会话含义与英语中的劝说语功能分析【文献综述】.doc

1、毕业论文文献综述英语会话含义与英语中的劝说语功能分析LITERATUREREVIEWFORTHEPRESENTSTUDYHERBERTWSIMONDEFINEDPERSUASIONASTHEARTOFCOMMUNICATIONWHICHDESIGNEDTOINFLUENCETHEAUTONOMOUSJUDGMENTSONOTHERSITISAFORMOFATTEMPTEDINFLUENCEINTHESENSETHATITSEEKSTOALTERTHEWAYOTHERSTHINK,FEEL,ORACT,BUTITDIFFERSFROMOTHERFORMSOFINFLUENCESIMON,HW,1

2、9867ADDRESSEDASITISTOAUTONOMOUS,CHOICEMAKINGINDIVIDUALS,PERSUASIONDISPOSESOTHERSBUTDOESNOTIMPOSEITAFFECTSPERSUADEESSENSEOFWHATISTRUEORFALSE,PROBABLEORIMPROBABLE,ASWELLASTHEIREVALUATIONSOFPEOPLE,EVENTS,IDEAS,ORPROPOSALSPERSUASIONISAPARTANDPARCELINOCCUPATIONS,SUCHASPOLITICS,LAW,SOCIALWORK,COUNSELING,A

3、DVERTISING,MARKETING,ETCINVIRTUEOFTHISANDOTHERREASONS,ITDRAWSTHECONCERNOFVARIOUSCIRCLESOFSCHOLARSATHOMEANDABROADRESEARCHERSFROMDIFFERENTSPHERESHAVEFOCUSEDONDIFFERENTASPECTSOFPERSUASIONINLINEWITHTHEIROBJECTIVEOFSTUDY1RESEARCHABROAD11THERHETORICAPPROACHPERSUASIONCANBEDATEDBACKTOTHEANCIENTGREECE,WHICHH

4、ASSTOODFORCENTURIESWITHOTHERBRANCHESOFHUMANITIESSUCHASPOLITICS,LITERATURE,LAW,ANDRELIGIOUSSINCEGREEKPHILOSOPHERARISTOTLEFIRSTSYSTEMATIZEDTHESTUDYOFPERSUASION，THETECHNIQUEOFRHETORICHASBEENWIDELYAPPLIEDINDIFFERENTFIELDSANDTHERANGESOFTHEIRSTUDYHASBEENGREATLYEXPANDEDHISTREATISE,RHETORIC,ISREGARDEDAS“THE

5、MOSTSIGNIFICANTWORKSONPERSUASIONEVERWRITTEN”AND“THESINGLEMOSTIMPORTANTWORKSONTHESTUDYOFSPEECHMAKING”SIMON,HW,198656TRADITIONALRHETORICISFLOURISHEDINDEALINGWITHPRACTICALMATTERSOFPERSUASIONINVOLVEDINPOLITICS,ETHICS,ANDSOCIOLOGYHOWEVER,THETRADITIONALRHETORICHASITSSHORTCOMINGSASITTAKESTHELANGUAGEPROPERT

6、YINTOCONSIDERATION,WHILEIGNORESTHEABUNDANTMATERIALOFTHEWHOLELINGUISTICINTERACTIONINCONCRETECONTEXTASONEOFTHESUBLINGUISTICS,MODERNRHETORICSTRESSEDTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFLANGUAGEANDMAKESRESEARCHONPERSUASIONACADEMICALLYITSHEDNEWLIGHTONTHESTUDYOFPERSUASIONANDBRINGSBRANDNEWPERSPECTIVEONTHESTUDYOFPERSUASIONLAN

7、GUAGEFROMANACADEMICASPECTATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHE20THCENTURY,SAUSSURE,THESWEDISHLINGUIST,PROPOSEDTHETHEORYOFDISTINGUISHING“LANGUE”AND“PAROLE”,LAIDAFOUNDATIONFORMODERNLINGUISTICS,ANDUSHEREDRHETORICINTOANEWWORLD,THUSOPENEDUPAROUTEFORTHEDEVELOPMENTANDFORMATIONOFMODERNRHETORICACCORDINGTOJOHNMCWHORTER,CONTEMP

