1、1在中西方文化背景中对龙的不同阐释摘要从古至今，中国人都对汉字“龙”感到自豪，因为龙是吉祥和权威的象征。而在西方人的眼中，英语单词“DRAGON”意味着罪恶和怪物，是邪恶的象征。因此龙和DRAGON在很大的程度上是不同的。但是在英译汉或汉译英中，我们会经常把这两个词互译。这种翻译忽视了中西方文化的差异，从而造成了严重的文化误解。显而易见，这种翻译是有问题的。因此如何把汉字“龙”翻译成英语就成为一个很严肃的问题。从龙和DRAGON的差异、汉语和英语这两种语言特点的差异来确定龙的英译不失为一种好的方法关键词文化差异；DRAGON龙；翻译2DIFFERENTINTERPRETATIONSOFLOON
2、GINCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURALCONTEXTSABSTRACTCHINESEPEOPLEAREPROUDOFTHECHINESECHARACTER“龙”FROMANCIENTTIMESTILLNOW,WHICHISTHESYMBOLOFAUSPICIOUSNESSANDAUTHORITYBUTINWESTERNPEOPLESEYES,THEENGLISHWORDDRAGONISTHESYMBOLOFDEVILANDBUGBEARSO“龙”ANDDRAGONAREQUITEDIFFERENTBUTINENGLISHCHINESEORCHINESEENGLISHTRANS
3、LATIONS,THETWOWORDSAREOFTENTRANSLATEDINTOEACHOTHERTHETRANSLATIONSIGNORETHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURES,ANDCAUSECULTURALMISUNDERSTANDINGSOHOWTOTRANSLATETHECHINESECHARACTER“龙”INTOENGLISHBECOMESASERIOUSPROBLEMITISAGOODWAYTOTRANSLATETHEMFROMTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEEN“龙”ANDDRAGON,FROMTHERELATIO
4、NBETWEENCHARACTERISTICSOFTHECHINESELANGUAGEANDTHEENGLISHLANGUAGEKEYWORDSCULTURALDIFFERENCESDRAGON“龙”；TRANSLATION3CONTENTS中文摘要IABSTRACTIIACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIIIINTRODUCTION1ITHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHECHINESEWORD“LOONG”ANDTHEENGLISHWORDDRAGON1ALOONG”INCHINA4BDRAGONINTHEWEST6CCOMPARISONBETWEENLOONGANDDRAGON8
5、IISOMEPROBLEMSINTRANSLATION11AILLUSTRATIONSOFTHEWRONGTRANSLATIONOFLOONG11BMISUNDERSTANDINGSCAUSEDBYTHEWRONGTRANSLATION12IIIRIGHTWAYSOFENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFLOONG15ASOMETHEORIESINTRANSLATION15BONEWAYOFENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFLOONG15CANOTHERWAYOFENGLISHTRANSLATIONOFLOONG17CONCLUSION20NOTES22BIBLIOGRAPHY231D
6、IFFERENTINTERPRETATIONSOFLOONGINCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURALCONTEXTSINTRODUCTIONITISWELLKNOWNTHATTHEREAREMANYDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURESAND“龙”ISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTSYMBOLSOFTHECHINESECULTUREFORABOUTSEVENTHOUSANDYEARSLOONGTAKESANINDISPUTABLEROLEINTHEFIELDSOFCHINESERELIGION,POLICY,LITERA
