1、Diseases of Cardiovascular System心血管系统疾病,Categories of Cardiovascular Diseases,炎性: 心内膜炎,心肌炎,心包炎,风湿热2. 动脉硬化症: 动脉粥样硬化, 高血压3. 慢性心瓣膜病: 先天性 or 后天获得性4. 心肌病:5. 先天性心脏病:6. 肺心病: 7. 肿瘤:,Histological structure Blood vessel HeartIntima: endothelium Endocardium: endothelium Media: internal elastic lamina, elastin
2、, SMC Myocardia: myocyte Adventitia: external elastic lamina Adventitia: CT, neurofiber,动脉粥样硬化Atherosclerosis,1. 累及大、中动脉(主动脉及其一级分枝冠状动脉脑动脉肾动脉等).2. 脂质在动脉内膜沉积,内膜灶性纤维性增厚及其深部成分的坏死崩解,形成粥状物,动脉壁变硬变窄.3. 缺血: 萎缩, 纤维化, 梗死,病因,高脂血症:高血压:内皮吸烟:内皮,糖尿病和高胰岛素血症:甘油三酯遗传因素其他:年龄,性别,基本病理改变: 4 期,Preferable sites: aorta and it
3、s main branchesAbdominal aorta, coronary, carotid, renal and iliac branch ostia, protruding surface of curve1. 脂纹Fatty streak: lipids deposit Gross:黄色斑点,条纹,平坦或微隆起 L/M: 内皮细胞下大量泡沫细胞聚集泡沫细胞来源:巨噬细胞,平滑肌细胞Cautions: (1)可逆性 (2)纤维斑块,Fatty streaks in aorta,Fatty streak: foam cells aggregate and thickening of i
4、ntima,Foam cells: small nuclei and vacuous cytoplasm,2.纤维斑块Fibrous plaque Gross:隆起, 淡黄灰黄瓷白(胶原纤维增多变性) L/M: 表层:纤维帽: 平滑肌细胞,细胞外间质(胶原, 弹力纤维, 蛋白聚糖等). 下方:泡沫细胞,平滑肌细胞 ,细胞外脂质,炎细胞,Earlier fibrous plaque,Fibrous plaque,3.粥样斑块粥瘤Atheromatous plaque Gross: 灰黄色斑块,表面隆起、深部压迫;纤维帽下方多量黄色粥糜样物.L/M:纤维帽深部:大量粉染的无定形物,为细胞外脂质及坏
5、死物,其中可见胆固醇结晶及钙化;底部及周边部:肉芽组织、泡沫细胞 、淋巴细胞;中膜:变薄;外膜:毛细血管新生、淋巴浆细胞浸润,Atheroma:Eccentric plaque and narrowing of lumen,Atheromatous plaque: fibrosis, necrosis(clefts of cholesterol) and narrowing of lumen,Atheromatous plaque: media atrophy,Atheromatous plaque: necrosis, cholesterol crystals, foam cells,4.
