1、1外文翻译原文THEIMPACTOFFESTIVALSONCULTURALTOURISMMATERIALSOURCETHE2NDDEHAANTOURISMMANAGEMENTCONFERENCE“DEVELOPINGCULTURALTOURISM”AUTHORRAZAQRAJINTRODUCTIONTODAYFESTIVALSARECONSIDEREDTOCONTRIBUTESIGNIFICANTLYTOTHECULTURALANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTWEALTHOFTHEUNITEDKINGDOMTHEFESTIVALSHAVEMAJORIMPACTONTHEDEVELOP
2、MENTOFCULTURALTOURISMTOTHEHOSTCOMMUNITIESTHEFESTIVALORGANISERSARENOWUSINGTHEHISTORICALANDCULTURALTHEMESTODEVELOPTHEANNUALEVENTSTOATTRACTVISITORSANDCREATINGCULTURALIMAGEINTHEHOSTCITIESBYHOLDINGFESTIVALSINTHECOMMUNITYSETTINGSTHEDESIREFORFESTIVALSANDEVENTSISNOTSPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDTOADDRESSTHENEEDSFORAN
3、YONEPARTICULARGROUPTHEHOSTINGOFEVENTSAREOFTENDEVELOPEDBECAUSEOFTHETOURISMANDECONOMICOPPORTUNITIESADDITIONTOSOCIALANDCULTURALBENEFITSMANYRESEARCHERSHAVECONTESTEDTHATLOCALCOMMUNITIESPLAYSVITALROLEINDEVELOPMENTOFTOURISMTHROUGHFESTIVALSEVENTSHAVETHEPOTENTIALTOGENERATEAVASTAMOUNTOFTOURISMWHENTHEYCATERTOO
4、UTOFREGIONVISITORS,GRANTS,ORSPONSORSHIPS,GETZ,1997OFDIRECTORINDIRECTINTENTTHEGOVERNMENTNOWSUPPORTANDPROMOTEEVENTSASPARTOFTHEIRSTRATEGIESFORECONOMICDEVELOPMENT,NATIONBUILDINGANDCULTURALTOURISMTHEEVENTSINTURNARESEENASIMPORTANTTOOLFORATTRACTINGVISITORSANDBUILDINGIMAGEWITHINDIFFERENTCOMMUNITIESACCORDING
5、TOSTIERNSTRAND1996,THEECONOMICIMPACTOFTOURISMARISESPRINCIPALLYFROMTHECONSUMPTIONOFTOURISMPRODUCTSINAGEOGRAPHICALAREAACCORDINGTOMCDONNELL,ALLENANDOTOOLE1999,TOURISMRELATEDSERVICES,WHICHINCLUDETRAVEL,ACCOMMODATION,RESTAURANTS,SHOPPINGARETHEMAJORBENEFICIARIESOFTHEEVENTASFARASEVENTSANDTOURISMISCONCERNED
6、,THEROLESANDRESPONSIBILITIESOFGOVERNMENTSASWELLPRIVATESECTORANDSOCIETYINGENERALHAVESIGNIFICANTLYCHANGEDOVERTHELASTDECADETHESITUATIONHAVEBEENCHANGEDWHERETHESTATEHADTHEKEYRESPONSIBILITYFORTOURISMDEVELOPMENTANDPROMOTIONTOAWORLDWHERETHEPUBLICSECTORISOBLIGEDTOREINVENTITSELFBYRELINQUISHINGOFITSTRADITIONAL
