get, grow, become, turn
29、 等属另一类,表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义, 只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。+(是系动词) + 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. The trouble is that they are short of money. 7. Our well has gone dry. 8. His face
30、 turned red. 附:联系动词(Link Verb)本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如: He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell 是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。) He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell 是实义动词,单独作谓语。 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有 be 一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is 与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2
31、)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3)表像系动词 用来表示“看起来像 “这一概念,主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有 feel, smell, sou
32、nd, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有 prove, turn out,
33、表达“证实“,“变成“ 之意,例如: The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。( turn out 表终止性结果)基本句型 三此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。+(及物动词) + 1. Who knows the answer? 2. She smiled her thanks. 3. He ha
34、s refused to help them. 4. He enjoys reading. 5. They ate what was left over. 6. He said “Good morning.“ 7. I want to have a cup of tea. 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型 四此句型的句子有一个共同特点:谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接,当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时,这一介词往往被省略。 +(及物)
35、+ (多指人)+ (多指物)1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 3. He brought you a dictionary. 4. He denies her nothing. 5. I showed him my pictures. 6. I gave my car a wash. 7. I told him that the bus was late. 8. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句型 五此句型的句子的共同特点
36、是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。+(及物)+ (宾语)+(宾补) 1. They appointed him manager. 2. They painted the door green. 3. This set them thinking. 4. They found the house deserted. 5. What makes him think so? 6. We saw him out. 7. He asked me to come back soon. 8. I saw them getting o
37、n the bus. 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。下面以基本句型五为例:We found the hall full. 我们发现礼堂坐满了。We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师。We found the great hall full of students
38、and teachers listening to an important report.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听一个重要报告。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和教师,在听人民日报的一位同志作有关东欧局势的重要报告。不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样,因此在学习动词时,应掌
39、握动词的类型。以 get 为例:Hes getting angry. (S V C)He got through the window. (S V M)Youll get a surprise. (S V O)He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C)He got himself into trouble. (S V O M)He got her a splendid present. (S V 0 O)在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思:I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了这本书。(S V O M)I found the book easy. 我觉得这本书很容易。 (S V O C)I have to do something. 我得做点事。I have something to do. 我有点事做。