1、初中被动语态语法讲解 (一 ) 语 态 分 类 英语动词有两种语态 .，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动 )A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动 ) 汉语中常用 “被 ”、 “给 ”、 “由 ”、 “受 ”等词用来表示被动，而英语用： 助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词构成 。 (二 ) 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化 主要体现 在 be的变化上，其形式与系动词 be的变化形式完全一样
2、。以 give 为例，列表如下： 一般现在时： am / is / are + done 一般过去时： was / were + done 一般将来时： shall / will + be done 一般过去将来时： should / would + be done 现在进行时： am / is / are + being + done 过去进行时： was / were + being + done 现在完成时： have / has + been + done 过去完成时： had + been + done 将来完成时： shall / will + have been + done 过
3、去将来完成时： should / would + have been + done 注被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。 (三 )常见的八种时态中的被动语态 1. 一般现在时： (1)People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. (2)The school doesnt allow us to enter lab without a teacher. We are not allowed to enter lab without a teacher. 2.
4、一般过去时： (1)They agreed on building a new car factory last month. a new car building factory was agreed on last month. (2)The students didnt forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten 3. 一般将来时： (1)They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. (2)They will gi
5、ve plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. 5. 现在进行时： (1)The radio is broadcasting English lessons. English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio. (2) We are painting the rooms. The rooms are being painted. 6. 过去进行时： (1)The workers were mending the road.
6、 The road was being mended. (2)This time last year we were planting trees here. Trees were being planted here this time last year. 7. 现在完成时： (1)Someone has told me the meeting might be put off. I have been told the meeting might be put off. (2)He has brought his book here. His book has been brought
7、here. (四）含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由 “情态动词 + be+ 及物动词的过去分词 ”构成。 (1)You must hand in your homework after class. Your homework must be handed in after class. (2)He can write a letter with the computer. A letter can be written with the computer by him. (五 ) 被 动 语 态 的 使 用 1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不
8、用 by 短语。 “Mr. White, the cup was broken after class. ” 2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用 by 短语。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by Paul. 3.当 主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用 in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。 These cars were made in China. (六 )主动语态变被动语态的方法 （ 1） My aunt invited me to her dinner p
9、arty. 主语 谓语 宾语 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语 （ 2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语 态的主语。 2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的 be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。 3.把主动语态的主语变为介词 by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后， by 短
10、语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用 in + 地点名词作状语。 (七 )语态转换时所注意的问题 1. 把主动语态变为被动语态 ，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought. A new computer have been bought. (错误 ) 2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多 My uncle gave me a present on my bi
11、rthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语 (指物 )改为主语，则在间接宾语 (指人 )前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说： A present was given to me yesterday. 注意： 1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 (1) The book was showed to the class. (2) My bike was
12、 lent to her. 2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。 (1) A new skirt was made for me.(2) The meat was cooked for us.(3) Some country music was played for us. 3. 由动词 + 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或
13、漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词 + 介词，如 : agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. 及物动词 + 副词：如： bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away
14、, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。 His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather 4. 带复合宾语 (宾语 + 宾补 )的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： (1) We always keep the classroom clean.The classroom is always kept clean. (2) She told us
15、to follow her instructions.We were told to follow her instructions. 注意：在 see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel 等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带 to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在 省略 to 的问题。 We often hear him play the guitar.He is often heard to play the guitar. 5. 当主动句的主语是 nobody, n
16、o one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为 anybody,作 by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： Nobody can answer this question. 误： The question can be answered by nobody. 正： The question can not be answered by anybody. 6. 当否定句中的宾语是 anything, anybody, anyone 等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为 nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They hav
17、ent done anything to make the river clean.误： Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean.正： Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 7. 以 who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用 by whom放在句首： Who wrote the story? 误： Who was the story written? 正： By whom was the story written? 8. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和 well, badly
18、, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有： write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如： (1)The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。 (2)The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。 对比： The books sell well. (主动句 )The books were sold out. (被动句 ) The meat didnt cook well. (主动句 )The meat was cooked for a long
19、time. (被动句 ) 9. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如： feel， look, seem, taste, sound, remain 等。 (1) Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 误： It is felt very soft. (2)The food tastes delicious. 误： The food is tasted delicious. (3)The pop music sounds beautiful. 误： The pop music is sou
20、nded beautiful. 第二，谓语是及物动词 leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own 等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 误： The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 误： Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态 ： take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of,
21、add up to等。 The fire broke out in the capital building. 误： The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如： rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie 等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.误： The sun had already been risen. After the earthquake, few houses rem
22、ained. 误： After the earthquake, few houses were remained. 第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式， v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself English. 误： Myself was taught English. We love each other. 误： Each other is loved. 10. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如： 据说 It is said that 据报导 It is reported that 据推测 It is supposed that 希望 It is hoped that 众所周知 It is well known that 普遍认为 It is generally considered that 有人建议 It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.