8、ORARYRHETORICEMPLOYSTHESOCIAL,CULTURALANDETHICALASPECTSOFPERSUASION,HEHOLDSTHATPERSUASIONISANINTERACTIONTHROUGHSYMBOLISMTOLINKTHESPEAKERWITHTHERECEIVERANDRECOGNIZESTHATPERSUASIONISANACTTHATINVOLVESSOCIALANDCULTURALCONSEQUENCESJOHNMCWHORTER,200845CONTEMPORARYPRINCIPLESOFPERSUASIONAREDERIVEDLARGELYFRO

9、MPSYCHOLOGISTSANDSOCIOLOGISTSTHEYAPPROACHPERSUASIONFROMAPSYCHOLOGICALANDSOCIOLOGICALPOINTOFVIEW12THEPSYCHOLOGICALAPPROACHPSYCHOLOGISTSCENTERSONTHEDETAILEDEXPLORATIONOFHOWPERSONALMOTIVATIONINFLUENCEPEOPLESREACTIONTOOTHERSPERSUASIONANDSEEKTOEXPLAINHOWTHEIRMENTALITY,BELIEFSORVALUESAREFORMEDANDHOWTHEYAR

10、EENCOURAGEDBYGIVENSTIMULATEELEMENTSASWELLSCHOLARSINTHISFIELD,SUCHASMASLOW,ARGUESTHATANINDIVIDUALISMOTIVATEDBYHISINHERENTNEEDSANDANUNFULFILLEDNEEDWOULDBEMOTIVATEDWHICHSERVEGROUNDSFORPERSUASIONADRIANAKMAJIAN,200165OTHERSARGUETHATINDIVIDUALSHASABUILTINSENSEOFCOGNITIVEHOMEOSTASISORBALANCE,SOWHENPERSUASI

11、VESTIMULICREATESIMBALANCE,INDIVIDUALSWILLSEEKTOREACQUIREASTATEOFBALANCEBYMAKINGSPECIFICANDAPPROPRIATEREACTIONTOTHEPERSUASION13THESOCIOLOGICALAPPROACHONTHECONTRARY,SOCIOLOGISTSREGARDPERSUASIONASAWAYOFCOMMUNICATIONANDPAYATTENTIONTOTHECOMMUNICATIONINTERACTIONINWHICHPEOPLEMAKETHEIRPERSUASIVEACTIVITYTHEY

12、FOCUSONTHEINTERACTIONOFTHEINDIVIDUALWITHOTHERSINPERSUASIVESITUATIONSTHESETHEORIESINCLUDESOCIALLEARNINGTHEORY,FUNCTIONALTHEORYANDSOCIALJUDGMENTINVOLVEMENTTHEORYSOCIALLEARNINGTHEORYEMPHASIZESMODELINGASAWAYOFGAININGCOMPLIANCE,FUNCTIONALTHEORYHOLDSTHATATTITUDESSERVEINSTRUMENTAL,EGODEFENSE,VALUEEXPRESSIV

13、E,ANDKNOWLEDGEFUNCTIONSSOCIALJUDGMENTINVOLVEMENTTHEORY,HOWEVER,HOLDSTHATATTITUDESARENOTFIXEDPOINTSBUTRATHERTHEREARELATITUDESOFACCEPTANCESOCIOLOGISTSPROVIDENEWWAYSOFRESEARCHTOPERSUADEPEOPLE,WHILETHEYSIMPLYTAKEPERSUASIONASACOMMUNICATIONACTANDPUTTHELANGUAGEPROPERTYASIDEITFAILSTOANALYZETHEPROPOSITIONAND

14、IMPLICATUREOF“WHATISSAID”2RESEARCHINCHINAWESTERNERSHAVEINVESTIGATEDPERSUASIONINACONSIDERABLECOMPREHENSIVEWAYANDHAVEHARVESTEDRICHFRUITSINCHINATHEREAREAGOODSTOCKOFBOOKSANDARTICLESONGUIDINGANDTRAININGPEOPLETOBECOMEPERSUASIVEANDPOWERFULSPEAKERSANDMANYOFTHEMADOPTANDADAPTWESTERNACHIEVEMENTSINADDITION,MANY

