1、Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,心脏CT检查(CCT)共识认识,解放军总医院放射科杨 立,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,2,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,3,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,正常冠状动脉,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,正常冠状动脉,Department of Radiology
2、, PLA General Hospital,左冠经交通支与右冠相连,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,2010 Appropriate Use Criteria for CCT,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,The Aim of guideline,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,Guideline 起草团队,Cardiac Computed Tomography Writin Group 7 peopleOffi
3、cial American College of Cardiology Foundation Representative;Official American Society of Nuclear Cardiology Representative;Official Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and InterventionsRepresentative; Official Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Representative; Official American Heart
4、 Association Representative;Official American College of Radiology Representative;Official North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging Representative,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,Guideline 起草团队,Technical Panel 19 people Official American Society of Echocardiography Representat
5、ive;Official Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Representative;Official American College of Emergency Physicians Representative;Official Heart Rhythm Society Representative; Official Health Plan Representative; Official American College of Physicians Representative,Department of Radiology
6、, PLA General Hospital,基本概念,An appropriate imaging study is one in which the expected incremental information, combined with clinical judgment, exceeds the expected negative consequences* by a sufficiently wide margin for a specific indication that the procedure is generally considered acceptable ca
7、re and a reasonable approach for the indication. (适应征或成像检查)适当是指,针对某一特定指征,通过该项检查并与临床资料结合,所获得的增量信息远远超过可能遇见的负面结果,方被认为是合理、可接受的。,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,检查合适程度评分,Score 7 to 9: Appropriate test for specific indication (test is generally acceptable and is a reasonable approach for the
8、 indication).Score 4 to 6: Uncertain for specific indication (test may be generally acceptable and may be a reasonable approach for the indication). (Uncertainty also implies that more research and/or patient information is needed to classify the indication definitively.)Score 1 to 3: Inappropriate
9、test for specific indication (test is not generally acceptable and is not a reasonable approach for the indication).,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,冠心病风险分级,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,冠心病风险分级,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,冠心病风险分级,Department of Radiolo
10、gy, PLA General Hospital,适应征分类,Guidelines对以下7个方面CCT检查适当与否的分级评价,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,Detection of CAD in Symptomatic Patients Without Known Heart Disease无心脏病史而有症状时, CCT仅用于中等以下风险人群,CTA适应症评分等级,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,CTA适应症评分等级,2. Detection of CAD/Risk Ass
