1、Chapter 1Napoleon：From Schoolboy to EmperorNapoleon was a French soldier who became emperor of France. He was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica. When he was only 10 years old, his father sent him to military school in France. N. wasnt a very good student in most of his classes, but he excelled i
2、n mathematics and military science. When he was 16 years old, he joined the French army. In that year he began the military career that brought him fame, power, riches, and, finally, defeat. N. became a general in the French army at the young age of 24. Several years later, he became the emperor of
3、the French Empire. N. was many things. He was, first of all, a brilliant military leader. His soldiers were ready to die for him. As a result, N. won many, many military victories. At one time he controlled most of Europe, but many countries, including England, Russia, and Austria fought fiercely ag
4、ainst him. His defeat his end came when he decided to attack Russia. In this military campaign against Russia, he lost most of his army.The great French conqueror died alone - deserted by his family and friends in 1821. N. was only 51 years old when he died. PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1.
5、 Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. When was Napoleon born? (a)2. What kind of student was Napoleon in most of his classes? (d) 3. What did Napoleons military career bring him? (d)4. When did Napoleon become emperor of the French Empire? (d)5. One reason that Napoleon won many military
6、victories was that his soldiers were ready to fight to the death for him. (T)6. Austria and Russia fought fiercely against Napoleon, but England did not. (F England also fought against him.)7. Many of Napoleons family and friends were with him when he died. (F He died alone and deserted by his famil
7、y and friends.)8. Napoleon died before he reached the age of 52. (T)Chapter 2 Pompeii：Destroyed, Forgotten, and FoundToday many people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or to the seashore to escape the city noise an
8、d heat. Over 2,000 years ago, many rich Romans did the same thing. They left the city of Rome in the summer. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii. P. was a beautiful city; it was located on the ocean, on the Bay of Naples.In the year 79 C.E., a young boy who later
9、became a very famous Roman historian was visiting his uncle in P. The boys name was Pliny the Younger. One day Pliny was looking up at the sky. He saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. Rock and ash flew through the air. What Pliny saw was t
10、he eruption the explosion - of the volcano, Vesuvius. The city of P. was at the foot of Mt. V.When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to flee the city and to escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to esc
11、ape. More than 2,000 people died. These unlucky people were buried alive under the volcanic ash. The eruption lasted for about 3 days. When the eruption was over, P. was buried under 20 feet of volcanic rock and ash. The city of P. was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years. In the year of 1748 an Ita
12、lian farmer was digging on his farm. As he was digging, he uncovered a part of a wall of the ancient city of P. Soon archaeologists began to excavate to dig - in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city of P. was uncovered. Today tourists from all over the world come to see the ruins of t
13、he famous city of Pompeii.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. At what time of the year did wealthy Romans like to visit Pompeii? (in the summertime)2. In what year did Pliny pay a visit to his uncle/s house in Pompeii? (in 79 C.E.)3. What did Pli
14、ny see when he was looking out over the Bay of Naples one day? (a large dark cloud)4. Where was Pompeii located in relation to Mt. Vesuvius? (Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)5. When did an Italian farmer discover a part of an ancient wall of Pompeii? in 1748)6. Rome was located at t
15、he foot of Mt. Vesuvius. (F Pompeii was located at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.)7. Most of the people of Pompeii were able to flee the city and to escape death. (T)8. Pompeii was buried under two feet of volcanic ash. (F Pompeii was buried under 20 feet of volcanic ash.)9. Pompeii lay buried and forgot
