1、Mid-autumn Festival （中秋节）The Mid-Autumn Festival (Chinese Moon Festival) is an important traditional festivity second only to the Spring Festival. Celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth month in Chinese lunar calendar, the Moon Festival usually comes sometime between the second week of September a
2、nd the second week of October.Mid-Autumn day is a time when people celebrate the harvest, enjoy the getting-together with families and friends and appreciate good food and the most beautiful moon. Chinese ancestors took the seventh, eighth and ninth lunar months as autumn and 15th day of the eighth
3、lunar month as the Moon Day which was considered the best day of the year to enjoy the beautiful, round and bright moon. A harvest festival, Moon Day is a time for relaxation and celebration and most importantly, reunion of families. In the past, food offerings were placed on an altar set up in the
4、courtyard. Special food for the festival included moon cakes and cooked taro, edible snails from the taro patches or rice paddies cooked with sweet basil, and water caltrope, a type of water chestnut resembling black buffalo horns. Some people insisted that cooked taro be included because at the tim
5、e of creation, taro was the first food discovered at night in the moonlight.TraditionThe Mid-Autumn Festival is a traditional festivity for both the Han and minority nationalities. The custom of worshipping the moon can be traced back as far as the ancient Xia and Shang Dynasties (2000 B.C.-1066 B.C
6、.). In the Zhou Dynasty (1066 B.C.-221 B.C.), people held ceremonies to greet winter and worshiped the moon whenever the Mid-Autumn Festival set in. It became prevalent in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.) that people enjoyed and worshiped the full moon. In the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279 A.D.),
7、however, people sent round moon cakes to their relatives as gifts in expression of their best wishes of family reunion. At night they looked up at the full silver moon or went sightseeing to celebrate the festival. Since the Ming (1368-1644 A.D. ) and Qing Dynasties (1644-1911A.D.), the custom of Mi
8、d-Autumn Festival celebration became unprecedented popular. Together with the celebration there appeared some special customs in different parts of the country, such as burning incense, planting Mid-Autumn trees, lighting Lanterns on towers and fire dragon dances. What is worth mentioning is that th
9、e Yuetan Park in the western district of Beijing, was originally the Temple of Moon, and every year, the emperor would go there to offer a sacrifice to the moon. In mid-autumn farmers had just finished gathering their crops and bringing in fruits from the orchards. They were overwhelmed with joy whe
10、n they have a harvest and at the same time they felt quite relaxed after a year of hard work. So the 15th Day of the eighth lunar month has gradually evolved as a widely celebrated festival for ordinary people. When the night falls, the land is bathed in silver moonlight. Families set up tables in t
11、heir courtyards or sit together on their balconies chatting and sharing offerings to the moon. Together they enjoy the spell of night. Moon CakeMoon cake also has a story. During the Yuan dynasty (A.D.1280-1368) China was ruled by the Mongolian people. Leaders from the preceding Sung dynasty (A.D.96
12、0-1280) were unhappy at submitting to foreign rule, and set how to coordinate the rebellion without it being discovered. The leaders of the rebellion, knowing that the Moon Festival was drawing near, ordered the making of special cakes. Contained in each moon cake was a message with the outline of t
13、he attack. On the night of the Moon Festival, the rebels successfully attacked and overthrew the government. What followed was the establishment of the Ming dynasty (A.D. 1368-1644). Today, moon cakes are eaten to commemorate this legend. The round moon cakes, traditionally about three inches in dia
14、meter and one and a half inches in thickness, resembled Western fruitcakes in taste and consistency. These cakes were made with melon seeds, lotus seeds, almonds, minced meats, bean paste, orange peels and lard. A golden yolk from a salted duck egg was placed at the center of each cake, and the gold
15、en brown crust was decorated with symbols of the festival. 13 moon cakes were piled in a pyramid to symbolize the thirteen moons of a “complete year“, that is, twelve moons plus one intercalary moon.Moon ViewA moon view is a must in the Mid-Autumn Festival when the moon is especially round and brigh
16、t. If the weather remains fine, people will be able to see a full moon on Mid-autumn day astronomers say. A full moon usually falls on the 16th day of a lunar month, instead of the 15th day. The moon will appear at its fullest when it is most closely aligned with the earth and the sun. It takes abou
17、t 29.5 days for the three celestial bodies to be approximately aligned. The next time for such a fullest moon will be September 19, 2013. Dragon boat festival 厦门划龙舟英文介绍Another festival, commonly called the Fifth Moon Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the lunar fifth month. The proper name
