1、毕业论文文献综述英语王尔德童话故事中的死亡主题ONTHETHEMEOFDEATHINOSCARWILDESFAIRYTALESHAVINGRECEIVEDINSPIRATIONFROMGERMANCLASSICALAESTHETICSANDBEINGINFLUENCEDBYSYMBOLISMANDDECADENCEINFRANCE,BRITISHAESTHETICMOVEMENTEMERGEDINTHELATEOF19THCENTURY,EMPHASIZINGAESTHETICVALUESOVERMORALORSOCIALTHEMESITBEGANWITHTHERERAPHAELITEBROT
2、HERHOODSACTIVITIESINTHELATEVICTORIANPERIOD,EXPERIENCEDALMOSTHALFACENTURYANDISCOMMONLYCONSIDEREDTOHAVEFACEDDECLINEWITHTHETRIALOFOSCARWILDEIN1895OSCARWILDE,THECOREFIGUREOFBRITISHAESTHETICMOVEMENT,WROTENINEFAIRYTALESTOREFLECTHISAESTHETICTHOUGHTHISFAIRYTALESWEREDIFFERENTFROMTHETRADITIONALVICTORIANTALES,
3、BUT“TOOKASHARPDETOURINTOANAESTHETICSENSIBILITY”ALMOSTEVERYTALEOFHIMENDEDWITHDEATH,WHICHADDEDMYSTIQUEANDATTRACTIONTOTHEMFOREIGNANDDOMESTICSTUDIESONOSCARWILDESAESTHETICISM1RESEARCHESDONEBYFOREIGNSCHOLARSSINCEMOSTLITERARYCONCEPTSOFAESTHETICISMARENOTORIGINAL,BUTAREFURTHERDEVELOPEDFROMGERMANCLASSICALAEST
4、HETICSANDSOMEOFITSTECHNIQUESAREDERIVEDFROMFRENCHSYMBOLISMANDDECADENCE,ITISREGARDEDASATRANSITIONALTHOUGHTFROMROMANTICISMTOMODERNISMBYSOMETRADITIONALCRITICS,RATHERTHANANINDEPENDENTIMPORTANTGENRERENEWELLEK1965DIDNOTAPPRECIATEAESTHETICISMORITSOUTSTANDINGREPRESENTATIVEOSCARWILDEVERYMUCHINHISAHISTORYOFMOD
5、ERNCRITICISM17501950,INSTEAD,HETHOUGHTTHATCONSIDERINGWILDESLEGENDENDOWEDHIMWITHASPECIALGLORY,HEACTUALLYDIDNOTDESERVETHEREPUTATIONORPOSITIONHEHADGOTINTHEHISTORYOFLITERARYCRITICISMBASEDONHISLITERARYTHEORYORWORKSDECLANKIBERD2001CONSIDEREDOSCARWILDEREPRESENTED“THERESURGENCEOFLYING”FORHIM,“ARTISNEITHERNA
6、TURENORAMIRRORHELDTONATURE,BUTADELIBERATEIMPROVEMENTONIT,”ONLYARTCANCARRYOUTGOODINTENTIONSOFNATURE2RESEARCHESDONEBYDOMESTICSCHOLARSSOMECRITICSPOINTEDOUTTHATWILDEISSUSPECTEDOFPLAGIARISMOFHISTEACHERSTHEORY,HOWEVER,ZHANGJIEMING2005THOUGHTITISDIFFICULTTOSIMPLYJUDGEWILDEFORHEWASSUCHACOMPLICATED,BRILLIANT
7、ANDMAVERICKPERSONZHANGSUMMEDWILDESAESTHETICPHILOSOPHYUPINTOFOURPOINTSAWILDEREGARDEDSENSITIVITYASBEAUTIFULTHINGSLIKEHESAID,“ITISTHESPECTATOR,ANDNOTLIFE,THATARTREALLYMIRRORS,”WILDEBELIEVEDTHATLITERATUREALWAYSANTICIPATESLIFEANDMOULDSITTOITSPURPOSE,SOTHEWRITERCOULDDESCRIBETHINGSACCORDINGTOHISPERCEPTUALK
8、NOWLEDGERATHERTHANTHEREALWORLDBWILDEREGARDEDFUNASBEAUTIFULTHINGS“THEREISNOSUCHTHINGASAMORALORANIMMORALBOOKBOOKSAREWELLWRITTEN,ORBADLYWRITTEN,”INHISEYES,ETHICALSYMPATHIESMADENOSENSEFORANARTIST,“VICEANDVIRTUEARETOTHEARTISTMATERIALSFORANART”CWILDEREGARDEDIMAGINATIONASBEAUTIFULTHINGS,FROMTHEPERSPECTIVEO
