1、11、abnormal, uncommon, disordered “反常的”abnormal bn:ml a.不正常的，反常的( 但并非罕见)，指行为或现象(如气候)的异常。His body temperature has been abnormal for 3 days, the highest point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.他的体温三天来一直都不正常，最高的时候达到 40.5 摄氏度。(尽管身体发烧不正常，但生活中也时有发生。)uncommon nkmn a.罕见的，不平常的，指很少经历或很少见到的状况；特别的，出色的。Hurricanes
2、are uncommon in England.飓风在英国非常罕见。That is uncommon instant coffee; it tastes great! 那速溶咖啡质量上乘，味道好极了！Disordereddis:dd a.混乱的，杂乱的；( 精神或身体)有病的。We couldnt understand her disordered presentation.我们听不明白她条理不清的陈述。2、abide, adhere, conform, comply“遵守 ”。abide baid v.后接 by 表示“遵守，同意”。I will abide by the director
3、decision.我将遵从主任的决定。adhere dhi v.后接 to 表示“遵守”。(当然 adhere 一词的其它意思如“坚持；粘附” 也经常被考到。)Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽车司机必须遵守驾驶规则。conform knf:m v.后接 to 表示“遵守，符合” 。All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by their governments.每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。comply kmplai v.后接 with 表示“ 遵守，服
4、从”，用于正式的场合。Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。3、abolish, cancel, eliminate, dispose, erase, exclude, extinguish 都有“取消，除掉”的意思。abolish bli v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除；完全破坏。The government abolished the tax on alcohol.政府取消了酒税。cancel knsl v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消；删去
5、(字、句) 。The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.会议由于流感而取消了。eliminate ilimineit v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。The losing team was eliminated from further competition.失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。2The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。dispose dispuz v.处理，处置；表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与 of
6、连用。(这一点需要注意。)After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.野餐后请清除掉垃圾。erase ireiz v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape again.我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。exclude iksklu:d v.排斥；排除，不包括在内，与 include 互为反义词。The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed fro
7、m entering.衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。extinguish ikstiwi v.熄灭，扑灭(火) ；使沉默，使暗淡。Firefighters extinguished a big fire.消防队员扑灭了大火。4、abstract, digest, outline, summary“要点，摘要”abstract bstrkt n.概要，摘要，尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简述。I have read the abstract of his book.我已经读了他书的概要。digest daidest n. (篇幅较长的)摘要，文摘，它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释，浓缩后仍保持
8、原文的顺序、重点和风格。Readers Digest读者文摘outline autlain n.要点，大纲，概要。She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.她把自己要谈的想法列了一个提纲。summary smri n.总结，摘要，指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点，不考虑原文的风格。5、absurd, ridiculous, silly 都有“ 愚蠢，可笑”的意思。absurd bs:d a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。There was an absurd idea that
9、 the earth was flat and motionless.过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。ridiculous ridikjuls a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。silly sili a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。a silly little boy 傻小子36、abundant, plentiful 这两个形容词都有“充足的”之
10、意。abundant bndnt a. (数量) 充足的，常用于人、物产、资源、雨量等，含有“过多”之意。Oil is in abundant supply in this country.这个国家石油供应十分充裕。plentiful plentiful a.丰富的，充足的，常用于食物、收获、财产等，不能用于时间、空间、思想等方面。Eggs are plentiful at this moment.现在鸡蛋很多。7、accent, tone, dialect 这三个名词意思相近，容易混淆。accent ksnt n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征；重音。He speaks English wi
11、th a Spanish accent.他讲英语带有西班牙口音。tone tun n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。He speaks to his baby in soft tones.他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。dialect dailekt n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。the Yorkshire dialect 约克郡方言 the Sichuan dialect8、access, assess 这两个词为一组“形近易混词 ”。access kses n.接近，进入。The people living in these apartments ha
12、ve free access to that swimming pool.住在这些公寓里的人可以免费地进入游泳池。assess ses v.评估(财产，价值)。I assessed how much it would cost to build a new apartment.我评估了一下建一套新的公寓要多少钱。9、accommodate, afford, furnish 都有“提供”的意思。accommodate kmdeit v.提供住宿、房间；适应，迎合，迁就。This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这家饭店可供 500 位来宾住宿。The
13、 company accommodated the customers wish and sent the delivery overnight.公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。afford f:d v.负担，支付；当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。We cant afford that expensive sports car.我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。furnish f:ni v.指提供生活或 某种用途所需要的东西。4Readi
14、ng furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that makes what we read ours.阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。10、accomplishment, attainment, achievement“成就”accomplishment kmplimnt n.成功，成就；才艺，修养。Climbing that high mountain was an accomplishment for the hikers.对于登山运动员来说
15、，爬上了那座山就是成功。Being able to paint well is just one of her accomplishments. 画画得好只是她的许多才能之一。attainment teinmnt n.指学识和造诣(常用作复数 )；达到，到达。a scholar of the highest attainments 造诣极高的学者achievement ti:vmnt n.可指抽象的“成就”，或具体的“成绩” ，与 accomplishment 是同义词。11、accuse, charge “控诉，指控” 之意，所搭配的介词不同。accuse kju:z v.指控，控诉，与介词
16、 of 连用。The police accused him of theft.警察指控他犯有盗窃罪。charge t:d v.可以指因为小错而受的责备，也指因违法而受到控告，与介词 with 连用。The police charged him with murder.警察指控他犯了谋杀罪。12、acquire, attain, obtain, gain, earn, achieve, secure 都有“获得，取得“的意思，在考研屡次出现。acquire kwai v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能、知识、习惯等，也可用于对财物等的获得，该词强调“一经获得就会长期持有“ 的含义。It is thro
