1、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句提供有关主语或宾语的重要信息，起限定作用，与被修饰部分的关系紧密，如果省略该从句会使主句语义表达不完整。例如：This is the very person that is wanted by the police.He is the man who /that lives next door.It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.非限制性定语从句只是用来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明，与先行词关系比较松散，先行词与从句间可以用逗号隔开，从句可略去：He w
2、ill not be able to spend the holiday with his family, which is a big annoyance to him.The minister, who is to visit our university, is said to be a Qinghua University graduate.The book, which your sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore, is very useful in improving your spoken English.The businessman,
3、 whose suitcase has been found by a stranger, has left for Beijing.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词的名词词组，其后的定语从句通常为非限制性的。例如：The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.My mother, who has been on a visit to Australia,
4、will fly back tomorrow.All of these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the children in Hope School.限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词，代词或名词性词组，而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了是名词及名词性词组外，还可能是句子的一部分或是整个句子。例如：They say he plays truant, which he doesnt. which 指代 plays truantThe meeting was put off til
5、l next month, as we hoped. as 指前面的句子下面的表格归纳了前面已提到的两者不同之处：表一：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句1提供确定或限定主句中某个名词的信息。1提供对确定主句中某个名词的非主要附加信息。2由深层嵌入句派生而来。 2由两个独立的深层嵌入句派生而来。3无分隔定语从句和主句和停顿或特殊标点符号（逗号/插入语/破折号） 。3书面语中用逗号，口语中用特殊的停顿和降低声调来把定语从句和主句分隔开来。4不可以修饰整个命题，只修饰一个名词。4可以修饰一个中心名词，或以评价的形式修饰整个命题。5可使用 that 和 who(m
6、),which 等关系代词。5That 不能当作关系代词，只可用 wh-代词。6不常用来修饰专有名词。 6既可修饰普通名词，也可修饰专有名词。7可修饰带有 any 或 every 等类属限定词的中心名词。7不可修饰带有 any 或 every 等类属限定词的中心名词。3.2 定语从句中的关系代词3.2.1 关系代词 that, which, who 在定语从句中做主语在限制性定语从句中，who 或 that 用于指人，that 或 which 用于指物，它们在定语从句中代替名词性主语或代词性主语，不能省略。例如：He is the man who/that lives here. 不能说：He
7、 is the man who he lives here.The bag which that has been put there for a long time belongs to Wang Hong3.2.2 who(m), which, that 在定语从句中作宾语表示人的时候用 who(m)或 that, 它们在从句中代替名词性宾语或宾格代词，作定语从句宾语的 whom/that 通常可以省略，在口语中常用 who 代替 whom。例如：Hes the man whom/ that I met.There are some people here who I want you t
8、o meet.表示动物和东西的时候应用 which/that:The pieces of music (that) he has composed are sung by many pop singers.Taxes consist of money (that) people pay to support their government.Theyre the postcards which I sent from America.3.2.3 who(m), which 或 that 作介词的宾语，关系代词可省略。定语从句的介词的位置非常重要，我们可以说：He is the person t
9、o whom I wrote. 非常正式用法 (但不可以说：to who).或：He is the person who (m) I wrote to. /He is the person (whom) I wrote to.This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. 非常正式用法或：This is the pan which I boiled the milk in. / This is the pan (that/which) I boiled the milk in.3.2.4 whose + 名词关系代词 whose 是既可用于限制性定语从句
10、，也可用于非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语，一般用来指人，代替所有格形容词（my, his, your, her, its 等） ，在从句中当定语，没有阴性、阳性或单数、复数的变化；有时也可指物，指物时可以用 of which 代替。例如：The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams.The bicycle whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. =The bicycle, the brake of which was damaged, has now be
11、en repaired.Edison is a great inventor whose fame is world-wide.3.2.5 that 的用法1、that 只用于限制性定语从句，既可指人，又可指物，在句中用做主语或宾语。 （见 3.2.1、3.2.2） 2、当先行词是 all，much，little, the one, anything, something, nothing, everything, none 等不定代词时，关系代词只用 that。例如：There is little that can be done about it.Thats all that I knew
12、 about it.Is there anything that I can do for you?Have you done everything that is assigned to you?3、先行词被形容词最高级以及 first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等词修饰时，关系代词只用 that。例如：It is the most interesting film that Ive ever read.The best thing that he could do at present is to leave.This is t
13、he first time that he has been there.She is the only one that has finished her task on time.At the very beginning, we have just too much work that needs to be done.4、在 there be 句型中，只用 that, 不用 which。例如：There are some people that Id like to introduce to you.There is a very interesting story that ever
14、y child would like to listen to.5、先行词既有人，又有物时，用 that。例如：A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc.The man and his dog that were napping outside the room were photographed by the journalist.6、在“It is + 名词 + 定语从句 1 + 定语从句 2”的强调结构中，从句 2 要用 that。例如：It is always the mouth
