1、考研英语一阅读真题解析和全文翻译（ 19942008）+ 英语二真题祝大家考研必过!2008 Text 1 While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to
2、 men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same cond
3、itions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its not neces
4、sarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and soon
5、er.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interperso
6、nal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to
7、 a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a t
8、eenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs e
9、xperience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.B Women are still suffering much stress cau
10、sed by men.C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.D Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehudas research suggests that womenA need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.B have limited capacity for tolerating stress.C are more capable of a
11、voiding stress.D are exposed to more stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to beA domestic and temporary.B irregular and violent.C durable and frequent.D trivial and random.24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows thatA Alvarez care
12、d about nothing but making money.B Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.C Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.D Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B Responses to Stress: Ge
13、nder DifferenceC Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress【核心词汇】sphere sfi n. 球,球面,球体 ,天体,地球仪,范围 vt. 包围,使成球体,放入球内【例】Many countries have difficulties in the economic sphere. 许多国家在经济方面遇到了困难。category ktigri n. 种类,类项;【例】These Categories recognize different levels of comp
14、etition. 这些类别可被用来分辨出比赛里不同的等级。susceptible sseptbl a. 易受影响的,易感动的,容许的【例】This agreement is not susceptible to alteration. 这一协议不容更改。psychiatrist saikaitrist n. 精神病医师,精神病学家【例】The psychiatrist gave testimony that 精神病医生有证言说trigger trig n. 触发器,板机,制滑机 vt. 触发,发射,引起 vi. 松开板柄【例】The odour of food may be a trigger
15、 for mans appetite. 食物的香味能引起人的食欲。capacity kpsiti n. 容量,能力,才能,资格 n. 容量,资格,地位,职位【例】This room has a seating capacity of 100 people. 这个房间可容纳一百人。expose ikspuz vt. 使暴露,受到;使曝光;揭露,揭发【例】You shouldnt expose the soldiers to unnecessary risks. 你不应该让士兵们冒不必要的危险。random rndm n. 随意,任意 a. 任意的,随便的,胡乱的,随机的 ad. 胡乱地domes
16、tic dmestik a. 家里的,家庭的;本国的,国内的;驯养的【例】The meeting concerns both foreign and domestic policies. 会议关系到国内外政策。devastating adj破坏性的【例】A smouldering cigarette can kindle a devastating bushfire. 闷燃着的香烟会引起毁灭性的林区大火。struggle strgl n. 斗争,战斗;挣扎,努力 vi. 挣扎斗争,奋斗【例】They stayed awake in their struggle against terroris
17、ts. 在与反恐怖分子的斗争中他们始终保持警惕。frustration frstrein n. 打破,挫折,顿挫【例】actions expressive of frustration. 表达受挫的行动paycheck peitek n. 付薪水的支票;薪津; 租金【例】The boss docked his paycheck $ 20. 老板从他的工资中扣去 20 美元。obligation bligein n. 义务,职责,责任; 契约,债务【例】He feels a prior obligation to his job as a journalist. 他觉得要优先为他的新闻记者的工作
18、尽职。【难句解析】1. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.【译文】对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。【解析】这句话的主语是 Stud
19、ies，of both animals and humans 是定语，修饰主语。have shown 是谓语，that 后是宾语从句，sex hormones 是宾语从句中的主语，affect 是宾语从句中的谓语，the stress response 是宾语从句中的宾语，causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.是宾语从句中的状语从句。2. In several of the studies, when stress
20、ed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.【译文】在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。【解析】这句话中 In several of the studies和 when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproducti
21、ve organs) removed 都是状语从句，their chemical responses 是主语，became 是谓语，在 when 的状语从句中，stressed-out female rats 是从句中的主语，had something removed 是谓语。3. Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.【译文】对于女性来说，除了产生更多的导致压力的化学物质外，她们产生压力的“机会”也更多。 “并不是女性要处理的事情太
22、少，而是她们有更多的事情要处理。【解析】这句话中 Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals 是状语，add to 的意思是增加,增添,补充，后面的句子没有主语。Adding to 后面接的是名词，表补充！4. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend
23、 not to be one-shot deals.【译文】女性面对的人与人之间的暴力是在家庭环境中的。不幸的是，她们与父母还有其他的家庭成员之间不是能够一次性解决的问题。【解析】这句话中 The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to是主语，tend 是谓语。unfortunately 是插入语，整个的是 by parents or other family members，and 连接一个句子，所以这句话是一个并列句。5. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importanc
24、e of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.【译文】Alvarez 的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。【解析】这句话中 Alvarezs experience 是主语，demonstrates 是谓语， the importance 是宾语，of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to fu
25、nction.这整个一句话都是修饰宾语 the importance 的。【参考答案解析】21. 参考答案【A】【解析】 A从文中 Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men 和 Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing fema