17、ugh learning that the individual acquires many habitual ways of reacting to situations.正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。attain tein v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果；也可指达到某一目标。The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。obtain btein v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。He obtained the property with a bank loan.他通过
18、向银行贷款买下了那份房产。gain ein v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处；亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。5earn :n v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。How much do you earn a week?你一星期挣多少钱？achieve ti:v v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。The movie star achieved success and wealth.这个影星取得了成功和财富。secure sikju v
19、.得到；把拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意；使安全，保卫；作形容词比较常见，意为“安全的“ 。A million signatures have been secured.已征集到了 100 万人的签名。He secured the office before leaving it for the night.他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。13、acute, critical, crucial, urgent“严重的，重要的 “意思。acute kju:t a.剧烈的，严重的；急性的 (病)。An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Ira
20、qi people.食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。critical kritikl a.意为“关键的“，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与 crucial 相似。与crucial 的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量；还指“批判性的，分析性的“ 。It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it.为了考好你必须用功学习，则你会不及格的。crucial kru:l a.意为 “决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的“ ，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。Improved consumer conf
21、idence is crucial to an economic recovery.消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。urgent :dnt a.意为“紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的“，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调 “紧急的“状态。We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。14、adjust, regulate, rectify, amend, convert, alter, modify, transform, vary 都含有“调整、改变 “的意思。adjust d
22、st v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整；修理。I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.我调节了空调以保持凉爽。regulate rejuleit v.指根据规定或需要对某物 (机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行；多含有“控制“ 之意。Lights are used to regulate the traffic.红绿灯被用来管制交通。rectify rektifai v.纠正，校正( 错误、文章、合同等)。6He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wordi
23、ng.他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。amend mend v. (正式用语 )指修改文件、法律、规范等。The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。convert knv:t v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.英国于 1971 年改用十进制货币体系。Hes converted to Catholicism.他已经皈依天主教。alter :lt v.使事物在
24、外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too tight.裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。modify mdifai v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his behavior.他粗声大气，脾气暴躁；朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。transform trnsf:m v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的
25、对象脱胎换骨。Remodeling transformed an old, dark house into a cheerful one.重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。vary vri v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。Air fares vary from one airline to another.航空公司的机票价格各不相同。15、admit, confess, concede 这几个动词都有“承认“的意思。admit dmit v.指由于说服、再三追问而“承认 “某一事实或过错。I admit that you have a point.我承认你有理。confess
26、knfes v.供认 (罪行、过错等)，含有“坦白、招认“的意思。He confessed his crimes to the judge.他向法官供认了他的罪行。concede knsi:d v.指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某一错误，但由于证据确凿而不得不勉强承认，还可以指“以退为进 “的承认。The man who caused the accident finally conceded to the police that he had done it.造成这次交通事故的人最终向警察承认他是肇事人。16、affiliate, link, attach, append 都有“附加“的意思。7af
27、filiate filieit v.加入，成为一部分。an affiliated middle school 一所附属中学link lik v.将人或物连接起来。The crowd linked arms to form a barrier.群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。attach tt v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。I attached a note to my report with a paper clip.我用别针将一张字条别在报告的后面。append pend v.增加，附加(与 attach 的意思比较接近)。The lawyer appended two more pages t
28、o the contract.律师在合同后又附加了两页。17、affirm, assert, allege, claim, announce, proclaim这一组动词都有“声称“ 的意思。affirm f:m v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是 deny 的反义词。He affirmed his love for her.他发誓爱她。assert s:t v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。She asserted that she was innocent .她宣称自己是无辜的。allege led v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。The suspect
29、alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at the time of the crime.嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。claim kleim v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。announce na
30、uns v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of knowledge.印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。proclaim prkleim v.宣布；宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。18、aggravate, reinfor
31、ce, increase, strengthen, intensify 这一组动词都有“加强“的意思。8aggravate rveit v.加重( 负担、罪行、病情等 )，使之恶化。I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。reinforce ri:nf:s v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动； (添材料等)加固。A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to reinforce him.
