1、1非限定性定语从句是英语语法中从句的一种，是定语从句的分支之一。作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。运用非限定性定语从句，尤其要注意其语法运用及其所表示的东西。1 who 引导的非限制性定语从句 Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结
2、苹果。2 whom 引导的非限制性定语从句。 关系代词 whom 用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。Mr Smith， from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。3 whose 引导的非限制性定语从句。 whose 是关系代词 who 的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose 通常指人，也可指动物或无生命
3、的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。4 which 引
4、导的非限制性定语从句。关系代词 which 在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。 which 指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。如：These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。She is an artist，which I am not.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。Water，wh
5、ich is a clear liquid，has many uses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。The two policemen were completely trusted，which in fact they were.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。 which 指代主句中的形容词。如：She was very patient towards the children ，which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。She is always careless，which we should not be.她总是马虎
6、大意，我们可不应该这样。 which 指代主句中的某个从句。2如：He said that he had never seen her before ，which was not true.他说以前从没见过她，这不是真的。 which 指代整个主句。如：In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有点紧张，这是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis，in which case he will have to be operated
7、 on.他可能得了急性盲肠炎，如果是这样，他就得动手术。When deeply absorbed in work，which he often was，he would forget all about eating and sleeping.他经常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。5 when 引导的非限制性定语从句。 关系副词 when 在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。如：He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到 5 月 1 号，那时他将有空。5.1 where
8、引导的非限制性定语从句关系。 副词 where 在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。如：They went to London，where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。6 as 引导的非限制性定语从句。 as 引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明但通常用于像 as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, a
9、s is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper 等句式中。as 在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as 有“正如， 就像 ”之意。如：As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道，马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。 （as 在从句中作主语）He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often
10、 the case.他忘了带笔，这是常事。 （as 在从句中作主语）He is absorbed in work, as he often was.他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。 （as 在从句中作表语）As we all know, the earth is round.众所周知，地球是圆的。 （as 在从句中作宾语）The two brothers were satisfied with this decision，as was agreed beforehand.两兄弟对此决定都满意，这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。(as 在从句中作主语)Taiwan is，as you kn
11、ow，an inseparable part of China.你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(as 在从句中作宾语 )“介词+关系代词” 引导的非限制性定语从句在介词后引导非限制性定语从句。难：句意相同as it is known to all (that.) (as 做状语从句连词，是状语从句, 可以加 that)与 as is known to all (as 做主语，是定语从句)与 it is known to all that. (主语从句，it 是形式主语)既：As is widely known, the moon is closer to the us than the
12、sun.(定从)= Thatthe moon is closer to the us than the sun is widely known.(主从)= it is widely known thatthe moon is closer to the us than the sun.(主从)3As it is known to everyone, I thought you knew about it too.(状从)1关系代词 which 有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词，而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。They were short of
13、sticks to make frames for the climbing vines，without which the yield would be halved.他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿，没有它们产量会减少一半。They thanked Tom，without whose support they would not have succeeded.他们很感激 Tom，没有他的支持他们是不会成功的。6.1 “名词/代词 +of+which / whom” It now has 20，000 hectares of land，more than two-thirds of which are
14、under cultivation.现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二之多已经耕种。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300000 kilometer per second.光是世界上最快的东西，它的速度是每秒 30 万千米。There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大厅里有三十把椅子，绝大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8，000 workers and staff，eighty per cen
15、t of whom are women.这家纺织厂有 8 千多职工，女职工占百分之八十。7 关系词 引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词： 指代对象 指代人 指代物主格 who which,as宾格 Whom which,as所有格 of whom, whose which, of which,whose引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有：when,where8 规则注意 1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分2. as 有时也可用作关系代词 。as 引导非限制性定语从句，若 as 在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。但 whic
16、h 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放句中。例句：As is reported in the newspaper ，some artistic treasures(艺术珍品） will be on show at the exhibition on the weekend. 3. 在非限定性定语从句中，关系词不能用 that。9 as 和 which 的区别 1、as 引导的定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾，which 引导的定语从句只能放在句中。2、当 as 后面有“is 或 was+过去分词”构成的被动语态 时， be 动词 is 或 was 可省略。3、 as 有时也可用作关系代词 。as 引
17、导非限制性定语从句，若 as 在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。但 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放句中。 例句：As is reported in the newspaper ，some artistic treasures(艺术珍品） will be on show at the exhibition on the weekend.10 限制性从句和非限制性从句的区别 41.从句不能省,如果省整个句子意思不完整。从句可省,如果省整个句子意思仍然完整2 先行词可以用 that 引导。 先行词不可以用 that 引导。 3. 引导词有时可以省略。 引导词不可以省
18、略。 4.主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开。主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。5.从句只修饰先行词。从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。11 功能、用途和形式方面的区别 为什么说 限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如： 1.Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nations in which they are lo
19、cated . 为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展，热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐。 2.Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。 3.They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。 非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗点“，“ 隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用它来对
20、全句或句中某个成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它作定语翻译。 例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy . 更早之前，巴比伦人
21、曾试图绘制世界地图，但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状。 （此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词 a sphere 进行补充、说明。 ） The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center . 卫星能传输信息，计算机能
22、储存信息，电视能显示信息，把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。 （此句中，三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ，computers 和television 进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句，那么句子可简化为：The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .） The sun heats the earth , which makes it p
23、ossible for plants to grow .太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。 （此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成“一件事情） 。 The old man has a son , who is in the army .那位老人有一个儿子，他在部队工作。（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对先行词 son 进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息是：“这位老人只有一个儿子“ 。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：“The old man has a son who is in the army . “那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。那么，限定性定语从句就要对5先行词 son 进行限定、修饰。这样一来，句子所传达的信息就变成了：“这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作“，也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作）