18、for this festival was the Upright Sun Festival, but foreigners in China refer to it as the Dragon-Boat Festival. The Fifth Moon Festival is also noted for its dragon-boat races, especially in the southern provinces, where there are many rivers and lakes. This regatta commemorated the death of Qu Yua
19、n, an honest minister in the old days who was said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river.Qu Yuan was a minister in the kingdom of Chu situated in present-day Hunan and Hubei provinces, during the Warring States period (475 -221 BC). He was upright, loyal and highly esteemed for hi
20、s wise counsel that had brought peace and prosperity to the kingdom. However, when a dishonest and corrupt prince vilified Qu Yuan, he was disgraced and dismissed from his office. Realizing that the country was now in the hands of evil and corrupt officials, Qu Yuan clasped a large stone and leaped
21、into the Mi Lo river on the fifth day of the fifth moon. Nearby fishermen rushed over and tried to save him, but they were unable even to recover his body. Thereafter, the kingdom declined and was eventually conquered by the kingdom of QinThe people of Chu, mourning the death of Qu Yuan, threw rice
22、into the river to feed his hungry ghost every year on the fifth day of the fifth moon. One year, according to the legend, the spirit of Qu Yuan appeared and told the mourners that a huge reptile in the river had stolen the rice that had been offered. The spirit advised them to wrap the rice in silk
23、and bind it with five different colored threads before tossing it into the river.On the Fifth Moon Festival, a glutinous rice pudding called Zongzi was eaten to symbolize the rice offerings to Qu Yuan. Ingredients such as beans, lotus seeds, chestnuts, pork fat and the golden yolk of a salted duck e
24、gg were often added to the glutinous rice. The pudding was wrapped with bamboo leaves, bound with a sort of raffia and boiled in salt water for hours.The dragon-boat races represented the attempts to rescue and recover the body of Qu Yuan. A dragon-boat ranged from fifty to one hundred feet in lengt
25、h with a beam of about five and a half feet, accommodating two paddlers sitting side by side. A wooden dragonhead was attached at the bow, and a dragon tail at the stern. A banner hoisted on a pole was also fastened at the stern. The hull was decorated with a design of red, green and blue scales edg
26、ed in gold. In the center of the boat was a canopied shrine. Behind the shrine sat drummers, gong-beaters and cymbal-crashers that would set the pace for the paddlers. Men standing at the bow set off firecrackers, tossed rice into the water and made believe they were looking for Qu Yuan. All the noi
27、se and pageantry created an atmosphere of gaiety and excitement for the participants and spectators. Competitions were held between different clans, villages and organizations, and winners were awarded medals, banners, jugs of wine and festive meals.After the races, the wooden head and tail of the d
28、ragon were detached and stored either at the clan headquarters or at the local temple. The hull was buried in the muddy river to prevent cracking, warping and shrinkage. The boats were therefore reconditioned annually before the festival.Now, on the fifth day of the lunar fifth month, all Chinese pe
29、ople celebrate this festival by eating Zongzi Mooncake gambling（厦门博饼英文介绍)The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. For centuries, the Mid-Autumn Festival has encouraged family reunions, big feasts and enjoyment of a beautiful full moon. But for peo
30、ple in Xiamen, their exciting games have just started. A special custom “Moon-cake Gambling” will take place in every Mid-autumn Festival. You find a pack of six dice inside after opening every gaudily decorated box of mooncakes. Gambling? Right, but it is definitely legal. Because the stakes among
31、the locals are mooncakes - and that is how this unique celebrating activity has got its Chinese name “Bo Bing.“ It is played only around the Mid-Autumn Festival. Easy to play though, the games have quite complicated rules hard to remember. So it is thoughtful for some mooncake manufacturers to print
32、 the rules on the package. All the “Bo Bing“ game requires are six dice and a china bowl. Just throw the dice into the bowl - and the different pips you get stand for different ranks of awards you will win. When walking along streets in this tiny island during this time, you will hear the pleasant s
33、ilvery sound of the dice rolling. Cheers of winning or loss are everywhere. The 300-year-old custom of mooncake gambling dates back to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). The inventor, Zheng Chenggong (1624-62), a general of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), stationed his army in Xiamen. Zheng was determined
