1、Writing NotesDate: July, 9th, 2017Task I 1. Three Typesi. Data: Bar Chart, Line Graph, Table, Pie Chart 图表类型：动态图、静态图 动态图：有两个或以上时间 重点 趋势 特殊值：起点、重点、最高点、最低点、交叉点 静态图：只有一个或者没有时间 比较描述对象：使用倍数、比较级ii. Process: Flow Chartiii. Map Describe the change Eg: Hospital is located to the west of car park2. 评分标准i. Tas
2、k Achievement/ Task Response Cover the Requirements of the task No off topics 不能添加主观想法，只能描述ii. Coherence and Cohesive 使用路标性词汇：顺承和转折iii. Lexical Resource 使用非高频词汇 Use words and phrases naturally and appropriately Vocabulary diversity Accurate spelling wordsiv. Grammatical Range and Accuracy Accurate g
3、rammar of sentences Use different ranges of sentences, structures to achiever grammatical3. 写作方法i. 开头段 图表词改写 The chart : bar chart, line chart, pie chart, table, diagram 动词 shows 改写 注意时态 Shows: illustrates, gives information about, compares, indicates, demonstrates 关键词（一定要改写） 数量改写 The number of + 可数
4、 The amount of + 不可数 The quantity of + 可/不可数 The figure for + 可/不可数 百分比改写 The percentage of : the proportion of 句式变化 Compares + 不同事物 + in terms of + 相同事物 名词变化 Expending : expenditure 地点（可以不改写） 时间可以改写 From 1980 to 2000: between 1980 and 2000, during the period from 1980 to 2000, over the period of 20
5、 years, over a 20-year period EG: The bar charts compares three types of telephone calls in terms of the amount of time spent in the UK between 1995 and 2002.ii. 主段写法 第一段: 起点数值对比 + 部分趋势 第二段：剩下趋势 + 终点值对比 数字三种表述方法 数值放在句首 EG: 60 million tonnes of goods were transported by road in the UK. 数值放在句末 Stand a
6、t = be; stood at = was = totalled EG: The amount of goods transported by road in the UK was 60 million tonnes. There Be 句型 EG: There were 60 billion tonnes of goods transported by road in the UK. 比较句的写法 Comparisons “ compared to”, “ compared with”, “ in comparison with” + 短语 EG: 6% of single aged pe
7、rson lived in poverty, compared to only 4% of aged couple “while”, “ whereas” + 句子 EG：6% of single aged person lived in poverty, while the proportion of aged couple living in poverty was 4%. 3 个数值的对比写法 第一个数值 the percentage at the start 第二个数值 add a comparison 第三个数值 the figure for EG: 1999, 35% of Bri
8、tish people went abroad for their holidays, compared to 28% of Australians spent their holidays in a different country. The figure for the USA stood at 31%. 若有 3 个以上的数值， 可以用 the figure for 数值 C and 数值 D were X and X respectively. 趋势的写法 时间过渡短语 Over the following _ years 动态图词汇 缓慢上升： increase/ rise (ro
9、se)/ grow (grew)/ go up (went up)/ an upward trend + gradually/ gently/ slightly/ moderately/ steadily 急速上升：+ sharply/dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/ significantly 慎用： soar/ surge/ leap/ stood up 缓慢下降： decrease/ drop/ fall/ decline/ go down/ a downward trend + gradually/ gently/ slighted/ mode
10、rately/ steadily 急速下降： + sharply/ dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/ significantly 慎用： plunge/ slump/ plummet 达到顶峰： reach a peak/ peak at 持平： remain constant ( unchanged ) / level off / stabilize 达到最低点： reach a bottom at / bottom out (at) 波动上升或下降： fluctuate with an overall upward trend ( downward
11、 trend) / increase (decrease) with a few fluctuations 顺承：similarly/ and/ likewise/ also/ besides ( 均为副词，前面加句号) 转折： on the other hand/ however/ by contrast/ in contrast (副词，前面加句号)； but (conj.) 接下来： then/ afterwards ( adv.) 尽管： although/ despite 约数 以上：just above/ over / more than 以下：just below/ almost