9、FTHEPROGRESSOFANARTISTSCREATIONOUTOFHISDISAPPOINTMENTABOUT“UNCOUTHREALISMANDUNIMAGINATIVEIMITATION”INHISTIME,WILDESPOKEHIGHLYOFIMAGINATIONDURINGCREATIONTOHIGHLIGHTTHEAUTONOMYOFARTDWILDEREGARDEDINNOVATIONOFFORMSASBEAUTIFULTHINGSWITHHISWORDS“THATFORM,WHICHISTHEBIRTHOFPASSION,ISALSOTHEDEATHOFPAIN”ACTIN
10、GASANEVIDENCEOFHISPURSUITFORFORMOFANARTISTICWORK,WILDESHOWEDANEXTREMEFAVORANDTOOKTHEUNITYOFARTISTICCONTENTANDFORMINTOSERIOUSACCOUNT,WHICHWASLATERDEVELOPEDASANIMPORTANTRESULTOFMODERNISMLIYUAN2008STATEDTWODISTINCTCHARACTERSOFWILDESAESTHETICISMHISRELIGIOUSLIKEWORSHIPFORARTANDHISPRACTICEOFARTINLIFE,INAD
11、DITION,HEREFERREDTOACONCEPT“DANDY”INHISRESEARCHTOWARDSOSCARWILDE,ASHECONSIDEREDWILDEASATYPICALREPRESENTIVEOF“DANDY”OFAESTHETICISMTOSOMEEXTENT,ARTPROVIDESAHIGHQUALITYLIVINGSPACEFORARTISTS,INWHICHTHEYCANCOMPLETETHEIRSELFCONSTRUCTIONTOREALIZETHEMSELVESARTWASNOTASIMPLEIMITATIONORANAWARENESSOFSOMETHINGFO
12、RWILDE,BUTAKINDOFPRACTICE,AWAYOFLIFE,APROGRESSOFCREATINGMEANINGFULTHINGSANDCONSTRUCTINGHIMSELFCREATINGANARTWORLDENABLEDHIMASENSEOFBELONGINGANDPRESENCEASTHECOREFIGUREINBRITISHAESTHETICISMMOVEMENT,OSCARWILDEWASMOREREBELLIOUSTHANHISCONTEMPORARYARTISTSDESPITEOFTHEREPUTATIONHEGOTINLITERARYANDARTCIRCLESOF
13、HISERA,HEWASANIRISHINENGLISHSOCIETYANDAHOMOSEXUAL,BEINGMARGINALIZEDWITHANINTENSESENSEOFIDENTITYCRISISDISAGREEINGWITHTHESTEREOTYPESOFCLASSICALREALISM,WILDEDEVOTEDHIMSELFTOTHENEWLITERARYGENREAESTHETICISM,TODISPLAYANDFLAUNTHISDIFFERENCEFROMTHEORDINARYASADANDYWUGANG2009EXPLOREDOSCARWILDESLITERARYANDARTT
14、HEORYFROMTWOMAJORASPECTSHISAESTHETICVIEWOFNATUREANDHISAESTHETICVIEWOFLIFEWHENWILDEEXPRESSEDHISOPINIONSABOUTNATURE,HEREVEALEDATRENDOFIDEALISMTOEMPHASIZEARTISTSSIGNIFICANCEINAESTHETICACTIVITIESANDTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENAESTHETICACTIVITIESANDDAILYLIFEHEDEGRADEDTHENATUREFORITSSIMPLELAWANDSLOWCHANGE,WHILEAR
15、TISTICCREATIONPURSUESCOMPLICATEDBEAUTYBEINGRESTRICTEDWITHNATURALLAWS,ARTWOULDRECEIVENEGATIVEEFFECTSANDBEDESTROYEDGRADUALLYREGARDINGTHENATUREASTHEOBJECTIVEOFARTISTICCREATIONACTIVITIESANDUTILIZINGARTISTICRULESTOREMOLDIT,ARTISTSTRANSFORMEDFROMPASSIVE,WEAKIMITATORSTOINITIATIVE,POWERFULCREATORSASFORWILDE