34、to recover Taiwan, which was occupied by Dutch invaders since 1624. When every Mid-Autumn Festival came, the soldiers naturally missed their families but fought with heroical determination to drive off the aggressors. General Zheng and his lower officer Hong Xu invented mooncake gambling to help rel
35、ieve homesickness among the troops. The gambling game has six ranks of awards, which are named as the winners in ancient imperial examinations, and has 63 different sized mooncakes as prizes. From the lowest to the highest, the titles of six ranks are Xiucai (the one who passed the examination at th
36、e county level), Juren (a successful candidate at the provincial level), Jinshi (a successful candidate in the highest imperial examination), Tanhua, Bangyan and Zhuangyuan (respectively the number three to number one winners in the imperial examination at the presence of the emperor). Game players
37、throw the dice by turns. Different pips they count win the player a relevant “title“ and corresponding type of mooncakes. The lucky player who gets the pips to make it the title of “Zhuangyuan,“ will be the biggest winner in the game, and gain the largest mooncake. In ancient China, to win the imper
38、ial examination was the only way to enter an official career which was the dream of most learners, since the examination system was established in the Sui Dynasty (AD 581-618). No wonder then, if a person won “Zhuangyuan“ through the imperial examination, the success would bring great honour to both
39、 him and his family, followed with a high-level position and a great sum of money. The game has something to do with the number “four.“ In mooncake gambling, the pips for most ranks of the awards are related to this number. For instance, one die of four pips wins you “Xiucai“ and the smallest moonca
40、ke. And if you get four or more dice of four pips, then congratulations - you win “Zhuangyuan.“ The game provides 32 mooncakes for “Xiucai,“ 16 for “Juren“ and the rest may be deduced by analogy. Only one player will win the lucky title “Zhuangyuan.“ That is why a total of 63 mooncakes are prepared
41、for the game. As a game well combining culture, folk custom and recreation, moon cake gambling soon got popular among troops. So General Zheng approved of the soldiers playing the game in turn from the 13th to the 18th of the 8th month around the Mid-Autumn Festival. Since then, “Bo Bing“ has become
42、 a popular traditional activity among local people. On every Mid-Autumn Festival, family members gather to gamble mooncakes, deep in arguments about who will be the winner. Also cake confectioneries will produce many kinds of gambling cakes to cater to the market. Xiamen people believe that the pers
43、on who wins “Zhuangyuan“ in the game, will have good luck that year. And the Mid-Autumn Festival is the second important holiday in Xiamen besides Spring Festival. Nowadays, the mooncakes are not the only kind of award. With the upgrade of peoples living standards, daily necessities, household appli
44、ances and even money can also be won. Whats more, people add funny rules. If the dice read “six,“ then forget all those boring ranks. Turn off all the lights, and then seize as many prizes as possible in the darkness. It is a combination of good memory, high speed and a strong body. Changes of prize
45、s has made the game even popular among younger generations. Gezai Opera（厦门歌仔戏英文介绍 )Gezai Opera, also known as Xiang Opera, is the representative opera in South Fujian. Being a traditional opera, it prevails in Minnan, Taiwan and regions in Southeast Asia where overseas Chinese live in compact commun
46、ities. Its melody comes from folk and the libretto is easy to understand, hence it is warmly welcomed. In 1662, the huge inflow of South Fujian folks into Taiwan with the national hero hoxinga also brought to the island folk music arts such as Longxi Brocade Eulogy, Anxi Tea Picking, and Tongan Cart
47、 Drum. As a result, Gezai Hall emerged. In the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, under the influence of Liyuan Opera, Gaojia Opera and Peking Opera, Gezai Opera, a unique form of performing art, gradually came into existence and gained popularity in Taiwan and later spread to South Fujian af
48、ter 1928 and renamed Xiang Opera following reforms and innovations by folk artists. Gezai opera features plain libretto and lively melody and therefore enjoys tremendous popularity among local folks. Liang Shanbo those living in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces favor green tea; and along the so
49、utheast coast, Oolong tea is preferred. People from Hunan Province have an interesting habit: they chew and swallow the tea leaves after drinking the infusion.Distinct customs in different areas and minorities compose the variety of Chinas tea-drinking tradition.“Gongfu“ Tea from Fujian ProvincePreparing and drinking “Gongfu“ tea involves elaborate procedures. This tea is popular in Yunxiao, Zhangzhou, Dongshan and Xiamen in southern Fujian Province, and Chaozhou and Shantou in Guangdong Province.The antique-looking “Gongfu“tea set includes “Four Treasures for Tea-Making“: one is a reddi