7、TURE,ARTANDSOONFROMMINGDYNASTY,“龙”ISTRANSLATEDINTODRAGONINENGLISHHOWEVER,THEREAREMANYDISTINCTIONSBETWEENTHEMBOTHINAPPEARANCESANDCONNOTATIONSBESIDESTHEDIFFERENCESINTHEIRAPPEARANCES,“龙”ISTHESYMBOLOFCHARM,CLEVERNESS,HAPPINESS,ANDMAJESTYWHILEDRAGONISTHESYMBOLOFDEVIL,FIERCEANDTYRANNICALFROMTHISFACTOR,龙”S
8、HOULDNOTBETRANSLATEDINTODRAGONAGAINBUTNOWADAYSCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENDIFFERENTCOUNTRIESISVERYFREQUENT,SOACCURATETRANSLATIONBECOMESINGREATNEEDASOCCASIONSREQUIREBUTGREATDIFFERENCESEXISTINDIFFERENTLANGUAGESPEOPLEINEVERYNATIONALWAYSUNDERSTANDOTHERNATIONSCULTURESWITHTHEIROWNVIEWSWITHOUTCONSIDERINGWH
9、ETHERTHEYARERIGHTORWRONGINORIGIN,ASISAVERYCOMMONPHENOMENONHENCETHEMISUNDERSTANDINGSBETWEENDIFFERENTNATIONSCOMEINTOBEINGITISMOREANDMOREIMPORTANTTHATCULTURALUNDERSTANDINGSERVESASTHECOMMUNICATIONALWAYBETWEENDIFFERENTNATIONSANDPEOPLEALSOHAVEBEGUNTONOTICETHEMISUNDERSTANDINGSCAUSEDBYTRANSLATIONSESPECIALLY
10、CULTURELOADEDWORDS,WHICHSTANDFOREVERYNATIONSCULTUREANDSPIRIT,ARETRANSLATEDCARELESSLYTHENMISUNDERSTANDINGSSPREADANDEXPANDTAKETHECHINESECHARACTER龙”FOREXAMPLE,龙”ISATRADITIONALCULTURELOADEDWORD龙”ISALWAYSTRANSLATEDINTOTHEENGLISHWORDDRAGONINMANYTRANSLATIONSBUTTHEENGLISHWORDDRAGONISAKINDOFBUGBEAR,WHICHCANB
11、REATHEOUTFIREACCORDINGTOWESTERNLEGENDSBECAUSEOFTHETRANSLATIONFROM“龙”TODRAGON,GREAT2MISUNDERSTANDINGSEXISTBETWEENCHINESEPEOPLESANDWESTERNERSMINDS3THEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHECHINESEWORD“LOONG”ANDTHEENGLISHWORD“DRAGON”THEREAREMANYDIFFERENCESBETWEENCHINESEANDWESTERNCULTURESTHEREFORE,THEREAREMANYDIFFERENCES
12、BETWEENTHECHINESECHARACTER龙ANDTHEENGLISHWORDDRAGONINTRANSLATION,THEREISANARGUMENTONHOWTOTRANSLATETHECHINESECHARACTER龙INTOENGLISHFOREXAMPLE,ALLPARENTSHOPETHEIRCHILDRENWILLBEUSEFUL,INITSORIGINALCHINESEMEANING,THATIS,TOHOPETHEIRCHILDRENTOBEDRAGONSDRAGONMEANDIFFERENTLYBETWEENTHEEASTANDTHEWESTBUT,ITISWRO
13、NGTOTRANSLATE龙INTODRAGONINFACT,龙ISSODIFFERENTINNATUREFROMDRAGONTHATITMAYBEMOREREASONABLETOCONSIDERTHEMASDISSIMILARCREATURES,RATHERTHANASTHESAMECREATUREINTERPRETEDDIFFERENTLYTHEWORDLOONGLUWASCREATEDONTHEBASEOFTHEPRONUNCIATIONOFITSCOUNTERPARTCHARACTERINCHINESEATLEAST60YEARSAGOLOONGISANALLPOWERFULANIMA