7、RESPONSIBILITIES2ANDACTIVITIESINFAVOUROFBOTHPROVINCIAL/STATEANDLOCALAUTHORITIESTHISINDICATESTHEGROWINGINFLUENCEONTHEBEHAVIOUROFGOVERNMENTSANDBUSINESSINGENERALOFDEVELOPMENTOFEVENTANDTOURISMINDUSTRIESTHISSUGGESTSTHATFESTIVALSIMPACTONTHEHOSTPOPULATIONANDSTAKEHOLDERSINANUMBEROFWAYSTHESEFACTORSAREPRIMARI
8、LYCONCERNEDWITHSOCIALANDCULTURAL,PHYSICALANDENVIRONMENTAL,POLITICALANDECONOMICIMPACTS,ANDCANBEBOTHPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVETHISPAPERINITIALLYREVIEWSLITERATURERELATEDTOTHECULTURALTOURISMANDTHEROLEOFFESTIVALSINTHECREATIONOFOPPORTUNITIESFORCOMMUNITYORIENTATEDEVENTSANDFESTIVALSWHICHCONTRASTWITHTOURISTORIENTAT
9、EDEVENTSWHICHHAVETENUOUSLINKSWITHLOCALCOMMUNITIESMOREOVER,PAPERWILLARGUETHATCOMMUNITYBASEDEVENTSANDFESTIVALSPROVIDEANOPPORTUNITYFORTHECELEBRATIONOFLOCALIDENTITYANDCOMMUNITYEMPOWERMENTANDCREATETOURISMFORTHELOCALAREATHECASESTUDIESWITHINTHISPAPEREXPLORETHEDEVELOPMENTOFCULTURALTOURISMANDMULTICULTURALFES
10、TIVALSANDEVENTSWITHTHEUK,ANDTHEPOSITIVECONTRIBUTIONTHATTHESEEVENTSPLAYINSOLIDIFYINGCOMMUNITYRELATIONSWITHDEVELOPMENTOFTHECULTURALTOURISMCULTURALTOURISMCULTURALTOURISMISDEFINEDBYTOURISMINDUSTRYPROFESSIONALSAS“TRAVELDIRECTEDTOWARDEXPERIENCINGTHEARTS,HERITAGEANDSPECIALCHARACTEROFAPLACE“THECULTUREISANID
11、ENTITYANDTHEIMPORTANCETHATINDIVIDUALPEOPLEPLACEONLOCALANDNATIONALSOCIALORGANISATIONS,SUCHASLOCALGOVERNMENTS,EDUCATIONINSTITUTIONS,RELIGIOUSCOMMUNITIES,WORKANDLEISURECULTURALTOURISMDESCRIBESTOURISTTHEONCEWHOTAKEPARTINTHECULTURALACTIVITIESWHILEAWAYFROMTHEIRHOMECITIESCULTURALTOURISMISTHATFORMOFTOURISMW
12、HOSEPURPOSEISTODISCOVERHERITAGESITESANDCULTURALMONUMENTSONTHEIRTRAVELSGARRISONKEILLOR1995INANADDRESSTOTHEWHITEHOUSECONFERENCEONTRAVELCULTUREMAKESLIFEWORTHLIVING“HTTP/WWWCULTUREMATTERSCA/INDEXHTMLMOREOVER,CULTURALTOURISMRELATESTOTHOSEINDIVIDUALGROUPSOFPEOPLEWHOTRAVELAROUNDTHEWORLD,INDIVIDUALCOUNTRY,L
13、OCALCOMMUNITYANDINDIVIDUALEVENTSTHATSEEKSTOEXPERIENCEAHERITAGE,RELIGIOUSANDARTSITESTODEVELOPKNOWLEDGEOFDIFFERENTCOMMUNITIES,WAYOFLIFETHISCANINCLUDEAVERYWIDERANGEOFCULTURALTOURISTEXPERIENCEITCANINCLUDE,FOREXAMPLE,PERFORMINGARTS,FESTIVALSVISITSTOHISTORICSITESANDMONUMENT,EDUCATIONTOURS,MUSEUMS,NATURALH