32、一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。increase inkri:s v.指数量上的增加。The number of people has been increased.人数增加了。strengthen stren v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于 to become stronger。Exercising every day strengthens the heart.每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character rather than corrupt it.人们认为竞争加强了
33、民族性而不是破坏了它。intensify intensifai v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于 to become more intense or intensive。intensify colors 加深色彩 intensify hatred 加深仇恨19、alert, cautious, considerate 都表示“小心的，谨慎的“。alert l:t a.警惕的，留神的。The hostess remained standing, alert to every guests drinking need.女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。cautious k:s a.细心的
34、，谨慎的。He has a cautious attitude about spending money.在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。considerate knsidrit a.关心他人的，体贴的。He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.他总是很体谅他人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。20、alive, live, living, lively 这一组形容词都跟“活“有关。alive laiv a.活着的，有活力的，常作表语，作定语时必须后置。After the accident, he was barely ali
35、ve.交通事故后，他奄奄一息。 all man alive 所有活着的人live liv a.活的，有活力的，现场直播的，We watched the live broadcast of the opera on TV.我们通过电视观看了这部歌剧的实况。living livi a.活着的，作定语可前可后，可修饰人也可修饰物。9Who is the worlds greatest living artist?谁是现在还健在的世界上最伟大的艺术家？ living room 起居室lively laivli a.活泼的，栩栩如生的。She is a lively young girl, always
36、 laughing and doing things.她是个活泼可爱的小姑娘，总是欢声笑语忙个不停。21、alleviate, diminish, reduce, decrease, decline这一组动词都有“减少，减轻“ 的意思。alleviate li:vieit v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和The painkiller alleviated the pain.止疼药减缓了疼痛。diminish dimini v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.由于战争石
37、油的供应减少了。reduce ridju:s v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他缩减了他们的开销。decrease di:kri:s v.指数量上的减少；力量或者强度的减弱。The population decreased a lot last year.去年人口数量急剧下降。decline diklain v. (数目、价格、比率 )下降；谢绝，婉言推辞；衰退，衰落。Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.
38、去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。He declined our invitation to dinner.他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。22、allocate, separate, detach, divide 都有“分开“的意思。allocate lkeit v.分配，把拨给。The city government allocated money for schools and the police in this years budget.市政府在今年的预算中给学校和警察部门分配了资金。separate sepreit v.人为地分开，使隔离开。We separated the salad fo
39、rks from the dinner forks.我们把沙拉叉与餐叉分隔开。detach ditt v.拆开组合的物体；远离，疏远。We need a carpenter to detach this bookshelf from the wall.我们需要一名木匠将书架从墙上拆下来。divide divaid v.指将整体分为若干个部分。The huge corporation divided into smaller companies.这家特大公司分成一些较小的公司。23、ambiguous, obscure, vague, unclear, dim “模糊“10ambiguous m
40、bijus a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。obscure bskju a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand
41、because it contains so many obscure references. 艾兹拉庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。vague vei a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。unclear nkli a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂；不肯定的。Unclear writing is difficul
42、t to understand.模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。It is unclear whether the economy will get better.经济是否好转仍不明朗。dim dim a.光线暗淡的，看不清的；记忆力模糊的；不大可能的。Dont work in dim light.不要在昏暗的光线下工作。His changes of recovery from illness are dim.他康复的可能性十分渺茫。24、amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expandamplify mplifai v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过
43、增强电压或电流使声音扩大；补充叙述 (故事、事件等)。We must ask you to amplify your statement.我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。enlarge inl:d v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。enlarge photograph 放大照片 enlarge a house 扩建房屋stretch stret v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度；伸长、伸出 (身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物) 。The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