16、SAESTHETICISMVIEWOFLIFE,HETHOUGHTTHATLIFECANSOMETIMESBEAPARTOFTHEMATERIALSFORARTISTICACTIVITIESWITHTHEARTISTSIMAGINATIONASNECESSARYMEDIAARTISTSSHOULDAVOIDANYFORMORTHEMEOFMODERNITYFORTHEIRCLOSELINKWITHTHEREALLIFEWOULDINTERFERETHEARTISTSCREATION,EVENDESTROYTHEPURITYOFTHEARTINTHEIRWORKSTHEREALBEAUTIFUL
17、THINGSARETHOSEINDEPENDENTFROMREALLIFE,WHICHWOULDEVERBECOMEOBSOLESCENCEFOREIGNANDDOMESTICSTUDIESONDEATHINFAIRYTALES1RESEARCHESDONEBYFOREIGNSCHOLARSACCORDINGTOJACKZIPES2001,FAIRYTALES“SERVEAMEANINGFULSOCIALFUNCTION,NOTJUSTFORCOMPENSATIONBUTFORREVELATIONTHEWORLDSPROJECTEDBYTHEBESTOFOURFAIRYTALESREVEALT
18、HEGAPSBETWEENTRUTHANDFALSEHOODINOURIMMEDIATESOCIETY”MARIATATAR1998INDICATEDTHAT“ALTHOUGHFAIRYTALESARESTILLARGUABLYTHEMOSTPOWERFULLYFORMATIVETALESOFCHILDHOODANDPERMEATEMASSMEDIAFORCHILDRENANDADULTS,”ITISUSUALTOFINDTHEMDEEMEDOF“MARGINALCULTURALIMPORTANCEANDDISMISSEDASUNWORTHYOFCRITICALATTENTION”HOWEVE
19、R,ALOTOFWRITERSHAILEDANDMADEANEFFORTTOCAPTURE“PURITY,”“SIMPLICITY”AND“INNOCENTEXTRAVAGANCE”OFLITERARYFAIRYTALESTOPRAISETHEFAIRYTALESASPOWERFULINSTRUMENTSOFCONSTRUCTIVESOCIALIZATIONINTHECLASSICFAIRYTALESEDITEDBYMARIATATAR1998,THEREISACHAPTERCONCERNINGOSCARWILDESFAIRYTALESHETHOUGHTITISUNEXPECTEDTHATAS
20、AWRITERWHOBELIEVEDHIS“FIRSTDUTYINLIFE”WASTOBE“ASARTIFICIALASPOSSIBLE,”WILDEWOULDHAVETURNEDTOTHEGENREOFTHEFAIRYTALESSOMECRITICSATTRIBUTEDHISCHOICETOEMBRACETHEGENREOFFAIRYTALETOHIS“HOMOSEXUALTENDENCIES,”ANDTHEYTHOUGHTWILDESFAIRYTALESAREDIRECTLYANDEXPLICITLYLINKEDTOHISHOMOSEXUALPRACTICESHEMETMRROBERTBA
21、LDWINROSSIN1886ANDTHEEFFECTSOFTHISUNFORGETTABLEENCOUNTERARETOBESEENINHISWORKSTHEHAPPYPRINCEWASPUBLISHEDIN1888ANDWASFOLLOWEDUPIN1891,WHENWILDEMADE“HISSECONDUNFORTUNATEFRIENDSHIP,WITHLORDALFREDDOUGLAS,BYTHEHOUSEPOMEGRANATESTHEREISNOTHINGHEREFOREXULTATION”TATAREXPLOREDTHEKINSHIPBETWEENWILDESFAIRYTALESA
22、NDHANSANDERSONSASWELLWILDESFAIRYTALESWERESORTOFWRITINGAFTERTHEMANNEROFANDERSONANDHISDEEPLYRESPECTFORTHISDANISHWRITERWASEVIDENTINHIS“THEFISHERMANANDHISSOUL”ALTHOUGHWILDEMIGHTBEGINSOMEOFHISFAIRYTALESWITHTHEPHRASE“ONCEUPONATIME”LIKEANDERSON,HENEVERENDEDTHEMUPWITH“THEYLIVEDHAPPILYEVERAFTER”INSTEAD,ALMOS
23、TEVERYTALEOFHISCULMINATEDINDEATHDIFFERENTWITHANDERSON,WILDEDIDNOTTRYTOFINDSALVATIONINHISFAIRYTALESONTHECONTRARY,HEDECLARED“NOGOODDEEDGOESUNPUNISHED”HEFOUND“SUFFERINGMARVELOUSANDCHARGEDWITHMYSTERY,BUTHEALSOISNOTALWAYSWILLINGTOENDOWITWITHTRANSCENDENTMEANING”INASENSE,THEPROMISEOFREDEMPTION“RINGSHOLLOW”
