1、1句子成分（Sentence Members）句子成分和结构是英语的基础，是理解和表达英语的关键。英语中许多词类都对句子成分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的，这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用，叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的，不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。学习英语句法的基础是了解句子成分、句子的基本结构和句子种类。在英文中句子成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语） 、表语、定语和状语、宾语补足语等。（一）主语：主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句
2、首。如：（1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名词作主语）（2）He reads newspapers every day. （代词作主语）（3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （动名词作主语）（4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure.（不定式作主语）（5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主语从句作主语）练一练：指出下例句中主语的中心词。 1).The teacher with two of his students is walking
3、 into the classroom. 2).There is an old man coming here. 3).The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. 4).To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.（二）谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词） 必须是动词 。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。如：His parents are teachers. （系动词和表语一起作谓语）We
4、 study hard. （行为动词作谓语）We dont finish reading the book. （助动词和行为动词一起作谓语）He can speak English. （情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语）练一练：选出句中谓语的中心词。 I dont like the picture on the wall. The days get longer and longer when summer comes. Do you usually go to school by bus? There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon
5、. Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. What I want to tell you is this. We had better send for a doctor. 三）宾语2宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。She is doing her homework now.（名词作宾语）She says（that）she is ill.（宾语从句作动词宾语）We oft
6、en help him.（代词作宾语）He likes to play basketball.（不定式作宾语）We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。 （动名词短语作宾语）练一练：挑出下列句中的宾语。 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some
7、of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?说明 1：宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词，称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外，动词不定式可作动词宾语；动名词和宾语从句也可用作动词宾语。说明 2：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，直接宾语 指物 ，间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人，间接宾语 指人 。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟
8、。如：give, showbring, pass, buy 等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun gives us light. 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后，在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词 “to”或“for”。间接宾语前加“to”的有：give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答应）, refuse （拒绝）等。间接宾语加“for”的有：make, buy, do, get, play,
9、 order（命令）, sing, pay 等（1）I give him a book. 改成： （2）He passes me the book.（他将书递给我。 ） 改成： （3）He writes me a letter. 改成： （4）He will buy me some books. 改成： （5）She is making me a cake. 改成： 练一练：划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语。 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach u
10、s history next term. 3 Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?（四）宾语补足语在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分，称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式、分词等可用作宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。如：They make her happy.（形容词）I see her dance.（不定式）Well help you to make the Olympics a success.（名词）Please let him in.（副词）We hear
11、d her singing a song.（分词短语）（五）表语表语说明主语“是什么” 或者“ 怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。如：I am a teacher.（名词）He is always happy.（形容词）They are on the playground now.（介词短语）It gets cold.（形容词）系动词 Be 动词（am，is，are, was, were）表保持（keep, stay, remain）表改变（get， become， turn）感官动词（feel，sound（听起来） ，seem
12、/look（看起来） ，taste，smell如：It sounds interesting.（sound 为系动词，interesting 为表语）We should all remain careful. Remain（为系动词， careful 为表语）练一练：挑出下列句中的表语。 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the
13、 first to learn about it.（六）定语定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不等式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。如：The black bike is mine.（形容词） Whats your name?（代词）They make paper flowers.（名词）练一练：挑出下列句中的定语。 They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. 4 What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class
14、3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! 说明 1：当定语 修饰不定代词 ：nothing, anything, everything, something 等时，定语在不定代词后面。 如：I tell him something interesting. （形容词 interesting 作不定代词 something 的后置定语）He has someth
15、ing to do. （to do 为不定式作后置定语）说明 2： 短语或从句 作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room 是介词短语作 the boys 的后置定语。 ）（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。如：He did it carefully.（副词）Her mother goes out to do some shopping on
16、Sunday.（介词短语）When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（从句作时间状语）He sits there.（副词地点状语）练一练：挑出下列句中的状语。 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. 综合练习一、 写出划线部分的句子成分。 1. Lily
17、 is cleaning the desk now. 2. Her garden is the best in our town. 3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old. 4. I like this book very much. 5. The girl on the blue bike is Janes sister. 6. She didnt come to my party because she was ill. 7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. 8. We will go to the Childrens Palace once a week. 9. They are in the classroom. 10. It sounds good.