14、ERITAGESITESANDRELIGIOUSFESTIVALSDEVELOPMENTOFCULTURALTOURISMTHROUGHFESTIVALSTHEFESTIVALSHAVECHANGEDOVERTHEYEARS,BEFOREFESTIVALSWEREASSOCIATEDWITHKEYCALENDARMOMENTS,LINKEDSPECIFICALLYTOPARTICULARSEASONSANDHERITAGESITESOVERTHELASTDECADETHESEHAVEBEENCHANGEDANDDEVELOPEDUPON,THEREISNOWABROADANDDIVERSERA
15、NGEOFFESTIVALSEVENTSTAKINGPLACEALLOVERTHEWORLDGETZ1997,P1INTRODUCESFESTIVALSEVENTSASA“EVENTSCONSTITUTEONEOFTHEMOSTEXCITINGANDFASTESTGROWINGFORMSOFLEISURE,BUSINESS,ANDTOURISMRELATEDPHENOMENA”GOLDBLATT2002,P1INTRODUCESFESTIVALSEVENTSASA“KALEIDOSCOPEOFPLANNEDCULTURE,SPORT,POLITICAL,ANDBUSINESSOCCASIONS
16、FROMMEGAEVENTSLIKEOLYMPICSANDWORLDFAIRSTOCOMMUNITYFESTIVALSFROMPROGRAMSOFEVENTSATPARKSANDATTRACTIONSTOVISITSBYDIGNITARIESANDINTERGOVERNMENTALASSEMBLESFROMSMALLMEETINGSANDPARTIESTOHUGECONVENTIONSANDCOMPETITIONS”THEREVOLUTIONINFESTIVALSHASBEENSTIMULATEDTHROUGHCOMMERCIALASPECTTOMEETTHECHANGINGDEMANDOFT
17、HELOCALCOMMUNITYGROUPSANDINCREASINGBUSINESSOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEEVENTSORGANISATIONSANDLOCALBUSINESSESFESTIVALSPLAYAMAJORPARTINACITYANDLOCALCOMMUNITYFESTIVALSAREATTRACTIVETOHOSTCOMMUNITIES,BECAUSEITHELPSTODEVELOPLOCALPRIDEANDIDENTITYFORTHELOCALPEOPLEINADDITION,FESTIVALSHAVEANIMPORTANTROLEINTHENATIONALA
18、NDHOSTCOMMUNITYINCONTEXTOFDESTINATIONPLANNING,ENHANCINGANDLINKINGTOURISMANDCOMMERCESOME4ASPECTSOFTHISROLEINCLUDEEVENTSASIMAGEMAKERS,ECONOMICIMPACTGENERATORS,TOURISTATTRACTIONS,OVERCOMINGSEASONALITY,CONTRIBUTINGTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFLOCALCOMMUNITIESANDBUSINESSES,ANDSUPPORTINGKEYINDUSTRIALSECTORSTHEFESTIV
19、ALORGANISERSARENOWUSINGTHEHISTORICALANDCULTURALTHEMESTODEVELOPTHEANNUALEVENTSTOATTRACTVISITORSANDCREATINGCULTURALIMAGEINTHEHOSTCITIESBYHOLDINGFESTIVALSINTHECOMMUNITYSETTINGSFESTIVALSPROVIDEANOPPORTUNITYFORTHELOCALCOMMUNITIESTODEVELOPANDSHARETHEIRCULTURE,WHICHCREATEASENSEOFVALUESANDBELIEFSHELDBYTHEIN