14、LWHOSEREALMCOVERSTHESKYANDTHESEAITHASLONGBEENASYMBOLOFAUSPICEANDMAJESTYLOONGISIMAGINEDASSOMETHINGLIKEASNAKEANDISFLOWINGINTHESKYFORMOSTOFTHETIMELOONGISSAIDTOHAVETHEFACEOFTHEHORSE,THEHORNSOFTHEDEER,THEEARSOFTHEOX,THEBODYOFTHESNAKE,THECLAWSOFTHEEAGLEANDTHESCALEOFTHEFISHCHINESEPEOPLEREGARDLOONGASGODANDS
15、AYTHATTHEYARETHEOFFSPRINGOFLOONGTHEGODOFLOONGOFTHEFOURSEASCANCHARGETHERAINFALLS,SOWESOMETIMESCALLTHEMTHEGODOFTHEWATERORRAIN1CONVERSELY,THEDRAGONINWESTERNLEGENDSISCONSIDEREDASTHEFLYINGDINOSAUR,WHICHCANSTANDONTHEGROUNDWITHFEETANDFLYWITHHUGEWINGSTHEYLAYEGGSJUSTLIKEDINOSAURSTHEDRAGONSOFTHEWESTHAVETHEABI
16、LITYTOERUPTFIRE,WHICHCANDESTROYEVERYTHING,SOTHATDRAGONSARENOTWELCOMEDATALLTHEREAREMANYDIFFERENCESBETWEENLONGANDDRAGON,FROMOUTWARDANDAPPEARANCESTOIMPLIEDMEANINGFROMTHEORIGINOFTHEWORD4TOTHELANGUAGECIRCUMSTANCESUNDERSTANDTHEDIFFERENCESOFLONGANDDRAGON,FOROURBETTERUNDERSTANDING,THEYHAVEVERYIMPORTANTROLES
17、A“LOONG”INCHINAINANCIENTCHINA,THEREWEREMANYORIGINSABOUTLOONG,SUCHASLIZARDS,CROCODILESANDDINOSAURSANDSOONLOONGISREGARDEDASTOTEMINANCIENTTIMESCHINESEPEOPLEINANCIENTTIMESADMIREDLOONGTHOUGHITWASJUSTANIMAGINARYANIMALINTHELEGENDTHEFORMLOOKOFLOONGISALSOCLOSEINPERFECTSOMEPEOPLETHINKTHATTHEYANGTZECROCODILEIS
18、THEARCHETYPEOFTHEDRAGONHOWEVER,MOSTPEOPLEHOLDTHATDRAGONISACOMBINATIONOFMANYANIMALSANDTHEABILITIESOFTHOSEANIMALSHAVEBEENCOLLECTEDTOITWANGCHONG,ASCHOLAROFHANDYNASTY,SAIDLOONGISAMYTHOLOGICALCREATURE,WITHTHEHEADOFACAMELORHORSEORSNAKE,THEHORNSOFADEER,THEEYESOFARABBIT,THEEARSOFACOW,THENECKANDBODYOFASNAKE,
19、THEBELLYOFAKINDOFHUGECLAM,THESCALESOFACARP,THECLAWSOFAHAWK,THEPALMOFATIGER,WHISKERSANDABEARDORBEENSAIDWITHTHEHEADOFACAMELORHORSE,THEHORNSOFADEER,THEEYESOFARABBIT,THEEARSOFACOW,THENECKANDBODYOFASNAKE,THEBELLYOFAKINDOFHUGECLAM,THESCALESOFACARP,THECLAWSOFAHAWK,THEPALMOFATIGER,ANDWITHOUTWINGSITHASWHISKE
20、RSANDABEARD,ANDISDEAFITISGENERALLYREGARDEDASBENEVOLENTBUTISALSOTHESOURCEOFTHUNDERANDLIGHTNINGTHELOONGISASPIRITUALTIELINKINGTHECHINESEPEOPLETHELOONG,ASTHESYMBOLOFTHECHINESENATION,HASBECOMEPARTOFTHECHINESECULTURECHINESEPEOPLEAREPROUDTOCALLTHEMSELVES“THEOFFSPRINGOFTHELOONG“THELOONGISTRANSLATEDAS“DRAGON
21、“WRONGLYNOWINFACT,LOONGISSODIFFERENTINNATUREFROMWESTERNDRAGONSTHATITMAYBEMOREREASONABLETOCONSIDERTHEMASDISSIMILARCREATURES,RATHERTHANASTHESAMECREATUREINTERPRETEDDIFFERENTLYORUSEDTOBETHESYMBOLOFCHINESEKINGS,THEYWERECALLEDTHESONOFTHELOONGWHILEITISSAIDTHATITISALSOASURNAMEOFCHINESEPEOPLEANDANEWDEFINITIO
