1、英语简单句的五种基本句型英语句子成分的排列顺序与汉语不同。汉语放在前面的,英语可能要放在后面;而汉语放后面的,英语可能放在前面。即使是同样一句话,如果用词不同,句中的次序也会有变化。比如,“我每天骑自行车上学” ,可以表达为 I go to school by bike every day. 也可以表达为 I ride to school every day. 如果用图表分析一下,我们会看得更清楚:这三个语句除了行为者“I“的位置没有变化外,其它都发生了变化,并且由于 “上学”表达方式的不同,在句中的位置也发生了变化。句子成分 意义及位置 充当词类 例句主语The Subject表示句子说的是
2、“什么人”或“什么事” 。通常在句子前部。名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、短语或句子。We study in No. 17 middle school.Jim is an American boy.Two heads are better than one.谓语The Predicate说明主语“做什么” “是什么”或“怎么样” 。通常在主语后(除疑问、倒装句外) 。由动词或动词词组充当。Time tries all thing.(时间检验一切)Lucy is dancing under the tree.Her parents are both workers.宾语The Object表示
3、动作、行为的对象。在及物动词或介词后。 同主语的充当词 类Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌)These girls like English.Did you see him yesterday?表语The Predicate与系动词连用,一起构成谓语部分、说明主语的性质、特征。常在系动词之后。同主语的充当词类His father is a bus driver.My car is white.We were at school yesterday.Health is wealth. (健康就是财富。 )定语The Attribute用来修饰名词或代词。单个词常在修饰的词前
4、,短语或句子在被修饰的词之后。形、代、数、名、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语。The red one is mine.What is his name?A friend in need is a friend indeed.(患难见真情。 )状语The Attribute修饰动词、形容词、副词,表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。位置较灵活。通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。Our teacher works very hard.She often helps Mike.They had a meeting in Shanghai.宾语补足语The Object Comp
5、lement宾语的补足语,逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系。在宾语后。由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当。We named the baby Lily.She made the room clean.同位语The Appostive重复指代并进一步说明名词及名词性词语。在被修名词、名词性短语、从句等。They all work hard.John, a friend of hers, has gone.我 每天 骑自行车 上学。I go to school by bike every day.I ride to school every day.句子成分详解一览表及巧记口诀句子成分 学记口诀主语谓语是基
6、础,宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数,动词作谓不可无。这五个基本句式如下:五个基本句式详细解释如下: 1. S 十 V 句式: 主语+不及物动词 +(状语) 如: They listened carefully他们听得很仔细。 Great changes have taken place in our city. 说明:该句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词,不及物动词后面不跟宾语,但可跟状语。例如: 1). Can you guess?2). She cant come. 3). Please come in and sit down. 4). John works very hard. 5).I u
7、sually walk to school, but sometimes come by bus. 6).Mrs Brown went to see her doctor. 7).He did not come out again. 8).Im coming back in a minute. 不及物动词在句中可单独使用,后面不附带其他成分例 1)2) ,后面也可以跟副词例 3)4) ,介词短语例 5) ,动词不等式例 6) ,在句中起各种状语作用,修饰谓语动词;此外,还可跟副词性补足语,补足动词的意义,在补足语后跟副词、介词短语等,在句中起状语作用例 7)8),等。2S 十 V 十 P 句式
8、: 主语+连系动词+表语 如: He seems interested in the book他似乎对这本书感兴趣。 The story sounds interesting这个故事听起来有趣。 He has suddenly fallen ill他突然病倒了。 说明:该句型一般被称为系表结构。由于连系动词所表达的意义不完整,不能单独作谓语,需和表语一起作谓语。连系动词根据其表达的意义可分为以下三种: 1.表示主语处于某种状态或具备某种性质。这类词常见的有:be (是); look (看起来);饰词后。谓语部分句型种类 主语谓语动词 表语 宾语 宾补1. S+V主语+不及物动词 Birds f
9、ly.2. S + V + P主语+系动词+表语 Weare(系动词) friends.3. S + V + O主语+及物动词 +宾语 He plays the piano.4. S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2主语+及物动词 +间接宾语+直接宾语 I gave him a pen(间宾) (直宾)5. S 十 V 十 O 十 C主语+及物动词 +宾语+宾语补足语 Tom made me cry.feel (摸起来,觉得); seem (似乎,好像); smell (闻上去); sound (听起来); taste (尝起来),等。 2.表示主语进入某种状态或变得具有某种性质。这类词常见的有:b
10、ecome (成为,变得);get (逐渐变得); grow (渐渐变得); turn (变成),等。 3.表示主语保持某种状态或继续具备某种性质。这类词常见的有:keep (保持,继续);remain (依然,仍然); stay (停留,保持下去),等。例如 1).It looks much better now. 2).The trees turn green. 3).OK. Listen, thats the bell. 4).He is our English teacher. 5).Everyone is here, but Jims away. 6).He is at the ci
