1、浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献译文 1 毕业论文外文翻译 译文 标题：韩国电信产业的发展 资料来源 : http:/ 作者： Rdiger Frank Niina Mallat 电信具有区别其他部门的许多独特优点，这些一直作为一种正当的ex-tensive 常规。技术创新作为主要因素之一改变这个观点 ,并支持全球自由化驱动 ,最终导致快速扩张的移动通信和互联网。 大韩民国（韩国） 已经处 在这些事态发展的最前沿 ，是 早期的阶段，因此能够获得先发优势。 韩国 的结构可以为我们在 面对稀缺资源 时 ， 利用 先进技术，推进国家的激烈竞争 及 自然限制 找到一种成功的办法 。首先，我们将探讨一
2、些电信的细节 以及 这个行业在韩国的历史概述。分析当前的形势和一看 zfuture部门的 IT 战略和蓝图 ， ,从碎布致富的故事和产业政策的典型例子 ， 突出韩国电信令人印象深刻的进展 。 所有这些导致了一种或更多形式的国家干预。许多人会记得，就像经济教科书所预测的那样，该系统不能很好地运作。雪上加霜的是，垄断的同时该系统官僚化也很严重。价格高昂，服务质量却很差，注册难，革新慢，选择性小且设备少。改良计划的任务主 要包括以下几点：通常是先创立一个国有企事业单位，创业、企业改良和监管职能要分离；再使国有企业私有化；引进国内的服务竞争再传入国外的竞争体制；最后，促进管理改良的发展（包括定价，出口
3、，进口，相互联络）。在本文中讨论的问题是：部门明确的规定和一般公平贸易的政策之间的关系，以及对韩国电信产业的需求。 此外，韩国在上述战略部门迅速和片面的的扩张已经达到一定的限度。在轻工业，重工业和化学工业之后，一个以保持经济增长，并巩固了其他方面比较薄弱的专制政权的合法性新战略部门（ Kihl 2005 年）被发现。改革过后的韩国电信 部门决定，在此背景下的经济奇迹，必须继续和扩大，韩国 GOV 换算需要一个新的冠军。改革遵循既定的蓝图。此前，在 20 世纪 60 年代建立了劳动密集型产业，在 20 世纪 70 年代建立了重工业和化学。目前国家，以及部长级的官僚机构的技术代表，确定了需要开发在
4、 20 世纪 80 年代的电信部门。作为第一步，有竞争力的产品必须 确定 ，然后推进技术和资金支持，通过政府采购和贸易保护主义提供安全的国内市场。然后，准备出口的方向，即国际竞争与国内竞争中 的初步 改变。是什么仍然使这个 发展 的模式如此成功，在后期阶浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献译文 2 段，政府的指导和资助是逐渐稳步缩小的 。在该过程结束，矗立着一个新的，私人拥有和管理的国际竞争力产业。电信的改革基本上是在 1981 年开始与韩国电讯管理局的业务单位从部正式分离（ KTA 的，后来柯 REA 电信，自 2001 年以来： KT）。这一步的主动权，几乎完全由政府内部。取得了令人瞩目的成
5、果，新技术的开发，电话密度提高到 100，仅在几年内。创建一个全新的部门包括诸如电子和电信重新搜索研究所（ ETRI），国家计算机化署（ NCA），韩国信息社会发展研究所（ KISDI）的 R D 机构。 硬件制造商的出现或多或少在一夜之间，在政府的大力支持和鼓励下，由正规和 非正规的采购的保证，基于强 jaebeol（业务集团）作为 “ 母亲 ” 。究其原因有两个方面：事实上，作为宇（ 1991）曾指出，他们的代理商直接参与的企业太年轻了。在引入竞争和所有权意义上的 “ 真实 ” 改革开始于 20 世纪80 年代末，主要是在变化的国际形势和经济经验上与来自美国的压力同日本挑战。这种压力是最强
6、的增值服务和 IT 硬件 。 因此，充分的竞争是在保存价值。增加了服务设备， duopolies 寻呼，移动通信和国际长途。韩国电信国内长途和本地服务的垄断地位仍然完好无损。韩国电信作为全国的旗舰公司之一，这意味着面对竞争小心 前进，并允许其进入以前限制的业务领域，增加其效率。随后，韩国电信获得了渴望已久的的出售增值服务的权限，而不是方式。从此后不久，在 1995 年信息和通讯部的基础上第三次改革开始。其主要特点是双寡头结构的取消，因为它提供必要的激励机制，在国内同行业中负有不可推卸的外国竞争的实力 。 政府是在两条战线上战斗：要防止旗舰航空公司为外国人统治，这是渴望获得在 KT 公司的控股份
7、额，并有经济能力这样做。但结果却是一个漫长而缓慢的的过程。 TBetween 1993年和 2002 年被出售，股份在十步，减少国家的市场份额提高到 80。值 得注意的是，私有化的进行，但慢慢地，由于第一大股东的信息和通信部的充分理由，担心在政府内部它将失去其重要性，并变得过时。事实上，如果 REA 通信委员会的监管机构成为独立的美国 FCC，相应地，主动寻找一个新的存在理由是意料之中的，其实是可以对未来的展望。 商业部，工业和能源四个领域下跌下的信息和通信（数字电视和广播，新一代移动通信，智能家居网络，数字内容和软件）负主要责任。所谓的新的生物药物和其他生物技术的发展由科技处理。在韩国电信行
8、业推动下，韩国政府打算利用这些城市的建设提供最初的市场吸引力和治愈私营工业，以 减少进入这些新业务的风险。希望一旦初始投资收购，从全国范围来看该行业将打破，甚至成为自我可持续发展，并最终成为出口冠军。第一个韩国的信息化城市，预计将在 2009 年完成。 韩国发展将为移动手机做低功耗的图像处理芯片。嵌入式软件：是指软件浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献译文 3 已经内置在各种设备，包括汽车，医疗设备等，这种类型的软件到目前为止成功的从手机中的应用扩展到其他领域。数字内容 /软件解决方案： “ 在未来 的 战略 ” 的特点，它可以在高度增加的网络环境中，增强机器人和远程信息处理和价值。它的领域很广
9、泛，包括在电影中的 “ 数字演员 ” ，游戏等，韩国希望促进开 放源码软件，适用于台式电脑，希望避免对主导生产的依赖，并找到自己的 “ 终极应用 ” 。韩国正以惊人的速度不断变化。然而，几乎所有讨论都集中在如何组织和优化国家的干预，而不是它是否应该被遗弃。与此对应的言论在原则上，政策不变。 我们只能推测，如果它有其明确的目标，来自中国的日益增长的压力，加之巨大的机遇，确实起到了作用。日本的策略通常是非常广泛，而韩国，往往会产生非常详细，准确的政策文件。在一般情况下，韩国人似乎是在数字和指数上比日本更感兴趣。韩国强调的是在国家发展过程中的作用。因此， IT 部门变化迅速，策略积极，是 韩国最重要
10、的。 浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献原文 4 外文文献原文 Title: The develop of Koreas telecom industry MaterialSource: http:/ Author: Rdiger Frank Telecommunications possess many unique features that distinguish this sector from others. These have long served as a justification of often ex-tensive regulation. Technological
11、innovation was one of the main factors in changing this view and supporting a global deregulation drive, which eventually led to the rapid expansion of mobile communication and the internet. The Republic of Korea (South Korea) has at a very early stage been at the forefront of these developments and