15、CONCRETEFIELDSSUCHASADVERTISEMENT,LAW,EDUCATION,NEGOTIATION,POLITICS,BUSINESS,ANDSOONAREINVOLVED,ESPECIALLYTHEPERSUASIONINADVERTISINGANDECONOMYDIFFERENTSCHOLARSINDOMESTICHAVELAUNCHEDRESEARCHONPERSUASIONFROMVARIOUSPERSPECTIVESPREVIOUSSTUDIESFOCUSONTHEARTANDSTRATEGIESOFPERSUASIONANDMOSTRESEARCHERSHAVE

16、DIGINTOITFROMTHEANGLEOFCROSSCULTURECOMMUNICATIONWHICHINCLUDESHOWCULTUREDIFFERENCEINFLUENCETHECHOSENOFPERSUASIONTECHNIQUESANDTHERESULTSOFTHEPERSUASIONACTIVITYWITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFPRAGMATICSINTOCHINA,CHINESELINGUISTSPUTANEWINSIGHTINTOLANGUAGESTUDIESALARGENUMBEROFSPEECHACTSSUCHASAPOLOGIES,REFUSALSANDSO

17、ON,HAVEBEENSTUDIEDWELLANDRECEIVEDFRUITFULACHIEVEMENTS,HOWEVER,BESIDESPERSUASIONTANGXIADEFINESPERSUASIONASAKINDOFSPEECHACTANDEVENMORECOMPLEXTHANOTHERACTIVITIESLIKEORDERREFUSALANDSOONTANGANALYZESPERSUASIONWITHTHEEMPLOYMENTOFTHESPEECHACTTHEORYPROPOSEDBYENGLISHLINGUISTSAUSTINSHEAPPLIESSPEECHACTTHEORYTOT

18、HISSTUDYWITHACONCEPTIONOFPERSUASIVEACTASADYNAMICCOMMUNICATIVEPROCESS3THETHEORYOFCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREINPERSUASIONBESIDESRHETORICIANS,PSYCHOLOGISTSANDSOCIOLOGISTSWHOHAVEGONEDEEPLYANDWIDELYINPERSUASIONSTUDYANDACCOMPLISHEDALOT,LINGUISTSAPPLIEDPRAGMATICSINPERSUASIONRESEARCHPRAGMATICSTAKESHUMANFACTOR

19、SINTOITSCONSIDERATIONANDTHEREFOREPROVIDESDYNAMICAPPROACHTOTHESTUDYOFLINGUISTICPHENOMENONPRAGMATICS,SIMPLYPUT,STUDIESHOWUTTERANCESHAVEMEANINGONTHECONTEXT,ORHAVECOMMUNICATIVEMEANINGUNDERCERTAINCONDITIONS,INCLUDINGHOWTHEMEANINGISPRODUCEDANDCOMPREHENDED,ASWELLASSTUDIESLANGUAGEAPPROPRIATENESSANDTACTFULNE

20、SSITISCLOSELYRELATEDTOPERSUASIONANDHASIMPORTANTCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHESTUDYOFPERSUASIONBYEXTENDINGTHESCOPEOFPERSUASIONRESEARCH,AMONGWHICHGRICESCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREISMOSTOUTSTANDING31CONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREWASFIRSTPROPOSEDBYGRICEIN1976ITISTHETHEORYCONCERNINGHOWPEOPLEU

21、SELANGUAGEITDOESNOTSTUDYTHELITERALMEANINGOFTHEUTTERANCEFROMTHEINTERNALSYSTEMOFLANGUAGEBUTEXPLAINSTHEREALMEANINGCONVEYEDBYTHESPEAKERBASEDONTHECONTEXTITDOESNOTPAYATTENTIONTOWHATTHESPEAKERSAYSBUTFOCUSONWHATTHESPEAKERINTENDEDTOIMPLYBYSAYINGTHEUTTERANCEASGRICESAYS,ASPEAKERSENDSMOREINFORMATIONTHANTHELITER

22、ALMEANINGOFWORDSITISTRANSFERREDNOTBYENCODINGTHEUTTERANCELINGUISTICALLY,BUTBYPROVIDINGEVIDENCEOFTHEINTENTIONTHESPEAKERINTENDSTOCONVEYGRICEINSISTSTHATTHECOMMUNICATIVEACTIVITIESOFHUMANBEINGSSHOULDBEGOVERNEDBYNORMSANDPRINCIPLESDURINGHUNTINGFORTHEWAYSINWHICHSUCHPROPOSITIONISPROVIDEDBYTHESPEAKERHEMAKESITC

