1、陈先槟第 1 页 共 32 页语法复习专题一名词一、考点聚焦1.可数名词单、复数变化形式（1 ）规则变化。单数名词词尾直接加-s 。如：boy boys, pen pens。以 s、x 、ch 、sh 结尾的单词一般加-es 。如：glass glasses,box boxes, watch watches, brush brushes。特例：stomach stomaches。以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y ”为 “i”再加“-es” 。如：baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato tomatoes, potat
2、o potatoes, hero heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以 o 结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo kilos, tobacco tobaccos。 以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v ”，之后再加-es。如： wife wives, life lives, knife knives, wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves 等。特例： handkerchief handkerchiefs, roof
3、 roofs, chief chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliffs。改变元音字母的。如：man men, mouse mice, foot feet,woman women, tooth teeth, goose geese, ox oxen。特例：child children。复合名词的复数形式。 （A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair armchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstore book-stores。 （B ）man 和 woman 作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成
4、复数。如：man doctor men doctors, woman driver women dri-vers。 （C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by。 有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero zeros 、zeroes, deer deers 、deer。penny 的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence （便士的钱数） ，pennies( 便士的枚数)。（2 ）不规则变化。单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chin
5、ese,Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend boy-friends, go-between go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up grown-ups。有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses 眼镜，clothes 衣服，goods货物，trousers 裤子，belongings 所有物,wages 工资，riches 财富, surroundings 环境， ashes 灰尘, campasses 圆规，cattle 家畜，congratulations 祝贺，have words with sb. 同
6、某人吵架， in high spirits 以很高热情地，give ones regards to sb.向某人问侯， in rags 衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体） ；The crew are all tired
7、.船员们都累坏了（个体） 。2、不可数名词的数（1 ）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数） 具体化（个体名词，可数名词）in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success 获得成功 a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor 赢得荣誉 an honor 一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure 失败者失败是成功之母。by
8、 experience 靠经验 an experience 一次经历youth 青春 a youth 一个青年人have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity 可惜的事情with pleasure 乐意 a pleasure 乐事抽象名词与 a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim, bath, talk) with me?It is waste of time read
9、ing such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee 一些咖啡，a coffee 一杯咖啡， three coffees 三杯咖啡， some drink 一些饮料, a drink 一杯饮料，three drinks 三杯饮料， his hair 他的头发，a few grey hairs 几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass 一只玻璃杯。物质名词有前置后置修
10、饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。have breakfast The road is covered with snow.have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.(3)有复数形式的不可数名词有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如：Use your brains, please.They have smoothed away the difficu
11、lties.Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains, no gains.After many failures, they finally succeeded.有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.The stone bridge broke down in hea
12、vy rains.3.名词所有格（1 ） “s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：陈先槟第 2 页 共 32 页 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper, five minutes walk(drive),five pounds weight, ten dollars worth of coffee。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earths planet, the words population, Chinas industry, New Yorks parks。（2 ） “of”所有格的特殊表示方式有：表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词
