1、1第一章 名 词一、名词的分类：名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。专有名词：Beijing Smith the United Nations个体名词：man, expert, factory可数名词集合名词：audience （观众） ，class, family普通名词：物质名词：water, coal, rice不可数名词抽象名词：surprise, honour, help二、可数名词的复数形式1一般情况，直接加-s 。 port（港口） ports；technique（技术）techniques2以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾发s、t、
2、d音的词，加esbusbuses, boxboxes, bushbushesbranchbranches，stomachstomachs（stomach 词尾发 k，故复数直接加-s ）3辅音字母+ y，变 y 为 i，加-es universityuniversitiesy 前为元音字母，直接加-s boyboys4以 O 结尾加-es heroheroesO 前为元音字母，及部分外来词直接加 -szoozoos radioradio pianopianos photophotos5以 f 或 fe 结尾，变 f 或 fe 为 v，再加-es leafleaves wifewives以下 f
3、 结尾单词直接加 -s beliefbeliefs（信念） roofroofs（屋顶）proofproofs（证据） safesafes（保险柜）chiefchiefs（首领） gulfgulfs（海湾）6不规则名词manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, toothteeth,goosegeese, mousemice, childchildren, oxoxen注 1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：sheep 羊 fish 鱼 deer 鹿means 手段，方法 works 工厂，作品 series 系列注 2：在些可数名词，只有
4、单数形式，但表示复数意义。如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：cattle 牛 people 人民 police 警察注 3：集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体） ，也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员） 。例如：audience（观众） class（班级） family（家庭） group（小组）Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。2His family are quarrelling severely about the property. 她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。改错：1. Every possible means ha
5、ve been tried to cure the boy of his illness.A B C D2. Fish always sells well in the markets because fish contains rich protein, which can build you up.A B C D3. Is it the police who is searching the house for a wanted criminal（罪犯）?A B C D三、不可数名词物质名词、抽象名词均属不可数名词。前面不能加不定冠词 a / an，词尾也不能加s。请牢记下列典型的不可数名
6、词。news 消息 information 信息 advice 忠告，建议 progress 进步，进展knowledge 知识 weather 天气 fun 乐趣 equipment 设备English 英语 furniture 家具 wealth 财富 damage 损坏traffic 交通，车辆及行人 baggage / luggage 行李 clothing 衣服，衣着 word 消息，信息 work 工作 homework 家庭作业 housework 家务四、名词的所有格名词的所有格通常在名词后加s 构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下情况：1）表示有生命的名词my brothers
7、car childrens books（儿童读物） students rooms2）表示国家、城市、地域的名词Chinas population Beijings weather3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词the moons surface ten years hard work 十年的辛劳todays newspapers 20 dollars worth of a stamp 一张价值 20 美元的邮票其他无生命的名词通常用“of + 名词”的短语表示所属关系。the object of the sentence 句子的宾语the title of the film 影片的名字五、
8、名词的作用1）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。Mr. Li holds an important position in the government office.主语 宾语We elected him monitor of our class.宾语 宾补2）名词还作其他名词的前置定语，用于更准确说明某物的用途，性质，组成材料等。a tea cup 茶杯 a car number 车牌号 a shoe shop 鞋店 a stone bridge 石桥名词作定语必须用单数。man, woman 作定语，用单数还是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。sport 作定语，单复数形式均可。
9、3a man teacher 一个男教师 ten women doctors 十个女医生a sport（s）shirt 运动衫 the arms race 武器竞赛（特例）选：It is said that the Air Force about $80 million a year. Really a problem, isnt it ?Abird hit cost Bbirds hit costs Cbird hits cost Dbird hit costs本题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大约八千万美元。考查的是名词作定语。名词作定语必须用单数，故可考虑的答案为 A、C。又因
10、一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，故选C。六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题1）准确把握词义，重视近义词的辩析选：One of the advantage of living on the top floor of a high rise is that you can get a good .（2001 年上海高考题）Asight Bscene Cview Dlook辩析：sight 1.看见 2.视力 3.视野 4.风景scene 1.（事件发生的）现场 2.场面 ; 情景 3.景色 4.（拍电影）场景， （舞台）布置view 1.眺望 2.视野 3.风景，景色。look 1.看 2.神色,表情 l
11、ooks =appearance 外貌本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优越之一，是能清楚眺望到一切。故本题答案为 C。近年来高考试卷非常重视对名词的考查，是重点热点之一。2）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则选：1. Summer in _ south of France are for _ most part dry and sunny.A. /; a B. the, / C. /, / D. the, the 2 Most animals have little connection with animals of different kind unless they kill them for f
12、ood.Athe ；a B不填 ；a Cthe ；the D不填 ；the第二章 主谓一致句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是：主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种类型：1带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。（together）with except / but S + besides Vrather than as well as A library together with a lot of books has been given to our school as a gift.