20、DIVIDUALSINALOCALCOMMUNITYANDPROVIDEOPPORTUNITYFORMEMBERSOFTHELOCALCOMMUNITYTOEXCHANGESEXPERIENCESANDINFORMATIONFESTIVALSPROVIDETHETOURISTTHEOPPORTUNITYTOSEEHOWTHELOCALCOMMUNITIESCELEBRATETHEIRCULTUREANDHOWTHISEFFECTSTHECOMMUNITYDEVELOPMENT,ITALSOHELPSTHEVISITORSTOINTERACTWITHTHEHOSTCOMMUNITYANDHELP
21、PEOPLETOENJOYANDMEETTHEIRLEISURENEEDSTHEPEOPLESANDCOMMUNITIESTHATHOSTTHEFESTIVALPROVIDETHEVISITORSWITHAVIBRANTANDVALUABLECULTUREINADDITION,CULTUREISTHEPERSONALEXPRESSIONOFCOMMUNITYHERITAGE,COMMUNITYPERSPECTIVE,ITPROVIDESCULTURALOPPORTUNITIESFORTHEVISITORSTOENJOYANDEXPERIENCELOCALILLUMINATIONANDCULTU
22、RETHEFESTIVALSALSOPROVIDESUPPORTTOTHOSEWHOPURSUEECONOMICOPPORTUNITYRELATEDTOSHARINGCOMMUNITYCULTUREWITHTHEBROADERWORLDUNEP2002SUGGESTTHATTHECULTURETOURISMISBOOSTEDTHROUGHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFFESTIVALSANDEVENTSTOURISMCANADDTOTHEVITALITYOFCOMMUNITIESINMANYWAYSONEEXAMPLEISTHATEVENTSANDFESTIVALSOFWHICHLOCALR
23、ESIDENTSHAVEBEENTHEPRIMARYPARTICIPANTSANDSPECTATORSAREOFTENREJUVENATEDANDDEVELOPEDINRESPONSETOTOURISTINTERESTIMPACTOFFESTIVALSONHOSTCOMMUNITYTHEEVENTORGANISERSDONOTTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHESOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALIMPACTINTOCONSIDERATIONITISARGUEDTHATTHEREISACLEARNEEDTOADOPTAHOLISTICAPPROACHINANYLOCATION,HARM
24、ONYMUSTBESOUGHTBETWEENTHENEEDSOFTHEVISITOR,THEPLACEANDTHEHOSTCOMMUNITYENGLISHHERITAGE,2000P29HOSTCOMMUNITIESPLAYAMAJORROLEWHENRUNNINGAMAJORSPORTINGEVENTORANYOTHERLARGESCALEEVENTSALSO,MAJORSPORTINGEVENTSPLAYAMAJORROLEINHOSTCOMMUNITIESTHEWORKOFGETZ1997WASCONCERNEDWITHTHEEVENTMANAGERGAININGSUPPORTANDRE
25、SOURCESFROMTHEHOSTCOMMUNITY,WHILEALSOLOOKINGATTHELOCALBENEFITSANDCOSTS,CULTURALMEANINGSOFTHEIREVENTANDALSOTHEPOLITICALFACTORSIFALLTHISISTAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONTHENITCANLEADTOAGOODEVENTANDEVENA5GOODRELATIONSHIPBETWEENEVENTANDLOCALCOMMUNITYAPROBLEMAHOSTCOMMUNITYMAYHAVEWITHTHEEVENTISTHEINFLUXOFPEOPLEAND
