1、高中英语被动语态讲解1、被动语态的构成形式1.何时用被动语态（1）不知道动作的施加者时：如，The classroom has been cleaned aready(2) 需要突出强调动作的承受者时：如，A middle school will be built there.2. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由 be过去分词构成，be 随时态的变化而变化。以 do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibit
2、s.2） has /have been done 现在完成时例 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时例 A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the en
3、d of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done 过去进行时例 A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done一般将来时例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be d
4、one/ waswere going to be done/ waswere about to be done/waswere to be to done 过去将来时例 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时例 The project will have been completed before July.10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时例 He told me that his n
5、ew clothes would have been made very soon.3. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his m
6、other for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+ 宾语补足语 ”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。例 Someone saw a stranger
7、walk into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”， “动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 It is s
8、aid that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that 从句 ”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that 据建议
9、。 例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean ，drive，lock，open，sell，read ，write ，wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则
10、强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁” 是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的
11、连系动词 feel, sound, taste, book, feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable.四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在 need，want，require, bear 等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired） 这房子需要修理。2 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy 后面
12、跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The picture-book is well worth reading （The picture-book is very worthy to be read ）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与 I 是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be
13、 posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit ，hard ，difficult，important ，impossible，pleasant，interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作 to work out 省略了 for me）.5 在 too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主
14、动形式表示被动意义。例 This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.七、被动语态与高考试题赏析1 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993)A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served解析 B 因为 serve 是及物动词，其动作承受者 tea 作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot.
15、He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002)A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing解析 C Ted 是 kill 的承受者，用被动语态，且 Ted 救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。3). - Have you moved into the new house?- Not yet, the rooms _. (NMET1991) A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being
16、painting解析 A “house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除 B，D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除 C。4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春 2003）A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided解析 D decide 是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以
17、 decide 要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词 yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.（上海春 2001）A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were booked D. have been booked解析 B 句中 tickets 是 book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在 entered the office
18、 这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。2高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002)A. to see B. to be seenC. seeing D. seen解析 B 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除
19、掉 C、D 两项；又因 remains 的逻辑主语 it 是动词 see 说表示动作的承受者，即“到国外旅行 ”这件事，这件事有待于 “被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。2). While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （上海 1996）A. to persuaded B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded解析 C cant help doing “禁不住做某事” ，排除 A 和 D；顾客应是“ 被
20、劝说”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。3）. I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海 2002）A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamed D. should blame解析 A feel 的宾语从句为强调句型，在 be to do 结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如 to blame， to let 等。【强化训练】1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be hea
21、rd even at dinnerA are not kept；will have toB are not kept；haveC do not keep；will have toD do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now.A. developedB. have developedC. are being developedD. will have been developed3. - _ the sports meet m
22、ight be put off- Yes，it all depends on the weatherA Ive been told B Ive toldC Im told D I told4. I need one more stamp before my collection _.A. has completed B. completesC. has been completed D. is completed5. Rainforests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the n
23、ear future.A. cut B. are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.A. has been designedB. had been designedC. was designedD. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has brokenC. was broken D. h
24、ad been broken8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place; have been set upB. have taken place; have been set upC. have taken place; have set upD. were taken place; were set up9. That suit _ over 60 dollars.A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost10. - Look!
25、 Everything here is under construction.- Whats the pretty small house that _ for?A. is being built B. has been builtC. is built D. is building11.- Do you like the material?- Yes, it _ very soft.A. is feeling B. feltC. feels D. is felt12. It is difficult for a foreigner _ ChineseA write B to writeC t
26、o be written D written13. I have no more letters _ ，thank youA to type B typingC to be typed D typed14. Take care! Dont drop the ink on your shirt, for it _ easily.A. wont wash out B. wont be washed outC. isnt washed out D. isnt washing out15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the
27、 lights happened to _.A. be put up B. give inC. be turned on D. go out16. The computers on the table _ Professor Smith.A. belongs B. are belonged toC. belongs to D. belong to17. - What do you think of the book?-Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being rea
28、d18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. A. catching B. to be caughtC. being caught D. to catch19. This page needed _ again.A. being checked B. checkedC. to check D. to be checked20. _ many times, the boy still didnt know how to do the exercisesA. Having taught B. Having been taughtC. taught D. Teachingkey 1-5 ACADC 6-10 BCBDA11-15 CBCAD 16-20 DCCDB