13、前有一个表示数量的词（a 、two、several 、 some、no、many 等） ，如：Some students of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时，用：a friend of Toms汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位） 。表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/those + 名词（单、复数）of Marys/yours/his/hers。如：That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明
14、是属于全世界的（表赞赏） 。4、名词作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。（1 ）分类意义。air pollution 空气污染 boy friend 男朋友coffee cup 咖啡杯 income tax 所得税tennis ball 网球 song writer 歌曲作家body language 身体语言 road accident 交通事故Nobel Prize 诺贝尔奖 （2 ）时间、地点、称呼等。Doctor Jack 杰克医生 Professor Li 李教授evening school 夜校 winter sleep 冬眠str
15、eet dance 街舞 country music 乡村音乐village people 村民 school education 学校教育 China problem 中国问题（3 ）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。reception desk 接待台 sports field 田径场stone table 石桌 color TV 彩电weather report 天气预报二、精典名题导解选择填空1. It is generally believed that teaching is _it is a science. (NMET 2001)A. an art much as B. much
16、an art asC. as an art much as D. as much an art as解析：答案为 D。当名词前有 what、so 、as、too、quite 等词修饰时，其形容词被这些词修饰，组成下列结构，如：What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，应采取 too/how + 形容词（副词）+ a(an) + 名词的形式。要记住一些类似的特殊结构，并加以分析。2. The police are offering a _to any
17、one who can give information about the lost key.（NMET 1999）A. price B. prize C. reward D. money解析：答案为 C。price 价格，价钱；prize 奖金。项是钱，属不可数名词，题中所要填的是“酬金，报酬” 。注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础，在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等，才能更好辨析名词，从而选择最符合句意的选项。3.Youll find this map of great _in helping you to get round London.（NMET
18、1998）A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness解析：答案为 C。本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及“be of + 抽象名词”结构。Price (价格) ，cost（价钱，费用，成本）不符合题意， value 作“quality of being useful or desirable”解时，常与 of 搭配，在句中作表语或补语，意为“有用，有价值” 。故选择 value。注意名词词义辨异及惯用法表达，题中“of + 抽象名词”相当于该名词的形容词形式。4.If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off
19、.A. a price B. price C. the price D. price解析：答案为 C。本题考冠词和名词。全句合理句意应是：如果你买超过10 个，他们从（现在标出的）价格上减价 20 便士。此处价格是特指的定价，所以 C 项最佳。5.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine moths, the sailing time was 226 days.A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which解析：答案为 B。辨析名词语义, a distance of
20、+数字“距离” 。6. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrens .A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place解析：答案为 A。 “out of reach”是“超出某人够得着的范围” ，即“够不着”的意思，药品应放到孩子够不到的地方。语法复习专题二冠词一、考点聚焦1.不用冠词的情况（1 ）专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。China, America, SmithAir is matter.（2 ）可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限制时，不加冠词。This
21、dictionary is mine.（3 ）季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。March, May Day, National Day, Childrens Day, Womens Day Have you had supper?Spring is the best season of the year.（4 ）称呼语或指家用雇用的 nurse、cook 等名词前及表示头衔职务的名词作宾语、补语及同位语时，一般不加冠词。Whats this, Father? We made him our chairman.Ask nurse to put the child to
22、bed. Professor Li.（5 ）学科名称、球类、棋类名称前不加冠词。Do you study physics?He likes playing football/chess.陈先槟第 3 页 共 32 页（6 ）复数名词表示泛指一类人或事物时前不用冠词。They are peasants/ workers.（7 ）在与 by 连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。by car, by bus,by bike, by train, by air/ water/ land但：take a bus, come in a boat, on the train/ bus 需注意。（8 ）某些固定词组
23、中不用冠词。名词词组中： husband and wife, brother and sister, body and soul, day and night, knife and fork介词词组中：to(at, from) school, in (to)class, in (to,at, from)university（college）,to（in, into, from）church, to(in,into, out of)prison(hospital, bed), to(at, from, out of)work, to(in, from) town,at (from)home, t
24、o(at)sea, at night(noon, midnight), by car (bus, bicycle, plane), on foot注意：在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。in hospital 住院（因病） in the hospital 在医院（工作、参观等） in front of 在前面，指某物体之外in the front of 在前部，指某物之内in charge 负责，主管 out of question 没问题in the charge 由负责 out of the question 不可能（9 ） as 引导的让步状语从句中，作表语的名词不带冠词。Child as