23、LEARTHATTHERATIONALEUNDERLINGTHECONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURETHEORYINTHEASSUMPTIONTHATRATIONALCOMMUNICATIONEXCHANGESARECHARACTERISTICALLY,TOSOMEDEGREEATLEAST,COOPERATIVEEFFORTSTOSOMEDEGREE,WHENCOMMUNICATEWITHOTHERS,ACOMMONPURPOSEORAMUTUALLYACCEPTEDDIRECTIONISRECOGNIZEDINTHEEACHPARTICIPANTTHEREFORE,ALIST

24、ENERMUSTGOBEYONDTHESEMANTICMEANINGOFWORDSTOINFERWHATTHESPEAKERINTENDEDTOCONVEYINORDERTOREALLYUNDERSTANDTHEMEANINGOFANUTTERANCE,WHICHREQUIRESTHESPEAKERSHOULDINTENDTOCOMMUNICATEANDTHELISTENERRECOGNIZETHATINTENTIONANDBEWILLINGTOCOOPERATEWITHTHESPEAKERTHATISTOSAY,THESPEAKERANDHEARERAREPRESUMEDTOOBSERVEC

25、ERTAINRATIONALPRINCIPLESOFCOMMUNICATIONTHECOREOFSUCHCOMMUNICATIVEPRINCIPLESISCOOPERATIVENESSGRICECALLSITTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLESASHEPOINTSOUT,IFSOMEONECARESABOUTTHEGOALSORDIRECTIONSSETBYTHEPARTICIPANTINACONVERSATION,HEWILLBEEXPECTEDTOHAVEANINTERESTINTHEMATTERANDPARTICIPATEINTHEFURTHERACTIONSTHISCOMM

26、ONINTERESTINACOMMUNICATIONISVERYIMPORTANTITSSIGNIFICANTFORPERSUADERSTOCOMPLYWITHTHISPRINCIPLEGRICEIDENTIFIESTHEPRINCIPLESINTOFOURBASICMAXIMSOFCONVERSATIONTHESEMAXIMSAREEXPRESSEDASFOLLOWS32FOURMAXIMSOFTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLETHEMAXIMSOFQUALITYTHEMAXIMOFQUALITYISCONCERNEDWITHTHEAMOUNTOFINFORMATIONTOBEP

27、ROVIDEDBYANUTTERANCE,ANDUNDERITFALLTHEFOLLOWINGMAXIMS1MAKEYOURCONTRIBUTIONASINFORMATIVEASISREQUIREDFORTHECURRENTPURPOSEOFTHEEXCHANGE2DONOTMAKEYOURCONTRIBUTIONMOREINFORMATIVETHANISREQUIREDTHEMAXIMSOFQUALITYTHEMAXIMOFQUALITYISCONCERNEDWITHTRUTHTELLING,ANDHASTWOPARTS1DONOTSAYWHATYOUBELIEVEDTOBEFALSE2DO

28、NOTSAYWHICHYOULACKADEQUATEEVIDENCEUNDERTHECATEGORYOFQULAITYFALLSASUPERMAXIM“TRYTOMAKEYOURCONVERSATIONCONTRIBUTIONONETHATISTRUE”ACCORDINGTOGRICE,IFSOMEONEFLOUTSTHISMAXIM,THENHEORSHEISTELLINGALIETHEMAXIMSOFRELATIONTHEMAXIMISVERYSIMPLEBERELEVANTTHISMAXIMCANBEINTERPRETEDASMAKESUREWHATYOUSAYISRELEVANTTOT

29、HECONVERSATIONINTHECOMMUNICATIONSITUATIONINWHICHYOUAREINVOLVEDINTHEPOINTOFTHISMAXIMISTHATITISNOTSUFFICIENTFORASTATEMENTTOBETRUEFORITTOCONSTITUTEANACCEPTABLECONVERSATIONALCONTRIBUTIONTHEMAXIMOFMANNERGRICEINCLUDEDTHESUPERMAXIM“BEPERSPICUOUS”ANDFOURCOMPONENTSAS1AVOIDOBSCURITYOFEXPRESSION2AVOIDAMBIGUITY