11、essment in Asymptomatic Patients Without Known CAD,无冠心病史、无症状者,CCT检查基本上不合适或价值不清,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,CTA适应症评分等级,3. Detection of CAD in Other Clinical Scenarios,有心脏病史而心功能减低时和非心脏手术且中等风险的术前评价,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,CTA适应症评分等级:既往心脏检查,Department of Radiology
12、, PLA General Hospital,CTA适应症评分等级,5. Risk Assessment Preoperative Evaluation of Noncardiac Surgery Without Active Cardiac Conditions,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,CTA适应症评分等级,6. Risk Assessment Postrevascularization (PCI or CABG),CCT用于有症状的CABG和支架置入后,无症状且支架3mm,Department of Radiology,
13、PLA General Hospital,CTA适应症评分等级,7. Evaluation of Cardiac Structure and Function(1),心脏功能评价,不适合首选CCT检查,其他检查不能进行时,可应用CCT,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,CTA适应症评分等级,7. Evaluation of Cardiac Structure and Function(2),怀疑心脏肿物或血栓,不适合首选CCT,其他检查不适合时,可选CCT检查,Department of Radiology, PLA General H
14、ospital,发现冠脉病变心脏检查合适适应症: (评分在7分以上),无心脏疾患、但有非急性心肌缺血症状症状,特别是中度风险者无心脏疾患、但临床症状提示急性冠脉综合征者对无症状、无冠脉病史者,可行冠脉钙化积分检查无冠脉病史、新出现心衰(左心室功能受损,低、中度风险者)非心脏手术、术前冠脉评估-中度风险者正常心电图但症状持续存在者和平板运动试验提示中度风险者,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,发现冠脉病变心脏检查合适适应症: (评分在7分以上),心电图负荷试验和影像检查结果矛盾者或负荷试验结果不明有症状且钙化积分检查400以下既往负荷试验
15、正常,但新出现症状或症状加重CABG术后,出现新心肌缺血症状PCI术后无症状,左主干3mm Stent冠脉和其他胸部血管解剖异常和成人复杂先心病心梗或心衰后,其他检查效果不明时左室功能检查、右室功能和心律不齐性右室发育异常或右室形态,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,发现冠脉病变心脏检查合适适应症: (评分在7分以上),心脏内外邻近结果的评价:其他方法结果不明时,行瓣膜、人工瓣膜、肿物、心包周围结构、肺静脉、冠状静脉、CABG、内乳动脉等检查,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,心
16、脏检查不恰当适应症:(评分在3分以下),Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,心脏检查不恰当适应症:(评分在3分以下),无病史、无症状(钙化积分和CTA),中、低风险人群有症状、同时高风险人群,明确心梗者高风险人群、心脏术前评价;非心脏手术、没有活动性心脏疾患、外科手术为低风险既往检查明确或否定冠脉病变、无症状者,两年之内的重复检查支架3mm、CABG术后5年
17、,无症状者心脏结构和功能、肿物首选检查,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,认识并体会,Guideline: 指引(启示、指导);(指南: guide )Guideline从临床应用角度,客观评价CCT的应用价值和限度Guideline为CCT临床应用和研究提供启发和思路,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,认识体会,Guideline内容较复杂,使用较繁琐与其认为是临床使用指南、不如说是心脏检查研究结果综述和发展方向提示,Department of Radiology, PLA G
18、eneral Hospital,SCCT guidelines on radiation,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,SCCT guidelines on radiation,优化检查,降低(辐射)剂量,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,中国专家共识,一、开展心脏冠状动脉CT检查对操作者能力培训的基本要求: 对临床医师的要求和对医师培训的要求:放射科医师独立从事心脏CT临床诊断工作,必须具有执业医师资格和大型设备上岗证(CT);必须了解心脏冠状动脉检查适应证;接受不同等级的
19、培训(表1),其中中级和高级水平以上方可独立操作和书写诊断报告。,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,上岗人员基本培训要求,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,扫描及降低剂量方案,心脏冠状动脉CT扫描的技术操作要求 (一)推荐使用的标准化冠状动脉检查方案: 患者准备、 CCA对心率的要求、心率控制、心率不齐情况下的处理、扫描前硝酸甘油 的应用、对比剂注射方案、钙化积分扫描方案、CCA扫描方案、图像重建和后处理方 案、图像摄片和后处理方案 (二)推荐使用的放射线剂量控制方案: 降低辐射
20、剂量最常用的有效方法: (1)管电流调制 (2)前置滤线器 (3)降低管电压 (4)前瞻性心电门控采集技术,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,CTA检查适应症,冠状动脉CT检查适应证及临床应用价值和限度一、心脏冠状动脉CT检查适应证1冠心病诊断2经皮PCI评价3冠状动脉旁路移植评价4非冠心病心脏手术前的冠状动脉评价5电生理射频消融术前诊断6心脏和血管解剖结构的诊断7心肌病的诊断,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,CTA禁忌症,从心脏CT临床适用性角度讲,没有绝对的禁忌证,即使是阴
21、性的检查(排除了冠心病)也是有意义的,但是CTA检查因为具有x线辐射且必须使用对比剂,所以需要严格掌握适应证。,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,CTA禁忌症,CTA的禁忌证主要有:(1)既往有严重的对比剂过敏反应史(2)不能配合扫描和屏气的患者(3)怀孕期、育龄妇女需要明确没有怀孕(4)临床生命体征不稳定(如急性心肌梗死、失代偿性心衰、严重的低血压等);(5)严重的肾功能不全,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,心脏和冠状动脉检查影像学方法的比较,Department of Ra