25、 she is, she knows a lot of French.（10 ）系动词 turn（作“变成”解）后作表语的单数可数名词前习惯不用冠词。The young girl has turned writer.= The young girl has become a writer.（11 ）在单数名词 + after + 同一单数名词（表示“一个接一个” ）结构中，单数可数名词前不加冠词。She did experiment after experiment.类似的还有：shop after shop, mistake after mistake（12 ）形容词的最高级前、序数词前也有
26、不用定冠词的情况。“most + 形容词原级”作“十分、非常、极”解时，前面不用定冠词。Oh, its most beautiful.当两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时，第二个形容词前通常不用定冠词。She is the tallest and fattest girl in our school.当形容词最高级作表语，不表示与其他人或物相比时，其前不用定冠词。The market in the country is busiest in winter.形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不能用定冠词。A wolf in a sheeps skin is our most danger
27、ous enemy.序数词前面一般加定冠词表示“第”之意，但在 second、third 等词前加不定冠词表示“又一，再一”之意。why you took a second arrow注意：下句中“a first”表示“第一名、冠军 ”。He is a top student in our class; he often gets a first in maths.（13 ）no 与 such 连用时应放在 such 之前， such 后面的名词不用冠词。No such thing has ever happened in this village.（14 ）never 、ever 置于作主语
28、的名词前，这些名词前不用冠词。Never did student study so hard.这个学生从未学得这么认真。（15 ）有时为了节省空间、时间、金钱和精力，或为了引起注意力，省去a(n)或 the,这主要用于新闻标题、工商业文件、广告、电报、公告、提纲、书名等。Conference opens.会议召开了。2.定冠词的使用情况（1 ）使用定冠词的一般情况。特指或第二次提到。序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的东西前。用于表示发明物的单数名词前或某些专有名词前。（2 ）定冠词使用特殊的场合。 He hit him in the face.beat sb. on the nose, take
29、sb. by the arm, pat sb. on the head the rich, the poor, the wounded 富人，穷人，伤员 the elder of the two, he more beautiful of the two 两者中较年长的一位，较漂亮的一个 The sooner, the better.越快越好。 He got paid by the hour.他是按小时付工钱的。by the yard/the dozen/the month/the year但：by weight 按重量 in the 50s /in the 1870s（表示年代） the S
30、miths/the Whites（表示一家人或夫妇俩） in the water/field/light/shade/distance/middle/country/rain tell the truth/on the other hand/on the way home 当抽象名词表示某一特定内容，特别是当它有一限定性修饰语时，它与定冠词连用：She is fond of music.He is playing the music written by Beethoven.Good advice is beyond price.Im sorry not to have taken the a
31、dvice he gave.3.不定冠词常用的几种情况（1 ）表示“一”相当于 “one”。Ill return in a day or two.（2 ）表示“每”相当于 “per”。We have three meals a day.（3 ）表示“同一性” 相当于“the same”。The children are of an age. （4 ）表示类指，表示“某类” 。He wants to he a doctor.（5 ）表示泛指，相当于“any ”。A horse is a useful animal.（6 ）表示某一个，相当于“a certain”。A Mr. Smith is a
32、sking to see you. （7 ）与抽象名词连用，可以表示“一场、一次、一件” ，如：a pleasure 一件乐事，a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事，a joy 一件高兴的事，a pity 一件遗憾的事，an honour 一个（件）经以为荣的人(事)。（8 ）与物质名词连用，表示“一种，一阵、一份” 。陈先槟第 4 页 共 32 页What a heavy rain!What a good supper!Please give me a black coffee!4.冠词表类别的常见方式（1 ）定冠词 + 单数可数名词，表示一个，代表一类。The computer was
33、invented in 1945.The TV set was invented by Joan Baird.The horse is a useful animal.（2 ）不定冠词 + 单数可数名词（表示任意一个，某一个） 。A pen is a tool for writing.A square has four sides.A horse is a useful animal.注意：man, woman 表示泛指时，不用冠词，且常用单数。如：Man is fighting a battle against pollution.Man tries to be the protector
34、of woman.（3 ）可数名词或不可数名词，指类别（考虑到同类中的各个情况） 。Horses are useful animals.Rice is a kind of food.5.冠词位置问题（1 ）不定冠词 + 副词 + 形容词 + 名词。This is a very interesting story.（2 ） such、what、both、all 、quite、rather +不定冠词+形容词+名词。Ive never seen such a film!Half a pound of pork,please!What a good idea it is!（3 ） as、so、too
35、、how、however、enough+形容词+不定冠词+名词。It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.I cant finish the task in so short a time.This seems not too long a distance.We wonder how difficult a problem he worked out.However low te price you paid,you waste your money.He is brave enough a hunter to kill the bear.（4
36、 ）定冠词位置。half、twice、three times + the + 名词He paid twice the price for it.Their house is three times the size of yours.all、both、double + the + 名词Both the blind men were mistaken.All the students in our class are eager to know the secret.I offered him double the amount, but he still refused.二、精典名题导解选择填