30、3BEBRIEFAVOIDUNNECESSARYPROLIXITY4BEORDERLYHUZHUANGLIN2006191INSHORT,THESEMAXIMSSPECIFYWHATPARTICIPANTSHAVETODOINORDERTOCONVERSEINAMAXIMALLYEFFICIENT,RATIONAL,COOPERATIVEWAYWHENEXPRESSONESELFSPEAKERSSHOULDSPEAKSINCERELY,RELEVANTLYANDCLEARLY,WHILEPROVIDINGSUFFICIENTINFORMATIONGRICESEXPLORATIONOFCONVE

31、RSATIONIMPLICATURESUGGESTSTHATTHERULESWHICHHOLDSGOODFORCONVERSATIONMAYALSOAPPLYTODELIBERATECOMMUNICATIVEPROCESS,NAMELYPERSUASIONTHEGOALOFPERSUASIONMAYBETOIMPROVETHESTATEOFTHEPERSUADEE,ORPARTLYORPRIMARILYTOCHANGEOTHERSATTITUDEORBEHAVIORNOMATTERWHATINTENTIONITIS,ITSDIFFICULTFORPERSUADERTOSUCCEEDINENCO

32、URAGINGRECEIVERTOCHANGETHEIRORIGINALATTITUDE,BELIEF,DECISIONORBEHAVIORITISIMPORTANTFORPERSUADERSTOGAINPERSUADEESCOOPERATIONTHROUGHCREATINGANINTIMATE,HARMONIOUSRELATIONSHIPANDESTABLISHTRUSTWITHPERSUADEESHOWEVER,IFTHEPERSUASIVEUTTERANCEISNOTPROPERLYPRESENT,THESPEAKERCANNOTMANAGETOENCOURAGEOTHERSTOCHAN

33、GEGRICESTHEORYOFCONVERSATIONAL“MAXIMS”PROVIDESSOMEVALUABLEINSIGHTSINTOTHECRITERIAGOVERNINGINTERACTIONALSTRUCTURESIFPEOPLEFLOUTCOOPERATIONMAXIMS,THEIRCOMMUNICATIONWILLBELESSSUCCESSFULORMAYBEAFAILUREPERSUADERSNEEDTOBEAWAREOFTHISTHESEMAXIMSAREUSEFULINANALYZINGTHEPERSUASIVEMESSAGESEFFECTIVEEXCHANGE,ACCO

34、RDINGTOGRICE,DEPENDSONTRUTHFULNESSQUALITY,PROPORTIONALITYQUANTITY,RELEVANCE,CLARITYMANNERTHESEMAXIMSCANALSOBESAIDTOREFLECTMANYCHARACTERISTICFEATURESOFTHEPERSUASIVEGENREIFWEARETOBEPERSUASIVEINTHEFULLESTSENSE,WEMUSTMEASUREOURUSEOFLOGOSARGUMENTINPROPORTIONTOTHEDISTANCEEXISTINGBETWEENTHEAUDIENCESVIEWAND

35、OUROWNWEMUSTARGUERELEVANTLY,ESTABLISHINGACONVINCINGETHOSBYOURTRUTHFULNESSANDCLARITYOFMANNER,ASWELLASMATCHINGPATHOSFULLYTOTHEAUDIENCEANDTHEOCCASIONTHESELISTEDMAXIMSSPECIFYWHATPARTICIPANTSHAVETODOINORDERTOCONVERSEINAMAXIMALLYEFFICIENT,RATIONAL,COOPERATIVEWAYLEVINSON,SC,200045INGRICEVIEWPOINT,ITISIMPOR

36、TANTTORECOGNIZETHESEMAXIMSASUNSTATEDASSUMPTIONSPARTICIPANTSHAVEINCONVERSATIONSIFSPEAKERSDELIBERATELYVIOLATETHESEMAXIMSANDHEARERSCANINFERTHEINFORMATIONCONTRARYTOSUPERFICIALINDICATIONS,PARTICIPANTSARESTILLCONSIDEREDTOBECOOPERATIVEONSOMEDEVELOPEDLEVELITISONLYBYMAKINGTHEASSUMPTIONCONTRARYTOSUPERFICIALIN