22、NFORLONGISTHESTAGEPROPERTYUSEDINTHE5DANCEOFLOONGAMONGTHEUNEARTHEDCULTURALRELICSWHICHHAVETHEHISTORYOFMORETHANFIVETHOUSANDSYEARSARETHEREJADEPIGDRAGONANDJADEDRAGONTHEYAREMUCHSIMPLERTHANTHEDRAGONTODAYWECANIMAGINEPEOPLEHADADDEDMORECHARACTERISTICSTOITAFTERTHEJADEDRAGONHAVINGBEENCREATEDTHENITTURNEDTOTHEDRA
23、GONTHATWEKNOWNOWGRADUALLYWHYANCIENTCHINESEPEOPLEWANTEDTOCREATEADRAGONMANYSCHOLARSTHINKTHATITORIGINATEDFROMTHEWORSHIPTOANIMALSINREMOTEANTIQUITYTHEMAINHUMANACTIVITYWASHUNTSOANIMALSWEREWHATPEOPLEMOSTINTERESTEDINANCIENTPEOPLEHADTOSURVIVEFROMHUNTINGANIMALSWHICHWERETHEMAINFOODFORTHEMANDALSOHADTODODGETHEAT
24、TACKSWHICHWERETHETHREATSTOTHEIRLIVESFROMFIERCEANIMALSINTHECOURSEOFTHOSEACTIVITIESWORSHIPSANDFANCIESTOTHESPECIALABILITIESOFTHOSEANIMALSINCLUDINGFLYINGINTHESKY,SWIMMINGINTHERIVER,WALKINGWITHOUTFEETANDHIBERNATINGETCWEREORIGINATEDTHEYPUTTHESPECIALABILITIESTOGETHERANDCREATEDTHEDRAGONWHOSEPOWERWEREBEYONDA
25、LLOTHERANIMALSTHEYMADEDRAGONADEITYANDWORSHIPEDITTHEREAFTERLATER,DRAGONBECAMETHESYMBOLOFPOWERANDMONARCHNOWITISTHESYMBOLOFTHEWHOLECHINESEPEOPLEINCHINA,LONGISATTACHEDTOAPLENTYOFCOMMENDATORYCULTURALMEANINGSSINCETHEANCIENTTIMES,LONGHASBEENREGARDEDBYCHINESEPEOPLEASTHEINCARNATIONOFTHEIRANCESTORCONSEQUENTLY
26、THEYLIKETOTHINKTHEMSELVESASTHEOFFSPRINGOFLONGHENCELONGHASBEENREGARDEDASTHESYMBOLOFCHINAANDCHINESEPEOPLE,ANDCHINAISCALLEDDONGFANGJULONGAHUGEORIENTALCOUNTRYINCHINA,THETRADITIONALSYMBOLSOFROYALTYARELONGANDFENGTHEWORDLONGSTANDSFORTHECHINESEKINGOREMPERORANDFENGFORTHEQUEENTHEREFOREMANYTHINGSWHICHARECONNEC
27、TEDWITHTHEKINGORROYALTYCONTAINTHEWORDLONG,SUCHASLONGYANWHICHMEANSTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEEMPEROR,LONGTIWHICHMEANSTHEBODYOFTHEEMPERORANDLONGPAOWHICHMEANSTHEROBEFORTHEEMPERORBESIDES,LONGISSUPPOSEDTOBRINGGOODLUCKASANAUSPICIOUSCREATUREINTHEPHRASEWANGZICHENGLONG，LONGMEANSASUCCESSFULPERSONWITHPRESTIGE26INMODERN
28、CHINESEDICTIONARY，THEORIGINALMEANINGOFLONGISAKINDOFASUPERNATURALANIMAL,WHICHCARRIESHORNSANDWHISKERSANDONLYHASONEHEADITCANMAKERAINASWANTEDINLEGENDTHESECONDMEANINGISTHEHEADOFANIMALS,WHICHCANBEBLACKORBRIGHT,CANBESLENDERORCOARSE,CANBESHORTORLONG,FLYINGTOTHESKYINSPRING,ANDDIVINGINTHESEAINAUTUMNINTHEOTHER