37、空1. The warmth of _sweater will of course be determined by the sort of _wool used.（NMET 2001）AThe ; the Bthe ; / C /; the D/; /解析：答案为 B。第一空格为特指，交待 the warmth 的内容，第二空格为泛指，the sort of wool used 所用羊毛的种类。此题有三点需注意： 正确理解sweater 这一句词在句中的类别。掌握 determine 在句中作“决定” 、 “取决于”这个意思。掌握定冠词表特指的基本用法。2. Most animals hav
38、e little connection with_animals of_different kind unless they kill them for food.（NMET 2000）Athe a B/ a Cthe the D/ the解析：答案为 B。名词复数表类别，其前不用冠词，故第一个空格不填冠词，表不定概念的“一种” ， “某种”要用不定冠词 a。要准确掌握冠词表类别的三种表达方式和不定冠词常用的几种情况，见前面要点考点聚焦内容。3. Paper money was in_use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in _th
39、irteenth century.（NMET1999）Athe / Bthe the C/ the D/ /解析：答案为 C。题中 in use 是固定搭配，意为“在使用” ，use 为抽象名词，其前不用冠词。后者是序数词前用定冠词 the。要牢记一些固定搭配如 in use、under construction（在建设中） 、in debt（欠债） 、come to power（执政） 、on fire（着火） 、at table（用餐） 、out of work（失业）等。4. When you come here for your holiday next time dont go to
40、 hotel; I can find you bed in my flat.A. the; a B. the; 不填 C. a; the D. a; 不填解析：答案为 C。考定语从句。主句部分应是 The English play at the New Years party was a great success. 从句补全为独立句子就是 my students acted in the play.所以应选 in which，其余介词不妥。5.John, there is Mr. Wilson on the phone for you.Im in bath.A. a; the B. the;
41、 a C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填解析：答案为 A。本题考查冠词用法。a+姓名，表示“一个叫的人” ；in the bath 在浴室。6. Tom owns larger collection of books than any other student in our class.A. the; 不填 B. a; 不填 C. a; the D. 不填; the解析：答案为 B。考冠词，collection 是可数名词，须填冠词，被比较级修饰，但是大范围的比较，故填不定冠词，后一空是泛指的表类别的书，且已用了复数，不填冠词。故选 B。语法复习专题三代词一、考点聚焦代词分为九类：人称代
42、词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。1、人称代词（1 ）人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下 4 中情况：作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。Does any of you know where Tom lives?Me.What! Me (to) play him at chess? No!陈先槟第 5 页 共 32 页句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。The thief was th
43、ought to be he.(the thief 是主格，故用 he 代替)They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。 （me 是宾格，故用 her 替代）作表语人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。I met her in the hospital.It was her who I met in the hospital.在比较级的句子中 than、as 后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and h
44、er.I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：在并列主语中， “I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一（人称） 。宾格 me 也一样。You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。He and she still dont agree to the plan.(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。we/you(口
45、语)常用来泛指一般人。she 可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。The “Titanic”was the largest, wasnt she?2.物主代词（1 ）名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。（2 ） ones own=.of ones own 句式的转换。（3 ）某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。如： take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.3.反身代词（1 ）反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。（2 ）反身代词和某些动词连有，构成固定短语。enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make ones
46、elf at home, make oneself understood（3 ）反身代词还可用于某些成语中。for oneself 为自己或独立地， of oneself 自然地，自动地by oneself 独自地，in oneself 本身性质，beside oneself 喜怒哀愁至极This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章（独有） 。Just between ourselves, I dont think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。They were discussing about it among themselves.（相互共同）Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他，他写了起来。Im very angry with myself.生自己的气。4.相互代词（each other, one another）相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为 each others 、 one anothers ,作定语。一般来说，each other 指两者之间，one another 指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。5.指示代词（this, that , t