37、DICATIONSTHATTHEINFERENCESARISEINTHEFIRSTPLACEASAMATTEROFFACT,THEINFERENCESRESULTINTHEASSUMPTIONONTHEBASISOFTHEVIOLATIONOFONEORMOREOFTHEMAXIMSOROFTHECOOPERATIVEPRINCIPLEEXPLORINGHOWTOVIOLATECONVERSATIONALMAXIMSMAYALSOHAVEPERSUASIVESIGNIFICANCEMOREOFTEN,PERSUADERSFLOUTMAXIMSRATHERTHANFOLLOWTHEMPERSUA

38、SIONSALWAYSCONCEALINTENTIONANDHEDGETHATSAYINGSOMETHINGNOTCLEAROVERLOADORDOWNPLAYINFORMATIONTHATPROVIDINGINAPPROPRIATEAMOUNTOFINFORMATIONUSEPROOFORLANGUAGETHATISETHICALLYSUSPECT,ORTELLYOUSOMETHINGTHEYCANNOTPROVETOBETRUETHATSAYINGSOMETHINGTHEYLACKADEQUATEEVIDENCETOTALLYSAYSOMETHINGUNRELATED,WHICHISFRE

39、QUENTLYUSEDINADVERTISING4SUMMARYTOSUMUP,THEPREVIOUSSTUDYONPERSUASIONBOTHATHOMEANDABROADHAVEDIGINTOADEEPLEVELWHICHPROVIDEUSWITHAMEANINGFULINFORMATIONOFPERSUASIONWHICHCANBEAPPLIEDINTODIFFERENTFIELDSOFLIFEANDSTUDYHOWEVER,THESTUDYOFPERSUASIONFROMPRAGMATIC,ESPECIALLYFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCONVERSATIONALIMPL

40、ICATURETHEORY,ISFRAGMENTARYANDINCOMPLETEINTHEHISTORYOFPERSUASIONSTUDIESCOMPAREDITWITHSTUDIESOFPERSUASIONINWEST,EMPIRICALSTUDIESONPERSUASIONHAVELAGGEDBEHINDINCHINATHISOVERVIEWOFTHERELEVANTLITERATUREIMPLIESTHEPOSSIBILITYANDSIGNIFICANCEOFASTUDYONENGLISHPERSUASIONLANGUAGEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCONVERSATION

41、IMPLICATURE,ASWELLASTOEXPERIENCETHEENRICHEDTOCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREITSHEDSANEWLIGHTONTHERESEARCHOFPERSUASIONFROMTHEPRAGMATICSANGLEANDTRIESTOOFFERSOMESUGGESTIONOFHOWTOORGANIZEINFORMATION,GETATTENTIONANDORIENTPERSUADERTOSUCCEEDINPERSUADINGPEOPLEADRIAN,AKMAJIAN2001ANINTRODUCTIONTOLANGUAGEANDCOMMUNIC

42、ATIONMASSACHUSETTSMITPRESSGRICE,HP2001ASPECTSOFREASONOXFORDOXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESSJOHN,MCWHORTER2008UNDERSTANDINGLINGUISTICSTHESCIENCEOFLANGUAGEFLORIDATEACHINGPRESSLEECH,GN1983PRINCIPLESOFPRAGMATICSLONDONLONGMANMARTINLEVINSON,SC2000PRESUMPTIVEMEANINGSTHETHEORYOFGENERALIZEDCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATUREMASS

43、ACHUSETTSMITPRESSLEVINSON,SC1983PRAGMATICSCAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSPENELOPE,BROWNLEVINSON,SC（1987）POLITENESSSOMEUNIVERSALSINLANGUAGEUSAGECAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESSLAURA,SICOLA2010COGNITIVEPROCESSINGINSECONDLANGUAGEACQUISITIONAMSTERDAMJOHNBENJAMINSPUBLISHINGCOMPANYSADOCK,JM1998ONTESTINGFORCONVERSATIONALIMPLICATURENEWYORKACADEMICPRESSSIMONS,HW2001PERSUASIONINSOCIETYLONDONSAGEPUBLICATIONSINC崔卫、徐莉，（2010），会话含义的可取消性再探，外国语第3期。戴炜栋，（2002），新编简明英语语言学教程。上海上海外语教育出版社。胡壮麟，（2006），语言学教程。北京北京大学出版社。金立，（2006），合作与会话合作原则及其应用研究。北京中国社会科学出版社。吴炳章，（2007），会话含意推导，外语研究第3期。周建安，（1997），关于新格赖斯会话含意理论的一些看法，外语研究第2期。