29、WORDS,LONGISTHEHEADOFCHANGEABLEWATERANIMALS,WHICHISHELPFULFOREVERYTHINGSOPEOPLEAWEANDADMIREITASTOTEMINLUNARCALENDAR,FEB2NDISATRADITIONALFESTIVALOFLONGONTHISDAY,PEOPLEPRAYFORSPRINGRAINANDGOODHARVESTINMODERNCHINESEDICTIONARY,ITALSOREFERSTOTHEEMPERORINTHEFEUDALSOCIETYOFCHINAITISRECORDEDBEFOREJIEZITUI,W
30、HOISACHINESEHISTORICALPERSON,LEFTJINDYNASTY,HEWROTEAPOEM,“有龙于飞，周遍天下龙返其乡，得其处所。”LONGINTHISPOEMREPRESENTSEMPERORLONGCANBEREGARDEDASIMAGERYOFHEROESANDWISEPERSONSTHEREISARECORDINTHEOLDTEXTTHESTORIESOFTHREECOUNTRIES，WHICHSAYSTHAT“徐庶见先主，先主器之，诸先生曰诸葛孔明者，卧龙也，先主岂愿见乎”HERE,XUSHUREGARDEDZHUGELIANGASLATENTLONG，WHI
31、CHMEANSTHATZHUGELIANGSWISDOMANDTALENTWEREBURIEDBESIDES,THEREISANOTHERPHRASELONGPANFENGYIINANCIENTRECORDSTODEMONSTRATEWISEPERSONSWHOARENOTKNOWNBYMOSTPEOPLELONGINTHEANCIENTTIMESALSOMEANTNOBLESTEEDINMODERNCHINESE,LONGINSOMEPHRASESHASLOSTITSORIGINALMEANING,ANDGOTMEANINGSOFTROPESUCHAS,THEPHRASESHUILONGTO
32、U,WHICHLOOKSLIKELONGTHEPHRASEYITIAOLONGISNOTAREALLONG,BUTSERIESOFGOODMETHODSORWAYSBESIDES,LONGJUANFENGANDCHESHUIMALONGALLMEANTROPEB“DRAGON”INTHEWESTTHEDRAGONISOFTENASYMBOLOFDEVILTOWESTERNERSTHEYREGARDTHEDRAGONASAFIERCEMONSTERTHATCANDESTROYSOMEOTHERTHINGSTHEREFORE,INTHEIROPINION,ITCANMAKEMANYDISASTER
33、STHEREARESEVERALSTORIESOFSAINTSORHEROES7DEALINGWITHTHESTRUGGLESAGAINSTSUCHMONSTERS,WHICHINMOSTCASESAREKILLEDINTHEENDTHEMOSTNOTABLESTORYPERHAPSISTHESTORYOFBEOWULFANANGLOSAXONEPICAROUNDTHEYEAROF700AD,TELLSHOWTHEHEROBEOWULFDEFEATSAMONSTERCALLEDGRANDEL,BUTHEISEVENTUALLYMORTALLYWOUNDEDDURINGTHEPROCESSOFS
34、LAYINGADRAGON3INMERRIAMWEBSTERSCOLLEGIATEDICTIONARY,DRAGONISAMYTHICALMONSTERTRADITIONALLYREPRESENTEDASAGIGANTICREPTILEHAVINGALIONSCLAWS,THETAILOFASERPENT,WINGS,ANDASCALYSKINMOSTWESTERNDRAGONSLIVEINCAVESORMOUNTAINSORHIDDENAWAYINTHEFORESTSTHEYOFTENGUARDASTASHOFGOLDWESTERNDRAGONSAREOFTENUSEDTOSYMBOLIZE
35、GREEDDRAGONHASWINGS,BUTMOSTOFLOONGHASNOTWINGSBUTYINGLOONGHASHUGEWINGSASBATLOONGWILLBECOMEYINGLOONGAFTERAONETHOUSANDYEARSSELFTEMPERINGDRAGONHASTHEPOWERTOBREATHEOUTFIRE,BUTLOONGISTHOUGHTTHESOURCEOFWINDANDRAINMOSTOFDRAGONSHAVEDARKANDTHICKSETBODIES,LOONGSHAVESLENDERBODIESANDGOLDENORCOLORFULCOLORSDRAGONI