12、/ nearly 左右：about/ around/ approximately 超过：outnumber/ overtake EG: The consumption of chicken overtook/ outnumbered that of ( the figure for) beef in 2000. 介词： with, of, to ,by, at With: 有的含义，后面加短语 EG： Obama won the election with 52% of the vote AT: 用在加在句尾的数字，at 接数字 EG： The percentage of votes for
13、Obama was highest, at 52%. In: a rise IN 动态图句式 基本句型 （ 主句 + 动词 + 副词） EG: The number of divorces rose gently from 20 million to 35 million from 2000 to 2010. There be 句型 EG： There was a gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million in the number of divorces between 2000 and 2010. 被动态 EG： A gentle rise fro
14、m 20 million to 35 million can be noticed/ seen in the number of divorces during the period from 2000 to 2010. Witness 句式: 主语为时间 The period from 2000 to 2010 witness/ saw a gentle rise from 20 million to 25 million in the number of divorces. Underwent/ Experienced 句式 The number of divorces underwent
15、/ experienced a gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million from 2000 to 2010. 分词结构 The number of divorces was 20 million, rising to 35 million. 时间的表达 From 时间 on wards 从.时间以后 Looking into the future 将来的表达 Be expected to Predicted Projected Anticipated 当线超过 4 根及以上时 第一段：起点数值对比 第二段：整个趋势 + 终点描述 先写不变的先，再写变
16、化最大的线，最后写剩余的线 EG: Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change in the figures for the top three mobile phone features. However, the percentage of people using their phones to access the internet jumped to 41% in 2008 and then to 73% in 2010. There was also a significant rise in the
17、 use of mobiles to play games and record video, with figures reaching 41% and 35% respectively. + 剩余终点值对比iii. 结尾写法 1-2 句， 不需要提及数字 最高线、最低线 趋势对比 变化率对比 段首连接词： the summarize/ it is noticeable that/ it is clear that Date: July, 23rd, 2017Task I1. 静态图1. 开头段与动态图类似，注意改写 两个数值的对比：倍数、比较级、compare, while EG: dom
18、estic water use = consumption of residential water EG: account for the majority/minority = the largest proportion in EG: expenditure = spending on EG: to be more specific, according to the chart/graph EG: people aged from 26 to 29 = 26-29 year olds2. 主段 原则 不要以国家或地区作为分类描述对象 维度相同时，描述对象可以选择，先做概括，在看数值 没
19、有国家或地区，按照维度小的作为描述对象 多余 12 个数值需要筛选来描述 最高值 第二高值 最低值 类比差异（比例）最大的值 句式 最高级、最低级 The number(数量)/percentage of A is largest/highest/maximal/Lowest/smallest EG: The proportion of sole parents living in poverty was highest, 21%. 比较级 Be higher/ larger than that A is considerably higher than B. 超过很多 A is margin
20、ally higher than B. 超过一点点 EG: The proportion of single aged person living in poverty (6%) was higher than that of aged couple (4%) EG: The consumption of chicken was higher than that of beef/the figure for beef. 倍数 A is less than/ more than twice/three times B. (A =B*2)a) EG: The consumption of chic
21、ken was twice that of beef.b) EG: The proportion of the elderly in 2005 was three times the figure in 1995. (15% versus 5%) Double/ triple/ quadruple a) EG: Rent as a percentage of the household expenditure more than doubled between 1975 and 1985. Twofold/threefold 用于动态图 adj an increase in number of
22、 such individuals can certainly be seen as a positive development. 题目：大城市生活越来越糟糕 论据：政府应该鼓励公共交通以建设污染和交通拥堵 Politicians have the power to ban vehicles from city centers and promote the use of cleaner public transport, which would help to reduce both air pollution and traffic congestion. 扩展：In London, for example, the introduction of congestion charge for drivers has helped to curb the traffic problem. 列数据 According to the statistics provided by a research group./ As was revealed from a recent report. 题目：环境污染的原因和解决办法
