1、个人整理 切勿外传第 1 页 共 31 页按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。第一章 名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语和 it 引导强调句的比较It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连
2、接词没有变化。而 it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词 that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。 （强调句型）d) It is John that broke
3、the window. 是 John 打碎的窗户。 （强调句型）2. 用 it 作形式主语的结构(1) It is 名词 从句It is a fact that ; It is an honor that; It is common knowledge that(2) It is 形容词 从句It is natural that It is strange that (3) It is 不及物动词 从句It seems that It happened that It appears that (4) It 过去分词 从句It is reported that It has been prov
4、ed that It is said that 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。（2）It is said /reported 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It occurred to h
5、im that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：正确表达：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：Is it likely that it will
6、 rain in the evening? 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而 that 则不然。例如：a) What you said yesterday is right.b) That she is still alive is a consolation二宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。个人整理 切勿外传第 2 页 共 31 页1. 作动词的宾语
7、(1) 由 that 引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：I heard that he joined the army. 我听说他参军了。(2) 由 what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：a) She did not know what had happened. 她不知道发生了什么。b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。(3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation. 她对
8、我说她会接受我的邀请。2. 作介词的宾语，例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry,
9、thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的 that 从句的看作原因状语从句。4. it 可以作为形式宾语it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。5.* 后边不能直接跟 that 从句的动词这类动词有 allow, refuse, let, like, ca
10、use, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive 等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用 that 引导的宾语从句。如：正确表达：I admire their winning the match. 错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6.* 不可用 that 从句作直接宾语的动词有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that 从句“结构中，常见的有 envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame
11、, denounce, advise, congratulate 等。例如：正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的转移若主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine 等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：I dont think this dress fits yo
12、u well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。三. 表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句” 。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。引导表语从句的 that 常可省略。另外，常用的还有 the reason is that 和 It is because 等结构。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of
13、 the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四. 同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导，例如：个人整理 切勿外传第 3 页 共 31 页1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set
14、free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语） ，而同位语从句中的that 是连词，只起连接主句
15、与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。 ）（第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。 ） （同位语从句，that 在句中不作任何成分）第二
16、章 定语从句定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。关系副词有：when, where, why, how。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1、关系代词引导的定语从句 1) who, whom, tha
17、t 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that 在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2) whose 用来指人或物， （只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换） ，例如： Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语
18、、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that 在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that 在句中作宾语) 关系代词 that 和 which 都可以指物，that 和 Who 都可以指人，其用法区别： 1)不用 that 的情况：a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时(错)The tree, that is
19、 four hundred years old, is very famous here.b) 介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.c) 多用 who 的情况关系代词在从句中做主语A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.先行词为 those, people 时个人整理 切勿外传第 4 页 共 31 页Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the clo
20、th.先行词为 all, anyone, ones, one 指人时One who doesnt work hard will never succeed in his work.在 There be 句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.在被分隔的定语从句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用 who，其二用 that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。The student who was p
21、raised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.2) 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little 等作先行词时，只用 that，不用which。All that is needed is
22、 a supply of oil. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. b)先行词有 the only, the very, the just 修饰时，只用 that。 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用 that。The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper“
23、 by Mark Twin.d)先行词既有人，又有物时。He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)当主句是以 who 或 which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用 that 以避免重复。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)关系代词在从句中做表语He is not the man that he used to be.2 、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词 when, where, why, ho
24、w 的含义相当于“介词+ which“结构，因此常常和“介词+ which“结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? Im surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.注意：在非限制性定语从句中，“介词+ which“结构不能代替关
25、系副词。如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in ou
26、r class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于 and this 或 and that。As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。个人整理 切勿外传第 5 页 共 31 页As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats
27、 the earth, which is very important to us. as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to ones health.用法区别：(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which 不可。As we all know, he never smokes.(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which。(3)非限定性定语从句中出现 expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。Sh
28、e succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法 the same as; suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have such a dictionary as he is using.第三章 状语从句状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：1. Naturally , our grandparents were
29、 pleased to get our phone call . (副词)2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before
30、 .（原因状语从句）状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough 用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:1 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute,
31、the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw
32、 the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2 地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, s
33、ince, as, since特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, 个人整理 切勿外传第 6 页 共 31 页My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people
34、from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4 目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters
35、so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5 结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, so that, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a
36、 good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6 条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless,特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition thatWell start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succe
37、ed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7 让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装 )，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheve
38、rMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal.尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8 比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more the more ; ju
39、st as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9 方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the wayWhen i
40、n Rome, do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.10. 状语从句的简化状语从句的省略个人整理 切勿外传第 7 页 共 31 页状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为 it；从句主要动词是 be 的某种形式。从句中的主语和 be 动词常可省略。例如：When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be ope
41、n to the public next year .Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：Im taller than he (is tall ).The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行“简化“ 。状语从句的“简化“现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。状语从句的“简化 “现象常存在
42、于以下五种状语从句中 :由 if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句;由 although, though, even if / though 等引导的让步状语从句 ;由 when, while, as, before, after, until / till 等引导的时间状语从句;由 as, as if 等引导的方式状语从句;由 as, than 等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。(1)当状语从句的主语是 it,且谓语动词是 be 时,it 和 be 要完全简化掉。例如 :If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the di
43、fficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和 be 动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:a.连词+形容词As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。Work hard wh
44、en (you are) young, or youll regret.少壮不努力 ,老大徒伤悲。b.连词+名词While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。c.连词+现在分词As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌
45、曲。Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。d.连词+过去分词He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请 ,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。e.连词+不定式He stood up as if (he were) to
46、 say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。He wouldnt solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。f. 连词+介词短语She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时 ,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构
47、来表达。例如:When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over,.)第四章 倒装结构一 全部倒装全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。个人整理 切勿外传第 8 页 共 31 页常见的结构有：1. here, there, now, then, thus 等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用 be, come, go, lie, run。例如：1) There goes the bell.
48、铃声渐渐消失了。2) Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了3) Here is your letter. 这是你的信。2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如：1) Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。2) Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如：1) Here he comes. 他来了。 2) Away they went. 他们走了。二 部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一
49、部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词 do, does 或 did，并将其置于主语之前。1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。例如：1) Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。2) Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都不会找到这个问题的答案。3) Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。注意：当 Not