16、ten between 79 C.E. and 1748. (T)10. The Italian farmer was looking for the ancient city of Pompeii. (F The farmer was digging on his farm.)11. Tourists come to excavate the city of Pompeii, (F Tourists come to see the ruins of the ancient city of Pompeii.)Chapter 3 Lance Armstrong: Survivor and Win
17、nerLance Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971 in a suburb of Dallas, Texas, called Plano. Lance began running and swimming competitively when he was only 10 years old. By the time he was 13, he was competing in triathlons and won the Iron Kids Triathlon. Lances mother, who raised L. mostly by he
18、rself, recognized and encouraged his competitive spirit.During his senior year in high school, L. was invited to train with the US Olympic cycling developmental team in Colorado. From that time on, L. focused completely on cycling. By 1991, L. was the US National Amateur Champion. He also won 2 majo
19、r national races the same year - even beating some professional cyclists.Although he was generally doing very well, L. had his ups and downs. In 1992, he was expected to do very well at the Barcelona Olympics, but finished in 14th place. This was a big disappointment. L. got over the disappointment
20、and decided to turn professional. In his first professional race, the 1992 Classico San Sebastian, he ended up finishing dead last, 27 minutes behind the winner. L.s mother continued to encourage L. through his difficult times.Things went much better for L. in the following years. In 1993, he was th
21、e youngest person to win the World Race Championships. In the same year, he entered the Tour de France for the first time. He won one stage of the race, but dropped out of the race before finishing. In 1995, he even won the Classico S. S., the race he had finished last in, in 1992. L. also won the m
22、ost important US tournament, the Tour du Pont, 2 times, in both 1995 and 1996. By 1996, L. was ranked 7th among cyclists in the world, and he signed a 2-year contract with a French racing team. At that time, everything was looking very good for L.A.However, everything changed dramatically and drasti
23、cally in October of 1996, shortly after his 25th birthday. At this time, L. was diagnosed with advanced cancer that had already spread to his brain and lungs. He almost immediately underwent 2 cancer surgeries. After these 2 surgeries, he was given a 50-50 chance of survival as he began an aggressiv
24、e 3-month course of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy left L. very weak, but the treatment worked well. Quite soon after, L. was declared free of cancer. L. returned to cycling and training only 5 months after he was initially diagnosed with cancer. He vowed he would return to competitive cycling bette
25、r than ever.However, his French cycling team dropped L. from the team. They didnt believe that L. would ever be able to return to his former level of strength and endurance. Fortunately the US Postal Service Team became his new sponsor. With the support of the US Postal Service Team, L. returned to
26、racing in 1998. After one particularly bad day during one of his races, L. pulled over and decided he was done with racing. However, after spending time with his really good cycling friends, L. returned to racing, and again he was off again in pursuit of cycling victories!L.s big comeback was marked
27、 by his victory at the 1999 Tour de France. L. repeated this feat in the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004, for a total of 6 consecutive victories in the Tour de France, the most prestigious and the most grueling of all cycling contests. L.s Tour de France record may never be beaten or even matc
28、hed. Interestingly, L. was the youngest person to win the World Cycling Championships in 1993 and the oldest person ever to win the Tour de France in 2004!In addition to his amazing athletic performance, L.A. has established the L.A. Foundation, which is devoted to providing information about cancer
29、 and support to cancer victims. He has also written a book about his life and winning the TdF, called Every Second Counts, and for L., every second has counted.L.A. gives a lot of credit for his success to his mother, whose independent spirit and support for L. inspired him to overcome all of lifes
30、obstacles, both on and off the racetrack. Lance, in return, has provided inspiration to many, for his courage both athletic and personal.PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. How old was Lance when he began running and swimming competitively? (b)2.
