1、Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human _.A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100
2、degrees Centigrade.” is _.A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions
3、does it perform?A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation
4、?A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? A nice day, isnt it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal7. _ refers to the actual re
5、alization of the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldnt be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone.
6、 This indicates the design feature of _.A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality9. _ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguisticsC. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics10. _ deals with languag
7、e application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way us
8、ed by the deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to
9、acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the Eng
10、lish used in Shakespeares time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design fea
11、tures of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学， 2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）15 BACCC 610 BACAC1115
12、FFTFF 1620 FFFFF31. Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.32. Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are no
13、t present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.33. Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speakers knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreo
14、ver, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.34. Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past;
15、synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.35. Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of e
16、lements for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most ani
17、mal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.
18、36. It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.37. It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy an
19、d objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis collect data check against the observable facts come to a conclusion.1. Pitch variation is known as _ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice2. Conventionally a _ is put in slashes (
20、/ /).A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _ of the p phoneme.A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _.A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula5. The
21、 diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as _ diphthongs.A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _.A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production
22、of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. n B. m C. b D. p9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. i: B. u
23、 C. e D. i 10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than th
24、e segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution
25、of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. p is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure
26、vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states t
27、hat when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%
28、)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop d dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdent
29、al fricative5 ACDAA 610 DBABB1115 TTTFF 1620 TTTFF31. Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which
30、is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.32. Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the se
31、ntence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.33. Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to
32、 be in complementary distribution.34. Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V.35Acoustic phonetics deal
33、s with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.36.When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between t
34、hem unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants p, s, t are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are desc
35、ribed as voiced. b, z, d are voiced consonants.Chapter 3 Lexicon1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _.A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _ morpheme.A. inflectional B. free C. bound
36、 D. derivational3. There are _ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. three B. four C. five D. six4. In English ise and tion are called _.A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _.A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D.
37、back-formation6. _ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of _.A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blend
38、ing8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _.A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is _.A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for _.A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph11. Phonetically, th
39、e stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change
40、 the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onom
41、atopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003