6、继发病变 ()斑块内出血()斑块破裂 ()血栓形成()钙化()动脉瘤形成,Hemorrhage,Thrombosis,风湿病Rheumatism,A组乙型溶血性链球菌感染有关的变态反应性疾病; 侵犯全身结缔组织,反复发作;常累及心脏,关节,皮肤,皮下组织,脑和血管等;病变特征:风湿性肉芽肿 (Aschoff body).,infection,heart injury,antibody,myocarditis,endocarditis,风湿性心脏病,pericarditis,基本病变,1. 变性,坏死,渗出期:粘液样变性,纤维素样坏死; 充血,渗出,炎性细胞浸润; 持续约一个月; 完全吸收,纤维
7、性愈合,发展到肉芽肿期,mucinoid degeneration, edema, swelling, fragmentation of collagen fibrinoid necrosis: in endocardium,2. 增生期/肉芽肿期,Aschoff 小体: characteristic lesion Nodules in round, ovary, or fusiform, distribute in myocardium, subcutaneous, nearby arteries or joints 1) 中心:纤维素样坏死 2) 周围 Aschoff cells:巨噬细胞
8、的增生,聚集,吞噬纤维素样坏死物,转变为风湿细胞或Aschoff细胞. Aschoff 巨细胞:multinucleated 2-4 nuclei3) lymphocytes: T lymphocytes4) Aschoff 小体:风湿活动5) 持续性-3个月,Rheumatic granuloma: Aschoff body,3. 纤维化期或愈合期,纤维素样坏死物被溶解吸收,风湿细胞转变为纤维母细胞,细胞间出现胶原纤维,风湿小体逐渐纤维化,梭形小瘢痕. 持续2-3个月.整个病程4-6个月;常有反复急性发作,新旧病变并存;反复进展,严重纤维化和瘢痕形成.,风湿病的各器官病变,风湿性心脏病: 心
9、内膜炎,心肌炎,心包炎风湿性关节炎: 游走性多(大)关节炎; 消退后,无关节变形皮肤病变: 环形红斑,儿童,风湿活动,非特异性渗出性炎皮下结节: 四肢大关节附近皮下风湿性动脉炎: 小动脉,急性期血管壁纤维素样坏死和淋巴单核细胞浸润,后期血管壁纤维化增厚,管腔狭窄闭塞风湿性脑病: 女孩略多,脑的风湿性动脉炎和皮质下脑炎 (神经元变性及胶质细胞增生,胶质结节形成; 病变累及基底节黑质等部位时,患者出现面肌及肢体不自主运动,小舞蹈症),风湿性心脏病Rheumatic heart disease急性期: 风湿性全心炎 (风湿性心内膜炎, 心肌炎, 心外膜炎)慢性期: 心瓣膜病(窄,漏),风湿性心内膜炎
10、,1, 主要侵犯心瓣膜,瓣膜炎;二尖瓣二尖瓣及主动脉瓣联合主动脉瓣三尖瓣2, 急性期: 瓣膜肿胀,间质粘液样变和纤维素样坏死; 赘生物:瓣膜表面内皮细胞变性脱落,胶原暴露,血小板沉积凝集,形成白色血栓;单个粟粒大,灰白半透明,呈疣状,串珠状单行排列,于瓣膜粘连紧密,疣状心内膜炎. 后期: 赘生物机化,瓣膜纤维化及瘢痕形成3, 瓣膜增厚变硬,卷曲,缩短,粘连,腱索增粗,短缩,导致瓣膜病4, McCallum 斑:左房后壁因病变瓣膜关闭不全,受血流冲击重,形成纤维增厚的斑块,Vegetations,Atrial surface,Papillary muscles,Chordae tendinea,
11、Mitral verrucous endocarditis: swelling or thickening of valves and chordae tendinea,Endocardium: edema, inflammation, fibrinoid necrosis, Aschoff cells, fibrin deposition thrombus wart-like vegetations,风湿性心肌炎,1, 灶性间质性心肌炎2, 心肌间质内小血管附近风湿小体:多见于室间隔和左室后壁3, 间质水肿,淋巴细胞浸润4,心肌间质小瘢痕,风湿性心外膜炎,1, 间皮下间质充血,炎细胞浸润2,
12、 纤维素性渗出:绒毛心(干性)机化粘连(缩窄性心包炎),浆液性渗出:炎性积液(湿性),Diseases of Respiratory System呼吸系统疾病,Diseases of Respiratory System,1)阻塞性肺疾病: 慢性支气管炎, 肺气肿, 支气管扩张,支气管哮喘2)限局性肺疾病: acuteARDS ,chronic结节病3)慢性肺源性心脏病 4)肺感染: Community-Acquired Acute and Atypical pneumonias Tuberculosis Primary, Secondary5)Tumor: 肺癌 Lung cancer, 鼻
13、咽癌 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma,Trachea Bronchus Lobar bronchus Segmental bronchus Bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar ductAlveolar sac Alveolus,Trachea & Bronchial tree,Lobule,Acinus,Lobe,Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium,Trachea,Lung,Pulmonary artery,macrophage,Bloodair Barrier,Alveolar pore (Kohns pore),Tuberculosis 结核,黛玉题诗旧帕后自觉“通身燥热、腮上通红,自羡压倒桃花,却不知病由此盟”。,