15、which talks too much that incurs troubles.（言多必失。 ）It is only a man who is quite experienced that can fulfill this task.3.2.6 which 的用法1、which 一般只用于指物(a)，有时也用来指性别不明的婴儿 (b)。例如：a: The tiles which fell off the roof caused serious damage.b: The baby which the nurse has just brought in is Johns child.2、如果
16、指物的关系代词紧跟在介词后面，只能用 which，不能用 that。例如：This is the house in which she spent her childhood.The agency from which we bought our tickets is bankrupt.3、引导非限制性定语从句时，用来指物替代名词词组。例如：This book, which has only been reviewed, was published a year ago.4、替代整个句子或句子的一部分：The meeting has been put off till next Friday,
17、 which is good news to them. (指代整个主句 )She said that her son would become a scientist, which we thought possible. (指代 that 分句 )She is very attentive in class, which he rarely is. (指代整个短语)3.2.7 as 的用法1、as 引导限制性定语从句时，常与 such 或 the same 连用，构成 the sameas; suchas 结构，as 用于代替指人或物的先行词 。例如：I have never eaten
18、such tasty foods as she cooked me.Such books as there were on the shelf interested us.I have got into the same trouble as he (has).试比较 the sameas 和 the samethat：This is the same book as I read last week.（这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。 ）This is the same book that I read last year. （这就是我上周读的那本书。 ）如果先行词表示抽象概念，则没有这种区别
19、，例如：She told me the same story as/that she had told you.I had the same difficulty that/as you had last year.在 as soas 结构中，后面的 as 也是关系代词，例如：We took as many men as could be permitted to attend the meeting.You can stay here as long as you like.Things do not go on as smoothly as we hoped.2、引导非限制性定语从句关系代
20、词 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，用于代替整个主句，意思是“正如”， 相当于 and this 或 and that。as 从句位置较之 which 引导的非限制性定语从句更加灵活，因而 as 从句既可以指前面提到的内容，也可以指后面将要提到的内容，which 一般在主句后。例如： As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students ability in a more effective way.The test is cancelled, as you have hoped.The test, as you ha
21、ve hoped, is cancelled.A semiconductor material, as the name indicates, has poorer conductivity than a conductor.注 ：as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时表达的意思应与主句一致，而且从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.例如：He failed to pass the exam again, as is predicted.He failed to pass the exam again, which annoyed his mothe
22、r greatly.记住以下的 as 结构：as is known to all (众所周知 )，as is often the case (情况常常如此)，as the name Indicatessuggests (顾名思义)，as may be imagined (可以想象得出) ，as often happens (这种情况常常发生 )，as has been said before (如前所述)，as has been pointed out (正如已经指出的)，as will be shown in ( 将在中指出)，as is hoped ( 正如所希望的 )3.2.8 but
23、的用法but 用作关系代词相当于 whonot，whichnot， thatnot。but 既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。but 本身含“否定”的意思，它前面的主句通常有“否定” 的词, 如：(no，not ， little，few，hardly等). but 引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如：There is no mother but loves her own children. (=There is no mother thatwho does not love her own children.)主语There is scarcel
24、y a good movie but he has seen. (=that he has not seen). 宾语There is never a friend but he remembers the birthday of. 介词宾语Who is there but commits errors？ but 间或也可用在疑问句后There is no man but errs. =There is no man who does not err. 主语What he saw in those places but was not miserable（but=which was not）(
25、他所到之处，看到的均是凄惨不已的景象。)主语 There are very few but admire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。But=who dont）主语but 结构有时可省略。例如：(There is)No rule but has exceptions. (There are）Few books but have a misprint or two. 3.2.9 than 的用法关系代词 than 一般用于含有比较级的句子中，兼有连词和代词的性质。例如：You spent more money than was intended to be spent.S
26、he has done much more work than was required of her.The question is more complicated than appears on the surface.3.3 介词 + 关系代词“介词 + 关系代词 ”引导的定语从句既可以是限制性定语从句，又可以是非限制性定语从句， “介词 +关系代词”在从句中做主语、宾语、状语、定语等，介词的选择则要根据它与其先行词的关系或前后名词、动词等的搭配关系来决定，同时还应该考虑句子在上下文中要表达的意思。3.3.1“介词 + whichwhomwhose”这时应注意介词与句中短语的搭配。例如
27、：The problem with which I have trouble has now been solved.Oil, of which there are several different types, is used for many purposes by countries all over the world.The man, because of whose help the murderer was caught by the police, is coming to our school tomorrow.介词放在关系代词之前的形式的定语从句较之将介词至于从句之末的定
28、语从句正式，因此多用于书面语当中，但在口语中有时也会出现；或者将介词后置，或在介词后置后用 that（人、物） who（人）代替 whichwhom ，并且 that 可省略。例如；Can you lend me a pen or pencil with which I can write?Can you lend me a pen or pencil that/ which I can write with?Can you lend me a pen or pencil (that) I can write with?Who is the man to whom you were talki