31、 Which sports contest did Lance win when he was 13 years old? (b)3. How old was Lance when he was diagnosed with advanced cancer? (c)4. What chance for survival was Lance given after he underwent two surgeries? (c)5. Who was Lances sponsor when he won the Tour de France in 1999? (d)6. What is the na
32、me of the book that Lance wrote that is mentioned in the lecture? (b)7. Lauces cancer had already spread to his lungs and brain before it was diagnoised? (T)8. Lauces French team dropped Lauce because they didnt think he would ever return to his former level of strength and endurance. (T)9. Lauce wo
33、n the Classico San Sebastian two times. (F He lost the first time and won the second time.)10. Lauce is the only cyclist to win the Tour de France five times consecutively. (F Lauce is the only person to win the Tour de France six times consecutively.)Chapter 4 The Internet: How it WorksThe Internet
34、 consists of millions of computers, all linked together into a gigantic network. Now every computer that is connected to the Internet is part of this network and can communicate with any other connected computer.In order to communicate with each other, these computers are equipped with special commu
35、nication software. To connect to the Internet, the user instructs the computers communication software to contact the Internet Service Provider, or ISP. Now an Internet Service Provider, or ISP, is a company that provides Internet service to individuals, organizations, or companies, usually for a mo
36、nthly charge. Local ISPs connect to larger ISPs, which in turn connect to even larger ISPs. A hierarchy of networks is formed. And this hierarchy is something like a pyramid, with lots of small networks at the bottom, and fewer but larger networks moving up the pyramid. But, amazingly, there is no o
37、ne single controlling network at the top. Instead, there are dozens of high-level networks, which agree to connect with each other. It is through this process that everyone on the Internet is able to connect with everyone else on the Internet, no matter where he or she is in the world.How does infor
38、mation that leaves one computer travel through all of these networks, and arrives at its destination, another computer, in a fraction of a second?The process depends on routers. Now routers are specialized computers whose job is to direct the information through the networks. The data, or informatio
39、n, in an e-mail message, a Web page, or a file is first broken down into tiny packets. Each of these packets has the address of the sender and of the receiver, and information on how to put the packets back together. Each of these packets is then sent off through the Internet. And when a packet reac
40、hes a router, the router reads its destination address. And the router then decides the best route to send the packet on its way to its destination. All the packets might take the same route or they might go different routes. Finally, when all the packets reach their destination, they are put back i
41、nto the correct order.To help you understand this process, Im going to ask you to think of these packets of information as electronic postcards. Now imagine that you want to send a friend a book, but you can send it only as postcards. First, you would have to cup up each of the pages of the book to
42、the size of the postcards. Next, you would need to write your address and the address of your friend on each of these postcards. You would also need to number the postcards so that your friend could put them in the correct order after he receives the postcards. After completing these steps, you woul
43、d put all the postcards in the mail. You would have no way to know how each postcard traveled to reach your friend. Some might go by truck , some by train, some by plane, some by boat. Some might go by all 4 ways. Now along the way, many postal agents may look at the addresses on the postcards in or
44、der to decide the best route to send them off on to reach their destination. The postcards would probably arrive at different times. But finally, after all of the postcards had arrived, your friend would be able to put them back in the correct order and read the book.Now this is the same way that in
45、formation is sent over the Internet using the network of routers, but of course it happens much, much faster!PostlisteningA. The Comprehension Check1. Recognizing Information and Checking Accuracy1. What is the Internet? (d)2. What is a router? (c)3. What is carried on every tiny packet of informati
46、on that travels through the Internet? (d)4. What is a router compared to in the lecture? (b)5. The Internet is controlled by one gigantic ISP. (F There is no one controlling network at the top)6. Routers can send the packets of information in one e-mail massage over many different routes to their de
47、stination. (T)7. The lecturer compares the tiny packets of information that travel through the Internet to electronic postcards. (T)Chapter 5 Language: How Children Acquire TheirsWhat Id lie to talk to you about today is the topic of child language development. I know that you all are trying to deve
48、lop a second language, but for a moment, lets think about a related topic, and that is: How children develop their first language. What do we know about how babies develop their language and communication ability? Well, we know babies are able to communicate as soon as they are borneven before they
49、learn to speak their first language. At first, they communicate by crying. This crying lets their parents know when they are hungry, or unhappy, or uncomfortable. However, they soon begin the process of acquiring their language. The first state of language acquisition begins just a few weeks after birth. At this stage, babies start to make cooing noises when they are happy. Then, around four months of age they begin to babble. Babies all over the world begin to babble around the same age, and they all begin to make the same kinds of babbling noises.