11、nema. 7).It looks like a chicken. 8).His wish was to become a teacher. 9).Seeing is believing. 10).That book is very interesting. 11).Wei Huas pen was broken 12).Thats why I was late for class. 表语用来表示主语的身份、状态或性质。能在句中作表语的有形容词例 1)2) ,名词例3)4) ,副词例 5) ,介词短语例 6)7) ,不定式短语例 8) ,动词-ing 形式例 9)10) ,过去分词例 11)
12、,从句例 12) ,等。 3S 十 V 十 O 句式: 主语+及物动词+宾语 如: I saw a film yesterday我昨天看了一部电影。 Have you read the story? 你读过这个故事吗? 说明:该句型中的谓语动词是单宾及物动词,动词方面要求跟一个宾语。例如 1).May I ask some questions? 2).We are going to play football. 3).I can see them. But I cant reach them 4).Children often love to play this game. 5).Becaus
13、e my father wanted to work inChina. 6).We really enjoyed working on the farm. 7).It doesnt matter. I like walking. 8).I hope you all have a good time. 9).I know who picked the fewest. 宾也是谓语动词动作行为的对象,说明主语做什么。能在句中作宾语的有名词例 1)2) ,代词例 3) ,动词不定式例 4)5) ,动词ing 形式例 6)7) ,从句例 8)9)等。4S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 句式:主语+及物动词
14、+间接宾语+直接宾语 如: He gave me a book/a book to me他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me他带给我一枝钢笔。 说明:该句型中的的谓语动词是双宾及物动词这类动词后面需要跟一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语意思才完整。表示动作是对谁或对什么发出的。例如: 1).The teacher gives one of them an eraser. 2).Could you pass me the salt, please. 3).Go and bring me some food. 4).Im rich, so I cant buy my
15、self lots of good things. 在双宾结构中,间接宾语通常指人,直接宾语通常指物,正常语序通常是间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后。但当直接宾语时代词是,或直接宾语比间接宾语短得多时,或需要强调间接宾语时,通常间接宾语置于直接宾语之后。这是间接宾语前需要用一个介词 to 或 for。例如: 1).I wanted to show it to you. 2).You mustnt lend it to others. 3).Please buys a bottle of ink for me. 4).Can you draw a picture of a sheep for me?
16、用 to 还是 for 取决于前面的动词。 A:bring、give、hand、leave、lend、pass、pay、return、send、teach、tell、throw、write、等动词后跟 to。B:buy,cook,do,find,get,make,play,sing,save,等动词后跟 for。 5S 十 V 十 O 十 C 句式 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 如: They made the girl angry他们使这个女孩生气了。 They found her happy that day他们发现那天她很高兴。 They named the boy Charlie他
17、们给这个男孩起名为查理。 I saw him come in and go out我见他进来又出去。 They felt the car moving fast他们感到汽车行驶得很快。 说明:该句型中的谓语动词是复宾及物动词。这类动词的特点是不仅需要跟一个宾语,而且还需要跟一个宾语补足语意思才完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有一种主谓关系。即宾语补足语表示宾语是什么,或表示宾语所处的状态,或表示宾语发出的一个动作。例如: 1).We made him our monitor.2).But why do you call them mooncakes? 3).We
18、 must keep it cool. 4).Dont get your hands dirty. 5).Dont let the children in. 6).He told me not to bring you anything. 7).They asked me to thank your mother. 8).You must help me (to) do the cooking this afternoon. 9).Every day he made one of the smaller animals bring him something toeat.10).I saw t
19、hem playing football on the playground. 11).The other students in the class keep their eyes closed. 在句中能够做宾语补足语的有名词例 1) 2),形容词例 3) 4),副词例 5),不定式短语例 6) 9),动词ing 形式例 10),过去分词例 11)等。 注:该句型中的谓语动词较为复杂,不是所有的复宾及物动词都能跟相同的宾语补足语。因此,在学习这类动词时,一定要注意细心观察,注意他们的用法区别。 以上对简单句的五中基本句型结构作了简要的说明、分析,我们知道了谓语动词在句中的重要作用。因此在英语学习中,要在动词上多下功夫。英语动词的用法十分灵活,其所属句型类别也不是绝对的,往往同一个动词可用于不同的句型之中,而动词的意义也随之改变。因此,我们在确定一个动词的类型及意义时,只有根据各种具体的句子,从它在句子前后所处的关系及它与句中其他词的搭配关系上去理解。下面以 get 为例: He got to Beijing yesterday. He got a letter yesterday. He got worse yesterday. He got me a film ticket yesterday. He got his watch repaired yesterday