1、省略句(elliptical sentences)定义:省略句是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分,有时出于修辞上的需要,为了避免重复、突出新信息使上下文紧密连接的修辞手段。省略的部分:单词、短语、分句,都可以省略,而且各有一定的衔接关系,不容臆断一、哪些部分可以省略(一)省略单词1、省略介词 He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。 I ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years. 我已学五年英语了。 2、省略连词 I believe (that) you wil
2、l succeed 我相信你们会成功的。 It s a pity (that) he s leaving. 他要走,真遗憾。 I m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。 3、省略关系代词 I ll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。 He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。二、省略句子成分1、省略主语 Beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。 ( Beg 前省略了主语 I ) Take care! 当心!( Take 前省略了
3、主语 you ) Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。 ( Looks 前省略了主语 it ) 2、省略谓语 Who next? 该谁了?( Who 后面省略了谓语 comes ) The river was deep and the ice thin. ( ice 后面省略了 was ) We ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。 ( can 后面省略了动词 do ) 3、省略表语 Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗? 我准备好了。 ( am 后面省略了 ready ) He was a lover of
4、 sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。 ( had been 后面省略了 a lover of sports ) 4、省略宾语 Let s do the dishes. I ll wash and you ll dry. 让我们洗碗吧,我来洗,你来揩干。 ( wash 和 dry 后面省略了宾语 dishes ) 5、省略定语 He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分,其余的他都存了起来。 ( the rest 后面省略了定语 of the mo
5、ney ) 6、省略状语 He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤,真奇怪!( Strange 前面省略了状语 how )二、什么句式中可以省略1. 简单句 中的省略: 在对话中,交谈双方都知道谈论的对象,则可以省略句子的主语,省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。 如省略 it 和 主语 I(1 ) Looks like rain. (it)(2 ) Hope to hear from you soon. (I) (3 ) Sounds like a good idea. 2. 并列句 中的省略:在并列句中,相同的成分如主语,谓语,宾语等都可以省略: (1 ) T
6、hey learn French and we English. (2 ) My father planned and built all these houses. (3 ) John won the first race and Jimmy the second. 3. 复合句 中的省略: 定语从句:(1)Thats the reason he is late for the conference. 状语从句:(1)If heated, water will boil. (2)Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river
7、. 宾语从句:如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同,可将从句部分的谓语省略。 (1 ) We will do what we can(do)to help you. (2 ) Is Mr. King in his office? Sorry, I dont know(whether he is in his office or not).4. 动词不定式 的省略:在动词不定式结构中,为避免重复,常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形,只保留to。(1 ) Would you like to go with us ? Im glad to*, but I have to fini
8、sh my homework. 在 used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to 等结构中,常常省略 to 后面的动词原形。 (1)They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to*(2 ) He doesnt get up early as he used to*. (3 ) Ill hand it in if I have to*. (4 ) Would you like to come tonight ? Id love to. Te
9、ll , warn , order , advise , ask 等动词的宾语后接动词不定式做宾语补足语时,可以省略 to 后的动词原形。(1)He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to. (2 ) The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.三、特殊用法一、原文“空缺” ,译文“增补” 两个主语不同的句子,谓语有相同部分,也有不同部分,如果用连词连接起来进行对比,则其相同部分在后面分句中可以省略,这样,后面分
10、句中就出现“空缺”现象。 “空缺”处通常被省略的是动词,或动词及其宾语、补足语等。汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法。例如:A sound must be heard,a colour seen,a flavour tasted,an odour inhaled ,颜色必须目视,滋味必须口尝,气味必须鼻吸。 (后三句省略 must be) Histories make men wise;mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend ;数学使人精细;逻辑和修辞使人善辩。 (原文后两句省略 make men) 二、英语状语从句中的省略部分可不译 than 引
11、出的比较从句中,套有 when 引导的时间从句或 if 引导的条件从句,而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则比较从句的省略部分可省略不译。例如: My uncle is better than when I wrote to 我伯父的身体比我上次给你去信时好些了( than 后面省略了 he was) 三、对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活,指的是按正常语法规则分析,有的无法增补,有的要用不同的方式来增补,使之成为完全句。因此,汉译英时,视上下文加以灵活处理。 1 “宾语主语谓语and 谓语”结构 其中 and 连接的,是用作不同成分的同一个词,这个词既是第一分句的宾语,又是
12、第二分句的主语。此结构的特点是,把宾语提到句首,使之兼任后一分句的主语,达到简化句子结构的目的。汉译时,可仍先译宾语,不必改变原文的语序。例如: This substance we call water,and come next only to oxygen这种物质称为水,其重要性仅次于氧。 (We call this substance water,and this substance comes next only to oxygen ) 2以“Hence 名词”开头的结构 hence 是表示结果意义的连接副词,hence 前面的句子表示原因,hence 后面则省略了类似 come 的动
13、词。它是倒装句。例如: Hence(comes)this instruction of the experiment 因此,有这本实验说明书。 3某些常用词组引导的省略疑问句,通常不需要写出其省略部分。例如: How(is it)about the result?结果怎么样呢? 4由习语组成的省略结构 So much is for the foundry processes工艺过程的内容就是这些。 (Enough has been said or done about ;That is all well say about.) Now for the sound-wave method现在谈谈
14、风波方法。 (And we will now talk about ) The grinding machine you operate must be oiled,and that at once油,而且要马上上油。 (and that 是个加强语气的省略结构。that 是指示代词,代替上文的全部,与 and 连用表示强调,后接状语。andmustbeoiledat 可译为“而且” 。 ) 四、介词(短语)的“无胜于有” 英语介词(短语)应用之频繁,简直到了“不可稍离”的地步。它是功能词中最积极、最活跃之一。但有时,为了用词简洁精练,在上下文意境清楚的前提下,介词常常省略。译文中也要采取相应
15、的简洁表达手法。 1 动名词-ing 前,有时省略介词。 Most people just ruin scissors by)trying to sharpen them大多数人想把剪刀磨快,结果却磨坏了。 2 在含有 way,height,length,size ,shape , ckness 等惯用语前,有时省略介词。 Try to keep your letters on)this side of 500 words写信请勿超过五百字。 3 在以 next,this,one,every,each,some,等开头的时间状语前,有时省略介词。 Nine days(from)now will
16、 be May Day起再过九天,便是五一节。 4 在“noun participle ”, “noun and all”结构中,有时省略介词“with” 。 He jumped into the water, (with his)clothes and all他和着衣服跳进水里。 5 某些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配中的介词(短语) ,在以 what,when,how,whether ,that 出的从句或不定式短语之前,有时被省略。例如: I am not informed(as to)whether he went,why from我没听说他是否去了,为什么去,什么时候去,来自何地方。 (省略与 informed 搭配的介词 as to。 ) They are tempered to be careless (of)how they spend their time,because they imagine they have so much of it对于如何支配时间,他们总是漫不经心,因为他们认为时间多的是。 (省略与形容词 careless 搭配的介词 of。 )