24、INHISTALES,ANDTHISACTEDASANEVIDENCEOFWILDESREBELLIOUSCONSCIOUSNESSTOHISERAASANAESTHETEANNSHILLINGLAW2006FIGUREDOUTTHATEVENTHEVICTORIANS“BELIEVEDONTHEVALUEOFHUMANSUFFERING,”“THEINTENSITYOFTHESUFFERINGOFHISHEROES,THEFOCUSUPONTHEIRSUFFERING,ANDTHESELFCAUSEDNATUREOFTHEIRSUFFERINGAREARESULTOFWILDESAESTHE
25、TICVALUES,RATHERTHANTYPICALOFTHEVICTORIANFAIRYTALE”WILDESAWSUFFERINGENABLEDAPERSONTODEVELOPANDEVOLVE,ANDHEWASSURPRISINGLYINTERESTEDIN“HEART,”THEQUINTESSENTIALVICTORIANSYMBOLFORSENTIMENTESPECIALLY,THEWOUNDED,BLEEDINGANDBROKENHEARTPLAYEDAPARTICULARROLEINWILDESFAIRYTALES2RESEARCHESDONEBYDOMESTICSCHOLAR
26、SSIMULTANEOUSLY,DOMESTICSCHOLARSFOCUSEDONTHEAESTHETICCHARACTERSWHENTHEYSTUDIEDWILDESFAIRYTALESTHEHAPPYPRINCEANDTHESWALLOWPLAYINGTHEROLEASEMBODIMENTOFCHARITY,THENIGHTINGALESACRIFICINGHERLIFEFORAREDROSEOFLOVEANDSTARCHILDSCHANGEREFLECTINGRETURNANDPURIFYINGOFHUMANSSOUL,ALLOFTHESESURREALAESTHETICIMAGESSE
27、RVEASIDEALCARRIERSOFWILDESETHICS,ASWELLASTHEEMBODIMENTOFHISIDEALPERSONALITYLIUMAOSHENG2008NOTICEDTHATEVENWILDEREPEATEDLYEMPHASIZED“ANETHICALSYMPATHYINANARTISTISANUNPARDONABLEMANNERISMOFSTYLE,”HISFAIRYTALES,HOWEVER,DIVULGEDHISDESIREFORANIDEALPERSONALITY,WHICHFORMSAPARADOXOFHISTHEORYANDWORKSDEATHISANE
28、TERNALLITERARYTHEMEANDACOMMONTOPICFORMODERNISMARTISTSTHETHOUGHTFORDEATH,INQINYANS2008OPINION,ISNOTONLYATRADITIONALCULTUREOFCHRISTIANITY,BUTALSOALITERARYTHEMEATTRACTINGWRITERSCONCERNINGHAVINGREALIZEDTHELIMITSOFLIFEANDHUMANSDOOMEDDESTINATION,THEARTISTSDEDICATEDTHEMSELVESTOEXPLORINGTHEMEANINGOFLIFEANDT
29、HEVALUEOFPEOPLESSPIRITUALLIFEALONGWITHTHESPREADOFCHRISTIANITY,THECONCEPTIONOFORIGINALSINATONEMENTDEATHIMMORTALHASPERMEATEDAMONGEUROPEANSDEATHAFTERSUFFERINGSORPAINSISREGARDEDASTHEONLYROUTETOTHEHEAVENTOOBTAINETERNALHAPPINESSNEVERTHELESS,THEINDUSTRIALCIVILIZATIONSEXPANSIONINTHELATEOF19THCENTURYBROUGHTT
30、HEDECLINEOFWESTERNERSSPIRITUALWORLDASARESULT,HUMANNATUREWASDISTORTED,CONTROLLEDBYTHESICKSTRONGDESIRESFORMONEY,POWERORLUSTANDPEOPLENOLONGERBELIEVEDINANYTHINGEXPECTTHEMSELVESAFTERBEINGRELEASEDFROMCONSTRAINTSOFTHEGODANDTRADITIONALMORALS,WHATPEOPLEFELT,UNEXPECTEDLY,ISTHEEMPTINESSINMINDSRATHERTHANJOYOFFR