12、 accordingly could reap the benefits of a first mover. Facing the natural limitations of scarce resources as well as stiff competition from technologically advanced and advancing nations, Korea struggles to find a way to continue this success into the fu-ture. First, we will explore some of the spec
13、ifics of telecommunications, followed by an overview of the history of this industry in South Korea. An analysis of the current situation and a look at the IT strategies and blueprints for the zfuture of the sector will round up the picture and highlight the impressive progress of telecommunications
14、 in Korea - a story from rags to riches and a remarkably typical example of industrial policy. All this led to one or other form of state intervention. As many of us will remember, this system did not work well - just as economics textbooks would predict. Adding insult to injury, the monopoly was al
15、so heavily bureaucratized. Prices were too high, while the quality of service was low, waiting lists for access were long, innovation was slow and alternatives in services and equipment were few. The resulting tasks for a reform programme consisted mainly of the fol-lowing components: separation of
16、entrepreneurial, industry-promoting and regulatory functions, usually by creating a state-owned business unit first; privatization of this business unit; introduction of domestic competition in services; introduction of foreign competition; and finally, further regulatory reform (pricing, entry, exi
17、t, interconnection).Other issues that are only superficially dealt with in this paper are 浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献原文 5 the relationship between sector specific regulation and general fair trade policy, as well as the need for Koreas Telecommunications Industry。 Moreover, Korea had reached some limits of th
18、e rapid and one-sided expansion in the above mentioned strategic sectors. After light industry and heavy and chemical industries, a new strategic sector had to be found to keep the economy growing and to bolster the otherwise quite weak legitimacy of an authoritarian regime (Kihl 2005). The decision
19、 to reform Koreas telecommunications sector has to be seen against this background: the economic miracle had to be continued and expanded. The Korean government needed a new champion. The reforms followed an established blueprint. The state, represented by the technocrats in the ministerial bureaucr
20、acy, identified the need to develop the telecommunications sector in the 1980s. Earlier, labor-intensive industries were built up in the 1960s, followed by heavy and chemical industries in the 1970s. As a first step, competitive products had to be identified; then, import-substitution was pushed by
21、technological and financial support as well as the provision of safe domestic markets by government procurement and protectionism. Later, the strategy was changed to the introduction of domestic competition as the preparation for export orienta-tion, i.e. international competition. What made and sti