13、Two pilots as well as all the passengers were killed in this plane crash. 4两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。2部分整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。70 percenttwo-thirdspart of the / ones + n +Vhalf （整体）allthe rest1）About 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water.2）Part of the books are worth reading, but the rest（of the
14、m）are of no value.注：all 单独作主语时，All 指人谓语用复数。All 指物或事情谓语用单数。1）All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有的人都急于达成协议。2）All is going well. 一切都进展顺利。3定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。Each / EveryEither / NeitherAnother + n（单数） + VMany aMore than oneMore than one graduate wants to go to work in Western China. 不止一个毕业生要求去中国西
15、部工作。Many a day has passed since the boy was lost. 那个男孩失踪已有许多天。4就近一致型。下列连词连接两个主语时，及 there be 句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。A or B 1）Either you or I am to meet them at the station.Either A or B 不是你就是我要去车站接他们。Neither A nor B 2）Not only the teacher but also his students object to the plan.Not only A but also
16、 B 3）There is an air-conditioner and two computers in his office.There be A, B and C 在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。5需记住的其他规则Either1）Neither of + n 作主语，谓语用单数。EachNone of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。None of + n（单数）作主语，谓语用单数。Either of the answers is right. 两个答案中有一个是对的。None of the cars was / were damaged. 这些车都没有受损。None of
17、the food has gone bad. 食物没有变质。2）a number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用复数。5the number of + n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数。A large number of students are from the south. 很多学生是南方人。The number of students in our school has gone up to 3000. 我校学生数已上升到 3000 人。3）关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。He is one of the few persons who have a goo
18、d knowledge of Italian.他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。在以上句子中，persons 是 who 的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。（比较）He is the only one of the boys who was given a prize.他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。当 one 之前有 the only 修饰时，one 是 who 的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。4）单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。When and where to hold the meeting isnt decided y
19、et.（一个不定式作主语）What I say and what I think are none of your business. 我说什么，想什么与你无关。 （两个并列主语从句作主语）5）each, any, every, no 构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。Someone is asking you on the phone. 有人在打电话找你。注：复合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语通常用 they，也可用 he。Everyone was present at the meeting, werent they / wasnt he ?Someone has known the news,
20、 havent they / hasnt he ?6）以“s” 结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和学科名作主语，谓语用单数。The United Nations was set up in 1942. 联合国建于 1942 年。The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. 坎特伯雷故事集 是乔叟写的。Economics is my major. 经济学是我的主修课程。7）某些形容词或分词和定冠词 the 连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. 病人得到医
21、治，失踪的也已找回来了。8）由 and 连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。English and Chinese are quite different languages.若 and 并列的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用单数。The manager and secretary is as busy as a bee all day. 那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。 （两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人）War and peace is a contant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。 （对立统一的一对事物）9）单复数同形