26、ITBEINGUNABLETOCOPETHISMAYHAVEAKNOCKONEFFECTINTERMSOFTRAFFICCONGESTION,CRIMEANDVANDALISMALSOSMITH1989TELLSOFHOWTHESOCIOCULTURALIMPACTSRESULTFROMTHEINTERACTIONBETWEENHOSTSANDGUESTSANUMBEROFFACTORSMAYCONTRIBUTETODIFFICULTIESINTHISRELATIONSHIPTHETRANSITORYNATUREOFAVISITTOAHISTORICCENTREMAYBETOOSHORTTOA
27、LLOWANYUNDERSTANDINGTOBEESTABLISHEDREPEATVISITSMAYBEMOREPOSITIVEINTHISCONTEXTVISITORS,ESPECIALLYTHOSEONDAYVISITS,HAVETEMPORALCONSTRAINTSANDBECOMEMOREINTOLERANTOFWASTINGTIME,FOREXAMPLEINFINDINGSOMEWHERETOPARKSPONTANEITYMAYBREAKDOWNASHOSPITALITYBECOMESAREPETITIVETRANSACTIONFORTHEHOSTGLASSONETAL1995,PP
28、345HOWEVERTHEYCANINTERNHAVEINCREASEDTOURISMOVERTHETIMEOFTHEEVENT,THENDUETOTHEEXPOSURE,HAVESHORTTERMORLONGTERMTOURISMDUETOTHEATTENTIONTHEEVENTHASBEENGIVENTHEIMPACTSOFEVENTSCANGREATLYAFFECTTHEQUALITYOFLIFEOFTHELOCALRESIDENTSTHEREFORE,ITISBEENARGUEDTOADOPTSTRATEGIESTOTAKEINTOCONTROLTHESOCIALANDENVIRONM
29、ENTALIMPACTSOFFESTIVALSINTOANALYSISWHENCARRYINGOUTECONOMICIMPACTOFTHEEACHINDIVIDUALEVENTTHEEVENTORGANISERSONLYTAKEINTOCONSIDERATIONTHEECONOMICIMPLICATIONSANDIGNORETHERESIDENTPERCEPTIONS,WHICHPROVIDEIMPORTANTNONECONOMICDIMENSIONFORGAUGINGHOWEVENTSBENEFITORIMPINGEONTHEHOSTCOMMUNITYJEONGANDFAULKNER,199
30、6HALL,1992THEFESTIVALSHAVEANUMBEROFIMPACTSAROSEONTHEHOSTCITY,RANGINGFROMCULTURAL,ECONOMIC,SOCIALANDENVIRONMENTALFESTIVALSHAVEBOTHPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVEIMPACTSONTHEIRHOSTCITIES,BUTEMPHASISISOFTENFOCUSEDONTHEECONOMICANALYSISHALL1992SUGGESTSTHATTHEABILITYOFMAJOREVENTSPERCEIVEDTOATTRACTECONOMICBENEFITSOFEV
31、ENTSOFTENPROVIDETHEOFFICIALJUSTIFICATIONFORTHEHOSTINGEVENTSECONOMICANALYSISOFEVENTSPROVIDESONEASPECTOFWHYEVENTSAREHELDANDTHEEFFECTSTHATTHEYHAVEONAREGIONHOWEVER,WHILEMANYOFTHEECONOMICSIMPACTSOFEVENTSAREQUITETANGIBLEMANYOFTHESOCIALARENOTHALL,992P10THEFULLASSESSMENTOFECONOMICIMPACTMUSTALSOTAKEINTOACCOU
