1、第二单元 Unit 2方法和技巧（1） Methods and Skills (1)口译的方法和技巧因其内容、要求、对象、场合的不同而不同。为了准确、完满地传达说话人的原意，译员要根据具体情况，选择适当的方法，灵活运用各种不同的技巧，提高口译的表达效果。口译的方法和技巧可概括为以下几种：一、 直译汉英两种语言属于不同的语系，在语言结构、表达方式、修辞手段和思维方式等方面都有各自的不同特点。但是，两种语言在词汇、句子结构、语序和文化内涵等方面又有一定的对等性。直译就是利用这种对等关系，口译时，在保证准确传递说话人原意的前提下尽量使原语在词语、句子结构和语序上与译入语保持一致。对等直译法是口译中最
2、基本、最常用的方法，同时也是最有效、最实用、最简便的方法。以下英语的汉译就是利用这种对等关系直译的。(1) that is the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology双百方针 the principle of letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend in academic activities, art and literature sphere希望工程
3、 Project Hope, a project aiming at assisting school dropouts in poverty-stricken areas by raising funds from all social organizations and individuals at home and abroad.改革开放以后出现了很多有特定含义的汉语新词语。如果只按字面直译，不加解释和说明，外国人很难理解，甚至会产生严重误解。比如，如果把“五讲、四美、三热爱”不加解释，只按字面直译为“five stresses，four beauties and three loves
4、” 外国人很可能理解为“ 四个美人，三个情人” 之类的意思，因而感到莫名其妙。为了避免误解，比较准确地表达原意，这个短语的英译应加以解释和补充，译成“five stresses，four points of beauty and three aspects of love；that is stress on decorum，manners，hygiene ，discipline，and morals；beauty of the mind，language，behavior and the environment；love of the motherland，socialism and the
5、Communist Party.”这样效果就好多了。以下词语的英译都是采用增译法：“两个文明”一起抓 to place equal emphasis on both material advancement and ethical progress“三个代表” Three represents-The Communist Party of China always represents the requirement of the development trend of Chinas advanced productive forces, the orientation of Chinas
6、advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. 培养“四有公民”to train people to be citizens with high ideas, moral integrity, a good education and strong sense of discipline对干部进行“三讲” 教育 to educate the cadres on the importance of study, raising political
7、 awareness and ensuring honesty and integrity. 抓大放小 to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones; to focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor ones to fend for themselves安居工程 housing project for low-income urban residents“五个一工程” the Five-one Program/ P
8、roject ( one good book, one good play, one good film, one good TV drama, and one or several creative and persuasive/convincing articles) 在对外介绍中国历史文化的口译中，常常会遇到一些我们中国人非常熟悉的有关重大历史事件，历史人物、典故、民风、民俗方面的汉译英。对不熟悉中国历史文化的外国人来说，适当的解释或补充说明非常重要。这样可以帮助外国人了解中国历史，文化和社会，提高对外宣传效果。以下词语的英语都稍加了补充说明，外国人听了容易理解。改革开放以来 since
9、 the implementation of reform and open policy in 1979建国以来 since the founding of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949 五四运动 the May Fourth Movement, a great anti-imperialist, anti-feudal, political and cultural movement which took place on May fourth, 1919 炎黄子孙 the descendants /offspring of Yandi and
10、 Huangdi, the two earliest chiefs of the Chinese nation and all the Chinese people are descendants of Yandi and Huangdi 秦始皇 Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China who unified China in 220 BC白居易 Bai Juyi, a famous Chinese poet of Tang Dynasty in the 8th century 春节 Spring Festival, the traditional
11、Chinese New Year, which falls on the first day of the first month according to the Chinese lunar calendar.中秋节 the Mid-autumn Festival, a traditional festival of family reunion, which falls on fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month.龙舟节 the Dragon Boat Festival which falls on the fifth day of the fif
12、th lunar month. It is a festival to commemorate Qu Yuan, the great poet and patriotic figure of the State of Chu during the Warring State period.泼水节 Water-Sprinkling Festival, a big festival for the Dai Nationality to wish everyone happiness by splashing water to each other 口译，不论是英译汉还是汉译英都应以语言简洁明快、通
13、俗易懂为佳。因此，译员要在不损害原意的情况下，尽量减去不必要的词语和重复，这就是减译。汉译英时，尽量避免使用过分中国化而外国人不懂的词语和冗长复杂的句子。比如，在参观导游，风景名胜介绍时，有人常常喜欢使用很多修饰语，详细描述景色或引经据典，介绍中国历史文化。如果译员不看对象，按原话逐字不漏地翻译，结果往往是画蛇添足，外国人迷惑不解，很快失去了听的兴趣。这一类的口译，一定要从实际出发，避免重复，简化情节。英语力求简单明了，使外国人一听就懂。也只有这样，才能引起他们的兴趣，收到良好的效果。口译中，有时需要通过增加或删减词语, 达到最好的修辞效果。例如：The private colleges va
14、ry greatly in standard and reputation, from the world-famous, and select to the cranky and the obscure.私立院校的水平与声誉彼此相差甚远,从举世闻名, 出类拔萃到动荡不稳或默默无闻。此句的汉译增加了词语,特别是恰当地运用了汉语的四字格的修辞手段，译文生动多了。China has a great tradition. It has huge resources. It has enormous strength of will and spirit.中国有伟大的传统，丰富的资源，巨大的意志力和精神力量。此句的汉译删去了两个重复的 “ It has”, 汉语既简练又流畅。