22、的名词如 deer, means；集合名词如 family 作主语，如何决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。6第三章 代 词单 数 复 数第 一人 称第 二人 称第 三人 称第 一人 称第 二人 称第 三人 称主格 I you he she it we you they人称代词宾格 me you him her it us you them形 容 词 性 my your his her its our your their物主代词名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs反身代词 myself yourselfHimselfherselfits
23、elfourselves yourselves themselves一、人称代词的用法1人称代词的主格在句中作主语He is always thinking more of others than of himself.2人称代词的宾格作动词和介词的宾语You cant trust him.Who else wants to go for a picnic besides him ?注 1主格，宾格均可作表语，在口语中用宾格较多If I were she, I would act on the doctors advice. Who is knocking at the door ? Its
24、me.注 2作主语的人称代词孤立地使用在无谓语动词的句中，常用宾格 I want an apple. Me, too.“What ! Me to say sorry to him ? No!”注 3两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其顺序是：单数按 2，3，1 人称排列；复数按 1，2，3 人称排列。You, she（Mary）and I must attend todays meeting. I and Tom are to blame.该责备的是我和汤姆（在承认错误或自我批评时，说话人一般把自己放在他人之前讲。 ）二、it 的用法1代替已提到的事物或上文提及的情况He bought a ma
25、gazine and lent it to me.7Her mother has died. It is a terrible shock to her. 她母亲死了。这对她打击很大。2用于 It+be+n/adj 句型中，说明天气、时间、距离等It is freezing cold today.It is five minutes ride from here to the station.3 （未指明但谈话双方都明白的）那件事；那种情况。- Do you like it here?- Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Every
26、thing is nice.4代替性别尚不明的婴儿和小孩She was holding a baby in her arms and it was crying.5作形式主语或形式宾语，代替作主语或宾语的不定式，动名词或从句It was kind of you to send me a present.（it 作形式主语）I make it a rule to walk two miles a day.我通常一天步行二英里。 （it 作形式宾语）I take it that you dont agree with me.我的理解是，你和我看法不同。 （it 作形式宾语）注：少数动词，如 tak
27、e（理解） ，hate ，dislike，不能直接带宾语从句，须在动词和宾语从句之间，加形式宾语 it。5It is/was that . 构成强调句，强调句中某一部分It was I that/who told him about it.（强调主语 I）三、物主代词1形容词性物主代词只能作名词的前置定语，不能单独使用Those people are my schoolmates.2名词性物主代词单独使用，在句中作主语，表语和宾语作主语 Your bike is black. Mine（Mine = My bike）is red.作表语 This fault is yours, not her
28、s. 这是你的过错，不是她的错。作宾语 There is something wrong with my bike. May I use yours ?3名词性物主代词与 of 连用构成双重所有格1）表示部分概念Yesterday I came across an old friend of mine（= one of my old friends）in the street.2）表示强调We show great interest in this invention of yours（= your invention）Be sure not to believe that daughter
29、of hers（her daughter）千万别信她的那个女儿。四、反身代词1作动词或介词的宾语She has been teaching herself English. 她一直在自学英语。2作表语I am not quite myself today. 我今天身体不太好。3作主语或宾语的同位语，译“亲自”；“本人，自己”The mayor himself will look into the matter. 市长将亲自调查这件事。Youd better ask the patient himself about his trouble.关于病人的病情，你最好问他自己。84反身代词的重要短语
30、I gave the room a good cleaning all by myself. by oneself = alone /on my own 独自一人I will be myself in no time. be oneself 身体或大脑正常Please make yourself at home. 请不要受拘束help oneself to sth. 自行取用，随意拿取Help yourself to apples.No one was there, so she helped herself to all the money on the table.He came to h
31、imself a few minutes later. come to oneself 苏醒It is better to think for yourself. think for onself 独立思考，自己作出决定Id be grateful (thankful) if you keep this information to yourself.keep sth. to oneself 不把某事告诉别人五、相互代词each other 一般指两者；one another 一般指三者或三者以上。但现在可以通用，不加区别。在句中仅作宾语，不能作主语。We should care for ea
32、ch other and help each other.They often stay at one anothers houses. 他们经常住在彼此的家里。六、不定代词1some 和 anysome 及复合代词 someone, something 用于肯定句。any 及复合代词用于否定句、疑问句和条件句。Some of the milk has gone bad.I havent any money on me.If anything unusual happens, let me know. 若发生异常情况，请告诉我。注 1若表示请求，建议，尽管是疑问句，用 some，不用 any。