32、NTOTHERASPECTSTHEBENEFITSSOUGHTBYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECULTURALTOURISMTHROUGHFESTIVALSARESIMILARTOTHEECONOMICROLESOFEVENTSDEFINEDBYGETZ1997GETZBELIEVESTHAT“THEECONOMICROLEOFEVENTSISTOACTASCATALYSTSFORATTRACTINGVISITORSAND6INCREASINGTHEIRAVERAGESPENDANDLENGTHOFSTAYTHEYAREALSOSEENASIMAGEMAKERSFORTHEDESTI
33、NATION,CREATINGAPROFILEFORDESTINATIONS,POSITIONINGTHEMINTHEMARKETANDPROVIDINGACOMPETITIVEMARKETINGADVANTAGE”ECONOMICIMPACTSMAYBEPRESENTEDUSINGRESULTSOFBENEFIT/COSTANALYSIS,INPUT/OUTPUTANALYSIS,ANDSIMPLYECONOMICBENEFITSTOLOCALSOCIETYGETZSMODELSEEFIGURE11GETZDEMONSTRATESTHEPOTENTIALBENEFITSOFEVENTSBEL
34、OWFIG1TOURISMRELATEDROLESOFFESTIVALSANDSPECIALEVENTS,GETZ,1991P6ACCORDINGTOGETZ1997ECONOMICIMPACTASSESSMENTSOFTENINCLUDEAMULTIPLIERCALCULATIONTODEMONSTRATETHATINCREMENTALTOURISTEXPENDITUREHASDIRECT,INDIRECTANDINDUCEDBENEFITSFORTHELOCALECONOMYATTHEMOSTBASICLEVEL,ECONOMICIMPACTANALYSISTECHNIQUESESTIMA
35、TEAVERAGEPERPERSONSPENDING,MULTIPLIEDBYTHETOTALNUMBEROFVISITORS/USERSTODETERMINETHEDIRECTSPENDINGASSOCIATEDANDTHENAPPLYMULTIPLIERSTOESTIMATESECONDARYORINDIRECTECONOMICEFFECTSTHEMULTIPLIERUSUALLYUSEDINTOURISMIMPACTSTUDIESISTHE“INCOMEMULTIPLIER”WHICHISBASICALLYACOEFFICIENTWHICHEXPRESSESTHEAMOUNTOFINCO
36、MEGENERATEDINANAREABYANADDITIONALUNITOFTOURISTSPENDINGATTRACTIONEXPANSIONOFSEASONSPREADOFTOURISMGEOGRAPHICALLYANIMATORSTATICATTRACTIONSPUBLICFACILITIESMARKETSANDSHOPPINGIMAGEMAKERHALLMARKEVENTSDESTINATIONTHEMEANDPOSITIVEIMAGECATALYSTURBANRENEWALINFRASTRUCTUREBUSINESSANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTCONCLUSIONT
37、HEFINDINGOFTHISRESEARCHSHOWSUSTHATTHEFESTIVALSHAVECONTRIBUTEDINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCULTURETOURISMFESTIVALSATTRACTCULTURETOURISTSTOLOCALCOMMUNITYEVENTSTOPROMOTECULTURALEXCHANGESBETWEENTOURISTSANDRESIDENTTHECULTURAL7TOURISMBRINGSBENEFITSTOTHEHOSTCITIES,THESEBENEFITSARENOTBEENANALYSEDINGREATERDEPTHTHERESEA