31、EEDOMINTHISSENSE,FORARTISTS,STUDYINGTHECONSCIOUSNESSOFDEATHINLITERATUREISTOSEEKFORAWAYTOSURPASSTHEEVILOFMODERNWESTERNCIVILIZATION,GETTINGRIDOFTHEDESPAIRORDECADENCE,ANDTOACHIEVEANIMMORTALLIFEINTHESPIRITUALWORLDLIUZIXUAN2010DEEMEDWILDEASA“DECADENTWRITER”FORHEREVEALEDAPESSIMISTICATTITUDETOWARDSLIFEANDT
32、HEWORLDINHISFAIRYTALESCOLLECTIONTHEHAPPYPRINCEHISPESSIMISMGAVEBIRTHTOBEAUTY,DISPLAYINGINTHREEASPECTSDISAPPOINTMENTFORHUMANSCOLDNESS,LOSSFORLOVEANDDESPERATIONFORLIFEACCORDINGTOLIUSSTUDY,THISWASCAUSEDBYHISCONTEMPORARYSOCIETY,HISOWNLIFEEXPERIENCEASWELLASWESTERNTRAGEDYTRADITIONCHENLIANDJIANGBINGQING2009
33、CLASSIFIEDTHEREASONSOFDEATHINWILDESFAIRYTALESINTOFOURMAINTYPESSUFFERINGANDPAIN,LOVE,NATURALDEATHANDFRIENDSHIPDEATHINWILDESFAIRYTALESALLSEEMEDPEACEFUL,EVENBEAUTIFUL,WITHOUTANYCRUELORBLOODYCONDITIONSCHENANDJIANGSUMMARIZEDFOURKINDSOFIMPLIEDMEANINGSOFDEATHS,INCLUDINGCRITICISMANDSATIREOFSOCIALREALITY,SYM
34、PATHYFORTHEWEAK,ANEXTOLLINGFORPURELOVEANDADVOCATINGOFMORALITY,BASEDONTHEIRASSUMPTIONTHATTHOSEDEATHSWEREANEVIDENCEOFWILDESCONCERNSFORSOCIETYANDMORALSIIIEXISTINGLIMITATIONSANDRESEARCHPLANSDESPITEANINCREASINGSCHOLARLYINTERESTINOSCARWILDE,THEREISNOSUSTAINED,INDEPTHSTUDYOFHISFAIRYTALESITSEEMSTHATEVENRECE
35、NTSIGNIFICANTWORKSORCOLLECTIONSONWILDEOVERLOOKHISFAIRYTALESASFORTHOSEEXISTEDARTICLESBYDOMESTICSCHOLARS,THEYPAIDMUCHMOREATTENTIONTOHISAESTHETICISMTHEORYREFLECTEDINTHEFAIRYTALESTHANTHETHEMEOFDEATHSMEANINGANDTHEYSOMETIMESMISUNDERSTOODWILDESMORALTENDENCIESINTHEIRSTUDYINVIEWOFTHOSEACADEMICRESEARCHWRITING
36、S,AFURTHERSTUDYOFOSCARWILDESFAIRYTALESFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFITSTHEMEOFDEATHISQUITEMEANINGFULINMYDISSERTATION,IWILLANALYZEHISFAIRYTALESFROMTHREEMAINASPECTSTHEFAIRYTALESLITERARYDEFINITION,THEREFLECTIONOFWILDESAESTHETICISMIDEASINHISFAIRYTALESANDTHETHEMEOFDEATHWITHITSARTISTICVALUEANDMORALMEANING主要参考文献（不少于
37、10项，其中外文文献至少2篇）RABY,PETER2001THECAMBRIDGECOMPANIONTOOSCARWILDESHANGHAISHANGHAIFOREIGNLANGUAGEEDUCATIONPRESSSILLINGLAW,ANN2006TELLINGBEAUTIFULUNTRUETHINGSTHEFAIRYTALESOFOSCARWILDECHICAGOLOYOLAUNIVERSITYTATAR,MARIA1999THECLASSICFAIRYTALESNEWYORKANORTONCRITICALEDITIONWILDE,OSCAR2009THEHAPPYPRINCEFAIRYTALESOFOSCARWILDEBEIJINGTSINGHUAUNIVERSITYPRESS陈瑞红（2009），奥斯卡王尔德与宗教审美化问题。外国文学评论。陈丽，蒋冰清（2009），王尔德童话中的死亡意象分析。牡丹江大学学报。贺兰（2001），王尔德。上海百家出版社。李元，（2008），唯美主义的浪荡子奥斯卡王尔德研究。北京外语教学与研究出版社。刘紫萱（2010），论王尔德童话中的悲观色彩。衡阳师范学院学报。吴刚，（2009），王尔德文艺理论研究。上海上海外语教学出版社。张介明，唯美叙事王尔德新论。上海上海科学社会院出版社。