26、les under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.这 2 句话可以看出由于激素荷尔蒙的原因，女性在生理上面对压力时更脆弱。B文中没有表明女性受到来自于男性的压力。C 和 D 在前 2 段中没有说明，故选 A。22. 参考答案【D】【解析】D首先定位，Dr. Yehuadas 在第 3 段中，第一句话， Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “o
27、pportunities” for stress.女性的压力化学物质增多，她面对压力的机会就会增加。也就是更容易暴露在更多的压力下。A参考答案中有”chemicals”，但是表达的意思是处理压力需要额外的，更多的化学物质，和原文意思不符。B 文中有一句话， “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,”她们处理压力的能力也许甚至比男性还大，而参考答案的意思是女性处理压力的能力有限，与原文不符。C参考答案中是“avoiding stress”，而原文中没有提到避免压力。故选D。23.参考答案【C】【解析】
28、C 先回到原文，第 4 段， “The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating”来自于这些更长关系的磨损甚至可以是灾难性的。长期的，所以是 durable；文中又说， “unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.”中 they tend not to be one-shot deals，说明不是一次两次，而是经常性的，所以是 frequent
29、。A. domestic 是对的，文中有提及到，但是不是 temporary，短暂的，而是长期的。Bviolent 是男性面对的压力的特点，而不是女性。D. random 也是男性面对的压力的特点，而不是女性。故选 C。24. 参考答案【B】【解析】B 第五段最后定位， “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”说明Alvarez 生活很
30、艰难，参考答案中 Alvarez 的工资仅能支付房租符合文中的意思 A Alvarez只关心赚钱，与原文不符。CAlvarez 从不同的工作中赚钱，在原文中没有体现。D Alvarez 每件东西都是用支票支付的，在原文中没有体现。故选 B。25. 参考答案【D】【解析】D选出文章的最佳标题，性别的不公平：压力下的女性，最符合原文的意思。A紧张的压力：无路可出？文中主要是谈女性与压力，这个参考答案不符。B面对压力的反应：性别的不同， ，很多人会误选成这个参考答案，但是文章整篇是强调女性和压力的分析，而不是重点讨论男女性别在压力上的差别。C 压力分析：化学物质告诉我们的， ，这个标题倾向于分析压力
31、产生的原因，和原文意思相差较大。故选 D。【全文翻译】在现代生活中女性就算是在某些领域可以追赶上男性，但至少在一个方面是领先的，尽管是她们不太想要的。纽约的退伍军管理医院精神科首席医生 Yehuda 博士说道，和男性相比，女性面对压力时，更容易受到影响，导致抑郁和紧张。对于动物和人类的研究都显示出性激素会在某种程度去影响面对压力的反应，导致在同样的条件下，女性产生更多的致病化学物质。在几项研究中，当受到压力的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性的生殖器官）被拿掉后，它们的化学反应变得和那些雄性的一样了。对于女性来说，除了产生更多的导致压力的化学物质外，她们产生压力的“机会” 也更多。“并不是女性要处理的事情太少，
32、而是她们有更多的事情要处理。 ”Yehuda 博士说道。 “她们对于压力的承受能力有时候甚至比男性的还大”，她观察到， “她们只是需要处理的事情太多，看起来会更容易精疲力尽。 ”Yehuda 博士注意到了另一个男女之间的不同点。 “我认为，女性通常要做的事是慢性的，重复的。而男人去战场，承受的是格斗的压力。男性面临的更多的是随意的身体上的暴力。女性面对的人与人之间的暴力是在家庭环境中的。不幸的是，她们与父母还有其他的家庭成员之间不是能够一次性解决的问题。这种长期的关系的磨合是更有破坏性的。Adeline Alvarez 18 岁结婚并生了个儿子，但她决定完成大学学业。 “我尽了很大的努力拿到大
33、学学位，因为我在实际生活中有很多的挫折，而这就是我的逃避，去学校，争取上游，做到更好。 ”不久后，她离了婚变成一个单亲母亲。 “除了照顾一个十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，养车，还债是最难的事情了。我的生活就是不停的支付自己的账单。 ”不是每个人经历着和 Alvarez describes 一样的长期的压力，但是大多数女性都在处理着太多的责任，很少得到喘息，从而感到了压力。Alvarez 的经历证明了当压力威胁你的健康和正常生理功能之前解压是非常重要的。2008 Text 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers work
34、ing together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or
35、 decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research
36、 by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vick
37、ery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in par
38、t, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide
39、 specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports
40、authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Final
41、ly, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six mont
42、hs, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discussesA the background information of journal editing.B the publication rout
43、ine of laboratory reports.C the relations of authors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making j
44、ournal publishers.D It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in thatA it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D it f
45、acilitates public investment in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required toA cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C allow other online journals to use it freely.D complete the peer-review before submission.
46、30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?A The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B A new mode of publication is emerging.C Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D Publication is rendered easier by online service.【重点词汇】straightforward streitf:wd adj.简单的，易
47、懂的，不复杂的：a straightforward process 简单的过程；坦诚的，坦率的，率直的。 【例】American speech is remarkably straightforward. 美国人的语言非常直率。affiliation filiein n.隶属关系；隶属，从属。【例】Ethnic character, background, or affiliation. 属于少数民族种族特性、背景或关系endeavor indev n. v. 努力,尽力,竭力,力图,试图 【例】we endeavor to make our customers happy. 我们努力使客户满
48、意。distribution distribju:n n. 分发;销售;频率分布;分配装置;分布;区分,分类;配电【例】distribution of the population 人口分布subscriber sbskraib n.订户,签署者,捐款者,认购者 【例】Write away now for the free album offered to every new subscriber. 请速来信订阅，新订户可免费获取画册一本。repository ripzitri n.贮藏室，智囊团，知识库，仓库 【例】Once rules are defined, theyre stored in a central repository. 一旦规则定下来，它们要集中存放在一处。hybrid haibrid n.杂种，混血儿，混合物；adj.混合的，杂种的 （hybridism 杂交，混血 hybridity 杂种状态）【例】widely cultivated hybrid poker plant. 广泛种植的杂种植物。【难句解析】1. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are makin