22、diology, PLA General Hospital,SCCT心血管CT辐射剂量与剂量优化策略指南简介,SCCT guidelines on radiation dose and dose-optimization srategies in cardiocascular CT.,Halliburton SS. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr, 2011,5(4):198-224.,SCCT: Society of Coronary Computed Tomography,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,主要
23、内容:,规范心血管CT检查有关参数相关肿瘤发病风险的预评估合理选择扫描模式介绍了CT剂量优化算法建立合理的剂量监测方式提议,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,关于辐射剂量计量标准及测量,辐射剂量:容积剂量指数(the volume CT dose index, CTDIvol) (mGy)CT辐射剂量:剂量长度乘积(dose-length-product, DLP) :DLP(mGy-cm)有效剂量值(effective dose, ED mSv):是用来估计受照器官扫描后的有效吸收剂量,该数值表述受照器官所受到的辐射程度,由DLP与相
24、应器官的权重指数相乘 成人心血管CT扫描的权重指数为0.014,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,关于辐射风险,医用辐射为低辐射状态(mSv水平),目前并无足够说服力的、模拟医用辐射致癌风险的模型,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,关于辐射风险,致癌的高敏感群体包括三种:(1)体型较小者。体型小,受射器官吸收剂量的强度相对体型较大的人高;(2)年龄较轻者:青少年较中老年在扫描后的生命周期更长,发生随机风险也就更高,加之其遗传物质处于相对旺盛的分裂时期,对辐射的敏感性更高;(3)女
25、性受试者:女性患者的乳腺较男性对辐射的敏感性高。,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,降低辐射剂量的方法,第一级包括:扫描采集模式、管电压、管电流和螺距(螺旋扫描模式下)第二级包括:扫描长度、扫描视野,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,恰当地使用扫描条件,避免不必要的“检查”;选择检查应权衡效益和风险,再针对临床需求选择恰当的扫描方案和条件:例如临床若需评价冠状动脉或心脏瓣膜时,对CT扫描的时间分辨率和空间分辨率要求较高,相应的辐射剂量亦较高;若临床需评估肺静脉和心肌,对CT扫描的
26、时间分辨率和空间分辨率要求相对较低,可选择较低辐射剂量的扫描方案。临床的检查需求亦决定了对图像噪声的容忍程度,例如诊断年轻患者冠状动脉起源或走行异常时,可以考虑使用能显著降低辐射剂量但噪声水平较高的扫描方式。,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,扫描模式,扫描模式包括回顾性心电门控螺旋扫描、前瞻性心电触发轴位扫描、前瞻性心电触发高螺距螺旋扫描(第二代双源CT),Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,管电压 kV,100 kV管电压:体重90kg或BMI 30kg/m2 的患者选择 12
27、0kV:体重90kg或BMI30kg/m2患者,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,管电流,心电图门控下管电流调节功能,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,扫描长度与重建层厚,扫描长度:扫描长度应控制在满足临床需求下的最小值重建层厚:图像重建时应结合检查目的,尽量用薄层重建,但在应用低剂量扫描后(选择较低的管电流),重建层厚可稍厚些,以避免过大的噪声影响诊断,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,螺距,螺距大小决定着螺旋采集数据的
28、重叠程度,适当增加螺距可明显降低辐射剂量,在其它参数不变的前提下,螺距增加两倍,剂量可降低约50%,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,迭代重建,与反投影重建法相比较,迭代重建法仅需较低的扫描参数即可重建出空间分辨率较高,噪声较低的图像 西门子公司:Iterative Reconstruction in Image Space, IRIS;飞利浦公司:iDose技术;东芝公司:Adaptive Iterative Dose Reduction, AIDR;GE公司:Adaptive Statistical Iterative Recons
29、truction, ASIR),Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,冠脉钙化积分的注意事项,钙化积分对预测未来心脏病事件有明确的价值,多数医院都把钙化积分扫描作为常规心脏CT检查的一部分,一般情况下,钙化积分扫描产生1-3mSv的辐射。有文献报道,使用100kV和120kV管电压获得同一患者的Agatston钙化积分结果有非常好的相关性,而剂量可降低40%17,但若使用100kV低电压扫描,管电压下降将带来重建阈值设定等问题,尚无可靠临床资料借鉴,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,
30、冠脉CTA注意事项,冠脉CTA扫描前,应尽量将患者的心率控制在65次/分或更为理想的60次/分,以期获得最好的图像质量,也利于使用低剂量模式扫描永远遵守最佳采集、最低辐射(as low as reasonably achievable, ALARA)理论。,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,冠脉CT扫描方案,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,Department of Radiology,
31、 PLA General Hospital,非冠状动脉心血管CT扫描注意事项,对于非冠状动脉心脏CT检查可以选择低剂量方案,用相对较厚的层厚重建,以获得可接受的图像噪声。针对心房纤颤的患者,行肺静脉CT检查,不必使用心电门控的心脏扫描模式,应用超宽探测器时,推荐单次心跳完成扫描,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,关于心肌灌注及延迟增强扫描注意事项,CT心肌灌注扫描对于发现冠脉中等程度狭窄导致心肌缺血,有一定的临床应用价值,但其辐射剂量偏高,需要谨慎选择。近来,拥有更宽探测器的CT及二代双源CT问世,可采用降低管电压结合前瞻性心电触发轴位扫描方式,有效降低心肌灌注扫描的辐射剂量,成为近期研究热点,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,关于剂量监控,,,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,2011年11月 北京,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,Department of Radiology, PLA General Hospital,