33、Would you like some more coffee ?Shall I bring some food to the party ?注 2any 及复合代词也可用于肯定句，表示三者或三者以上中任何一个。I think any of his movies would interest you. Which would you like, tea, coffee or wine ? Any will do. 随便哪一个都行。2each 和 everyeach 用于强调两个或两个以上的人或事物中每一个。既可作定语，也可作主语和宾语。Each of the boys has his stro
34、ng and weak points.There is a bookstore on each side of the street.every（形容词）用于表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中每一个。在句中只能作定语。I have read every book he lent me.请注意以下不定代词的特殊用法或固定搭配 I have read it in some magazine.some 修饰单数可数名词，相当于 a certain9 She is something like his mother. 她有点像她的母亲。 He is something of an expert at co
35、mputers. 他是一个出色的电脑专家。 She is nothing but a dancer. 她只不过是一个跳舞的。（nothing but = only） He was anything but pleased at the news.听到这个消息他一点不高兴。（anything but = not at all）3both, either, neither 和 all, any, noneboth 两者，双方；neither（两者）都不， （两者中）无一；either（两者之中）任何一个；all（三者或三者以上）全体人员，所有东西。none（三者或三者以上）都不。any（三者或三者
36、以上中）任何一个。作用：1）作主语Both of his students are from Beijing.Either of the teams has the chance of winning.Neither of his novels is satisfactory.None of us have（has ）ever been abroad. None of the money was paid to me.2）作名词的定语He spent all his money.Both sides are eager to reach an agreement.There is a post
37、 office on either side of the street.Neither seat is occupied. 两个位子都空着。3）both, all, each 作主语同位语，位于 be 动词 / 助动词和行为动词中间。作宾语同位语，置于宾语之后。They are both（all）tired of reading.We each have different opinions about it.I will invite you both = I will invite both of you.选择： Have you any money ? I need some badl
38、y. Sorry. at all.A. Nothing B. No one C. None D. A little注 1.指带没有上文中提到的人或物， 用 none.2.none 不能做定语。下句是典型病句:Luckily, none passengers were injured in the car accident.3. no one 仅指人； no one, nothing 等不定代词不能接 “of + n.”结构Everyone of us likes it.判断下列句子是否正确。如果有错，请改正。1The Parkers bought a new house, but they w
39、ill need a lot of decoration before they move in.A B C D2Some people make more money than we teachers, but few gain as much satisfaction from A B Chis work. 10D3Between you and I, we have nothing in common.A B C D4You have to hurry up if you want to buy something cheap because there is hardly someth
40、ingA B Cleft.D5The men and women who pushed the frontier（边境）Westward across America probablyAnever thought of them as brave pioneers.B C D6My wife and I reached the agreement that everything is more important for us than building A B C Da solid bank account. 7There are two buses to Baihai Park. You
41、can take each of them.A B C D8Believe it or not. There is such no thing which will happen here.A B C D9His refusal came as none surprise. I expected it.A B C D10When each the pop star stepped into the hall, all the people present burst into cheers.A B C D另外，替代上述之事用 that, this, it；替代下文要说的事，用 this：Her
42、 mother was ill. That / This is why she couldnt come.The problem is this：he is suffering from cancer.4one 和 that1）one 替代上文提到的同种类的人或事物，但非同一个人或物。one = a + 单数名词。 What do you think of the watches ? Excellent. Im going to buy one. = I going to buy a watch like them.其复数形式为 ones。The white coats match the h
43、at than the blue ones. 白色上衣比蓝色上衣更配这顶帽子。one 只能替代可数名词。若其有形容修饰，需加“a”；若其后有限制性后置定语，需加“the”。例 1：This hat is too small for me. Can you change it for a bigger one ?例 2：This picture is the one my mother wants to have very much.2）that 替代上文提到的同种类的事物。that = the + 单数名词，常用 that of 结构。例 1：My seat was next to that of the mayor.（that = the seat）例 2：The air of a suburb is clearer than that of a city. 郊外的空气比都市的干净。