38、RCHSUGGESTS,THEREISNODOUBTTHATTOURISMFESTIVALSHAVEMAJOREFFECTSONTHELOCALECONOMYDIRECTLYANDINDIRECTLYTHATTHESPENDINGBYVISITORSONLOCALGOODSANDSERVICESBYEVENTTOURISTHASADIRECTECONOMICIMPACTONLOCALBUSINESSESANDALSOPASSTHEBENEFITSMOREWIDELYACROSSTHEECONOMYANDTHECOMMUNITYONTHEOTHERHAND,SOFTCULTURALTOURISM
39、DOESNOTTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHELOSSOFLOCALBEAUTY,ENVIRONMENTALDEGRADATIONANDEFFECTSITCREATESONTHELOCALPEOPLEOFTHEHOSTCOMMUNITIESTHROUGHTHEIRDIRECTANDINDIRECTINVOLVEMENTWITHTOURISTSTHESTUDYALSOFOUNDTHATSOMELEADINGAUTHORS,GOLDBLATT2002,GETZ1997ANDHALL,1992ARGUESTHATTHEFESTIVALORGANISERANDLOCALGOVERNMENTONLY
40、TAKEINTOACCOUNTTHEECONOMICIMPACTSANDIGNORESTHEIMPLICATIONSOFSOCIALIMPACTSOFTHEFESTIVALSTHEYARGUETHATGREATERATTENTIONSHOULDBEPAIDTOTHESOCIALIMPACTSOFFESTIVALTHISRESEARCHHASALSOSUGGESTEDTHATTHECULTURALTOURISMHASBEENINCREASEDTHROUGHDEVELOPMENTOFLOCALFESTIVALSANDPROVIDEDGREATERECONOMICANDCULTURALBENEFIT
41、STOTHELOCALAREASTHEVISITORSAREATTRACTEDTOTHESEFESTIVALSASFARASEUROPEANDCARIBBEANISLANDSITWASFOUNDTHATSOCIALANDECONOMICFACTORSCONTRIBUTEDTOCULTURETOURISMGROWTHINTHESEFESTIVALS译文标题关于文化旅游节庆的影响资料来源第二届DEHAAN旅游管理会议之“发展文化旅游”作者拉吉简介今天的节庆都被认为大大有助于英国的文化和经济发展。这些节庆对当地社区发展文化旅游有重大影响。节庆组织者们现在使用历史和文化主题制定年度活动以吸引游客，在主
42、办城市创造节庆的文化形象。渴望节日和大型活动是对任何人，而不是专门针对特定群体的需要。节庆的举办往往是因为旅游开发和经济机会以增加社会和文化利益。许多研究人员认为，当地社区通过节庆发展旅游业，从而扮演重要角色。节庆有可能引发庞大的旅游，他们迎合外来地区的访客，补助金，或赞助是他们直接或间接意图（盖茨，1997）。现在，政府8支持和促进节庆作为旅游活动的一部分，成为其建设和经济发展战略。反过来，不同的节庆被视为社区吸引游客的重要工具。据斯特斯丹德（1996），旅游业的经济影响信贷风险主要来自该地区的旅游产品消费。据麦克唐纳，艾伦和图尔（1999），旅游相关服务，包括旅游，住宿，餐饮，购物是这一事
43、件的主要受益者。至于事件和旅游方面的社会角色和责任，各国政府以及私营部门一般都大大改变了在过去十年。这种情况已经改变，就当今世界而言，国家有责任促进旅游业发展，公共部门有责任重新塑造自己。这表明旅游业的影响力日益扩大和各国政府的发展变化。这表明节庆对人口和利益相关者在一个数字上的影响。这些因素主要涉及社会，文化，自然，环境，政治和经济影响，并可能是正面的，也可能是负面的。本文首先回顾相关文化旅游的作用，社区的文化旅游和本地的节庆活动中的作用。此外，以社区为基础的事件和节日为当地提供了发展机会，赋予当地社区庆祝活动，并创造当地知名度。本文的案例研究探讨英国发展文化旅游和多元文化节日和事件，以及积
44、极的贡献，这些事件发挥着文化旅游巩固社区关系的作用。文化旅游文化旅游被旅游行业的专业人士定义为“旅游体验的地方直接针对艺术，文物和特殊的性质。”文化是一种身份和象征，重要性休闲场所对地方和国家的社会和组织，如地方政府、教育机构、宗教团体具有象征意义。文化旅游描述了旅游曾经参与文化活动，而远离自己家乡的城市。文化旅游是旅游业的旅游形式，其目的是发掘遗产旅游和文化古迹。凯勒（1995）在白宫进行会议旅游时这样描述文化旅游，“我们需要考虑文化旅游，因为没有真正的另一种旅游可以替代。人们到美国不来我们的机场，人们不会到美国来为我们的酒店，或休闲设施。他们来为我们的文化高文化，通俗文化，一般文化，真实的