36、STHESYMBOLOFDEVIL,WHICHCANBESEENINMANYWESTERNFILMSFOREXAMPLE,INTHEFILMHARRYPOTTERANDTHEGOBLETOFFIRE,THEREISACRUELCHARACTERDRAGONMOSTPEOPLEKNOWTHATHARRYPOTTERISARIGHTEOUSBOYINTHISMOVIE,HEFIGHTSAGAINSTTHEDRAGONTOSTOPITFROMDESTROYINGTHEWORLDINANOTHERCARTOONFILMSHREKTHETHIRD,WHOSEENDISVERYDIFFERENTFROMO
37、THERSIMILARFILMS,THEREISAVERYCRUELDRAGONNAMEDBOSSINTHEFILMBOSSALWAYSHURTSOTHERSTHEREISANOTHERFILMABOUTDRAGONREGIONOFFIREINTHISMOVIE,AFTERTHEDRAGONWASWAKEDBYOTHERS,HEBEGINSTODESTROYTHEWORLDFORALONGTIMEMANYPEOPLEAREKILLEDBYHIMINTHEFILMDRAGONHEART,BECAUSETHEFIGUREHASAHALFOFHEATFROMDRAGON,HEBECOMESAVERY
38、RUDEPERSONATLAST,HEGETSHISNEMESISFROMTHESEFILMS,DRAGONISWELLKNOWNTOAPPEARWITHACRUELIMAGEWESTERNFILMSCANREFLECTWESTERNCULTURESOFCOURSE,THECHARACTERSINTHEIRFILMSCANREFLECTDIRECTORSOPINIONSTHEIMAGEOFDRAGONINTHEFILMSISTHEREFLECTIONOFDRAGONINWESTERNLEGENDINBIBLE,SATAN,ADEVIL,ISCALLEDTHEGREATDRAGONREVELAT
39、IONINTHE8BOOKSOFTHENEWTESTAMENTOFBIBLEDESCRIBESDRAGONLIKETHISAGREATREDDRAGON,WITHSEVENHEADSANDTENHORNS,ANDSEVENDIADEMSONHISHEADANDWARBROKEOUTINHEAVENMICHAELANDHISANGELSFOUGHTAGAINSTTHEDRAGONTHEDRAGONANDHISANGELSFOUGHTBACK,BUTTHEYWEREDEFEATED,ANDTHEREISNOLONGERANYPLACEFORTHEMINHEAVENTHEGREATDRAGONWAS
40、THROWNDOWN,THENANCIENTSERPENT,WHICHISCALLEDTHEDEVILANDSATAN,THEDECEIVEROFTHEWHOLEWORLD,WASTHROWNDOWNTOTHEEARTH,ANDHISANGELSWERETHROWNDOWNWITHHIM4INMICROSOFTENCYCLOPEDIA,DRAGONISDESCRIBEDASALEGENDARYREPTILIANMONSTERSIMILARINFORMTOACROCODILEANDUSUALLYREPRESENTEDASHAVINGWINGS,HUGECLAWS,ANDAFIERYBREATHA
41、BOVEITISABOUTTHEAPPEARANCEOFDRAGONFROMTHEDESCRIPTION,DRAGONISVERYUGLY,ANDITSFIGUREISVERYHUGEWHENTHEDRAGONISUSEDTOREFERTOAPERSON,ESPECIALLYAWOMAN,ITISALWAYSINPEJORATIVESENSEASINCOLLINSCOBUILDLANGUAGEDICTIONARY,ITISSAID,IFYOUCALLAWOMANADRAGON,YOUMEANTHATSHEISFIERCEANDUNPLEASANTFOREXAMPLE,SHEISABITOFDR
42、AGONAROUNDTHISPLACEINEUROPE,THEREISAFAMOUSDRAGONNAMEDHYDRA,WHICHISVERYCRUELANDRUDEHYDRAHASNINEHEADSANDHASLONGLIFEITISVERYDIFFERENTFROMLONGINCHINAANDEUROPEANPEOPLEHATEHYDRAVERYMUCHSODRAGONINWESTERNCOUNTRIESMAINLYMEANSCRUELANDBADTHINGSFOREXAMPLE,WECALLHERADRAGONMEANSSHEISVERYRUDETHEOLDDRAGONREFERSTOTH
43、ESATANINBIBLE,ANDINTHEPHRASECHASETHEDRAGON,DRAGONMEANSDRUG,WHICHCANMAKEPEOPLECRAZYANDGOTODEATHCCOMPARISONBETWEEN“LONG”AND“DRAGON”ACCORDINGTOTHEANALYSISABOVE,LONGANDDRAGONCANBECOMPAREDASFOLLOWSDRAGON1HAVINGMANYHEADS2UGLYINAPPEARANCE3CRUELPERSON4EVILFORCE5SATAN6DRUGLONG1HAVINGONEHEAD2EMPEROR3WISEPEOPL