29、ng?Who is the man whom/that/who you were talking to?Who is the man (that) you were talking to?如果介词过长，则不适于后置，例如：Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.We may be caught by a fire, in case of which we must find ways to escape.3.3.2“名词 + 介词 + whichwhom”引导的定语从句He referred t
30、o a person the name of whom slipped by memory at that moment.We had a discussion the purpose of which was to find a solution to this problem.在非限定性定语从句中，of whichwhom 可用来修饰不定代词 all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several, the latter, the former 等。练习时，应该判断填空的
31、部分为主句的定语从句还是与主句并列的成分。例如：We have interviewed more than 50 students, only a few of whom gave satisfactory answers to our questions. 定语从句We have interviewed more than 50 students, but only a few of them gave satisfactory answers to our questions. 并列Many people came to her graduation party, most of whom
32、 were her former classmates. 定语从句 Many people came to her graduation party, and most of them were her former classmates. 并列There are 32 students in our class, up to 20 of whom are from the south. 定语从句3.3.4 “介词 + which + 名词”引导的定语从句which 是一个代表所有关系的关系代词，可用来代表一个名词代词或句子的一部分，但更多地是来代表整个句子。其中的名词通常是一个抽象名词，如
33、case, fact, state, time, point 等。例如：Water boils at l00, at which temperature it changes into gas.He was about to leave, at which moment I came back home.Wei Hua spent four years in the United States, during which period she studied law.Readers Digest, to which we have just subscribed, has an enormou
34、s circulation.3.4 定语从句中的关系副词关系副词引导的定语从句（限制性非限制性）在从句中作状语，意思相当于“介词 +which”，常见的引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when和 why 等，不常见的如表示时间的关系副词：since, after 和 before。3.4.1 关系副词 where（= at, in which）引导表示地点的定语从句This is the place where hed most like to live the rest of his life.London is the city where she was born.That is
35、 the place where they met for the first time.在表示“情况、方面、状况” 等有地点含义的抽象名词如 case, game, spot, point, conditions, situation, circumstances 等作为先行词的定语从句时，也用 where 引导, 其意义相当于 under which。例如：Its a kind of game where you can train your eyesightEveryone may face the situation where you have to make a decision
36、yourself.Ill show him the point where he failed.Under the circumstances where food shortage is the most serious problem, we must try our best to seek international aid.3.4.2 关系副词 when（= at, on, during, in which）引导表示时间的定语从句Ill never forget the day when (=on which) I first came to this university.This
37、 is the season when (=in which) most fishers will be very busy.That is the time when many Americans were out of work.Most people like to go there in May, when the flowers are in full bloom.3.4.3 关系副词 why（= for which）引导表示原因的定语从句Do you know the reason why he left the party early that night?The reason
38、why she missed the train is that she was held up by an accident.3.4.4 其他关系副词引导的定语从句I miss you every day since I came here.On the day before she got married, her mother handed her the family heirloom.The month after she took the entrance examination was spent in relaxing herself3.5 关系代词和关系副词的省略3.5.1
39、关系代词的省略1、关系代词 which, whom, who, that 在定语从句中作直接宾语时可以省略Here is the man (who/that/whom) youve been looking for.The woman (whom/who/that) I was talking to is our English teacher.Is there any question (that) you want to ask me?2、当 that 在从句中作补语时可以省略George is not the man (that) he used to be.He is all (tha
40、t) a teacher should be.3、在 there be 结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现 there be 结构时，用做主语的关系代词 that 可省略There is a man downstairs (who) wants to see you.This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.Thats all (that) there is to it. (如此而已。)Have you noticed anything (that) there is happening in the compan
41、y?3.5.2 关系副词的省略1、当先行词是 reason，而且在定语从句中做原因状语时，关系代词可用why 或 that，可以省略The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.That is the reason (why) I did it.2、当先行词是 way，且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代词可用 in which 或 that，可以省略The way (in which/that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.That was the way (in which/that)
42、she worked the problem out.注意：当关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，不省略。例如：I dont know the way that/which leads to the top of the mountains.3、当先行词表示时间时，关系代词可用 when 或有时用 that，有时也可以省略 The second time (that) I saw him was in 1980.I dont know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.His grandpa still remembers the day (that/when) the city was liberated.4、当先行词表示地点时，关系代词可用 where 或有时用 that，有时也可以省略