45、或想象的，他们来这里是看美国的文化。”“在过去二十年文化主题不断壮大，然而文化的不明确定义已接纳了整个社会。当今文化被看作是人的产品，是来自于政府，大型机构和个人在特定的阶段的产物。怀曼指出，文化起着重要的作用“在经济危机环境下，我们听到这么多关于教育和健康，重要的是要记住，文化同样也是一个健康社会的一个重要因素。这不是一个非此即彼的局面。健康是生命所必需的；文化使生活有价值。”此外，文化旅游和个别事件涉及到的个别团体旅行的人在世界各地、个别国家、地方社区的目的是体验传统、宗教和艺术、发展生命的知识、不同社区9的生活方式。这包括一个非常广泛的文化旅游的经历。它可以包括，例如，表演艺术、参观历史
46、古迹和纪念碑以及教育、旅游、博物馆、自然历史遗迹和宗教节日。发展文化旅游节这些节庆在这些年已经改变了，以前节庆均与关键点、文物的历史、特定季节具体挂钩。在过去的10年中，这些已经改变了，现在有一个广泛而不同的节日发生在世界上许多地方。盖茨（1997年，第1页）介绍了一个节庆活动“事件构成的现象之一，是最令人兴奋，增长最快的休闲、商业和旅游业。”葛浩文（2002年，第1页）介绍了一个节日活动“万花筒计划包括文化、体育、政治和商务场合从大型节庆活动如奥运会和世界博览会到社区活动、在公园和旅游景点的活动、政府间的互访，从小型会议到隆重习俗和比赛。”节庆革命已经通过刺激商业方面，以满足当地企业、组织和
47、团体的需求变化，以增加商业机会。节庆在城市和当地经济社会的全面发展扮演着更重要的角色。节庆东道主具有极大的吸引力，因为它有助于发展本地的荣誉感与当地居民的文化认同。此外，在社区范围内举办的国家，节庆有一个目标规划的重要作用，并加强和联系旅游和商业。这个角色的一些方面包括制造商业事件的形象、促进经济、克服旅游景点的季节性，以及促进了业务发展和当地社区繁荣，并支持重点部门的发展。节庆组织者现在使用历史和文化主题制定年度活动以吸引游客，通过举行节庆创造社区环境中的文化形象。节庆活动提供了一个机会，为当地社区发展和分享他们的文化，和当地社区成员交流体验。旅游节庆活动提供了机会，以了解当地社区自己的文化
48、以及如何影响社会发展，也有助于观众与所在社区互动，帮助人们享受和满足他们的休闲需求。人们和社区举办节庆提供游客一个宝贵的经历。此外，文化是通过社会个人的角度表达社区遗产，让游客享受和体验当地的文化。这些节庆还提供必要的支持给那些追求经济机会与分享社区文化的人们。联合国环境规划署（2002）表明，通过提高和发展节庆促进文化旅游活动。旅游能增添社区在很多方面活力的一个例子是，当地居民一直是主要参与者和观众，往往大大加快了旅游的发展。活动组织者没有考虑到社会和环境的影响。有人认为，显然需要采取一种全面的方法在任何地区，必须寻求游客与地区之间的和谐（英国历史遗产，2000年第29页）。所在社区发挥着重
49、要作用，当运作一个大型体育赛事或其它大型活动。盖茨（1997）的工作是使社会关注的事件管理者获得支持和资源，同时也着眼于10本地因素和成本效益，以及政治方面的因素。如果这一切都考虑到，它可能导致一个好的活动产生，甚至当地社区之间的良好关系和当地经济社会的全面发展。问题是社区可能因人群涌入而无法应付。这可能有破坏作用，特别在交通挤塞和犯罪方面。此外史密斯（1989）讲述了社会文化的影响，造成主办方与游客的冲突，还有其它许多因素可能会导致双方关系的恶化。游客在参观的那些日子，因为有时间限制，使他们变得更加不容忍浪费时间，例如，不想花太多时间寻找某个地方停车。事件的影响可以在很大程度上影响到当地居民的生活质量。因此，有人认为通过控制策略减少节日的负面影响。活动组织者只考虑对经济的影响而忽略了居民的看法，所以要考虑重要影响与非经济因素之间的利益衡量作用（郑和福克纳，1996）。这些节庆影响到许多主办城市，从文化、经济、社会和环境方面。许多节庆的影响对他们所在城市有正面和负面的，但往往分析的重点集中在经济方面。霍尔（1992）认为，这些活动主办方的理由认为，吸引经济效益往往是官方提供的正当理由。经济影响评估，还必须充分考虑到其它方面。通过节庆的好处发展文化旅游是类似于（1997）盖茨的经济角色定义。盖茨认为“事件造成的经济作用作为催化剂，以吸引游客逗留和增加他们的平均花