44、E4SOMETHINGTHATLIKETHEAPPEARANCEOFLONG59NOBLESTEED6CONSTELLATION7ASURNAMEOFCHINESEPEOPLE5THEREAREMANYDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEMTHEYORIGINATEFROMDIFFERENTCULTURESTHEFIRSTMEANINGOFDRAGONCOMESFROMEUROPEINWESTERNEUROPE,DRAGONHASMANYHEADSTHETHIRDMEANINGOFDRAGONINENGLISHORIGINATEDFROMGREEKLEGENDINTHELEGEND,TH
45、EDRAGONALWAYSPLAYSTHEROLEOFKEEPER,KEEPINGGOLDENAPPLEGARDEN,SPRINGANDSOONINREVELATION,SATANISNAMEDDRAGONINPOEMS,ITISSAIDTHATYOUWILLTRAMPLETHEDRAGONUNDERTHEFEETSODRAGONISREGARDEDASDEVIL,ESPECIALLYSTANDINGFORGENTINMIDDLEAGELOONGISRELATINGTO,ORSUGGESTIVEOFANEMPIREORASOVEREIGN,ESPECIALLYANEMPEROROREMPRES
46、SHAVINGSUPREMEAUTHORITYSOVEREIGNREGALMAJESTICTHELOONGISTHEFAMOUSSYMBOLOFTHECHINESENATIONTODAYASWELLASTHESYMBOLOFANCIENTCHINAFORTHOUSANDSOFYEARSINTHEPASTLOONGUSEDTOBETHESYMBOLOFCHINESEEMPERORSINTHEPAST,ALLTHEEMPERORSINOLDCHINACONSIDEREDTHEMSELVESTHEREALSONOFTHELOONGLOONGISAPARTOFTHECHINESECULTUREITIS
47、THESYMBOLOFTHECHINESENATIONLOONGISASPIRITUALTIELINKINGTHECHINESEPEOPLEALLOVERTHEWORLDCHINESEPEOPLEAREPROUDTOCALLTHEMSELVES“THEOFFSPRINGOFTHELOONG“NOWITSTANDSFORLUCK,HAPPINESSANDPOWERBYORDINARYCHINESEPEOPLECHINESEPEOPLEAROUNDTHEWORLDAREOFTENCALLEDDESCENDANTSOFTHELOONGONTHECONTRARY,THEDRAGONSOFTHEWEST
48、HAVETHEABILITYTOERUPTFIRE,WHICHCANDESTROYEVERYTHING,SOTHATDRAGONSARENOTWELCOMEDATALLTHEYEVENBECOMETHESYMBOLOFTHEDEVILINBIBLE,DRAGONISTHESYMBOLOFEVIL,ANDTHEGREATDEVILSATANISCALLEDTHEGREATDRAGONEARLYINTHEYEAROF700AD,INTHEENGLANDSNATIONALEPICSONGOFBEOWULF,THEREISASTORYABOUTBEOWULFFIGHTINGWITHTHEEVILDRA
49、GONFORWHOLETHREEDAYS,ANDKILLEDTHEDRAGONATLASTSOINENGLISH,THEASSOCIATEDMEANINGOFDRAGONISDISTINGUISHEDFROMTHEMEANINGOFLOONGINCHINESEINCHINESELEGEND,EMPERORHUANGLAIDTHEFOUNDATIONOFCHINESECIVILIZATION,ANDHEWASADMIREDBYHISOFFSPRINGLATERHEFLIEDTOTHESKYON10THELONG，WHICHWASSENTBYTHEGODTOWELCOMEHIMTHEREFORE,THEEMPERORSINCHINAAFTERHIMNAMETHEMSELVESREALLONGCHINESEWORDLONGHASMUCHMOREMEANINGSTHANDRAGONANDMEANINGSOFLONGAREFINE,WHILEDRAGONMOSTLYMEANSBADTHINGS11SOMEPROBLEMSINTRANSLATIONTHEREAREMANYPROBLEMSINCHINESEENGLISHANDENGLISHCHINESETRANSLATIO