22、ll makes this developmental model so successful is that in the later stages, government guidance and subsidization are gradually but steadily downscaled and finally removed. At the end of the process stands a new, privately owned and managed internationally competitive industry. The telecom reforms
23、basically started in 1981 with the formal separation of the business unit Korea Telecommunications Authority (KTA, later Ko-rea Telecom, since 2001: KT) from the ministry. The initiative for this step came almost exclusively from within the administration. Impressive results were achieved, new techn
24、ologies were developed, tele-density was boosted to 100% within only a few years. A whole new sector was created includ-ing R four fields fell under the re-sponsibility of the Ministry of Information and Communications (digital TV and broadcasting, next-generation mobile communication, intelligent h
25、ome networks, digital content and software). The development of new so-called bio drugs and other biotechnologies was to be handled by the Minis-try of Science and Technology. 浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献原文 7 Koreas Telecommunications Industry.Industrial promotion in Korea, the government intends to use the co
26、nstruc-tion of these cities to provide the private industry with attractive and se-cure initial markets to reduce the risk of entering these new businesses. The hope is that once initial investments have been made and experience has been acquired, the industries will break even from a national point
27、 of view by becoming self-sustainable and eventually export champions. The first u-cities in Korea are scheduled to be completed by 2009. Korea will develop a low-power image processing chip for mobile hand-sets. Embedded Software: This refers to software that is already built in vari-ous devices in
28、cluding cars, medical equipment etc. The so far successful application of this type of software to mobile handsets will be expanded to other areas. Digital Contents/Software Solutions: Characterized as the “strategic in-dustry of the future”, it can highly increase the value of network environ-ments
29、, robots and telematics. The field is large; it includes “digital actors” in movies, games etc. Korea wants to promote open source software for desktop computers, hoping to escape the dependency on dominant produc-ers and to find its own “killer applications”.Korea is a country that is changing at b
30、reathtaking speed - or is it? The discussion in Korea is, however, almost exclusively focused on how to organize and optimize the states intervention, not whether it should be abandoned per se. This corresponds with the remarks made ear-lier in this chapter: in principle, the policy remains unchange
31、d. We can only speculate if it was Japan with its explicit goal to become “the worlds most advanced IT nation” that provided the reason for Koreas IT strategists to return to previous superlatives. The ever-growing pressure from China combined with huge opportunities has certainly played a role. Jap
32、ans visions are usually very broadly formulated, whereas Korea tends to produce very detailed, precise policy papers. In general, Koreans seem to be more interested in numbers and indices than Japan. The states role in the development process is much more emphasized in Korea. So the IT sector is important for Korea, it changes rapidly and demands an active strategy.
