1、浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献译文 毕业论文外文翻译 译文 网站设计与架构 资料来源 : analysis and design of information systems 作者 ： M.langer 摘要：本章的目的是为网站架构提供最佳实践途径。重点是帮助所有 Web系统集中所需的实用型功能的工作流产品。正如我所强调的，架构是依赖大量的内容来创建，维护和存储的。以下是一些需要分析师去克服，以确保系统内容设计合理的问题。 1、 内容管理 更高级的内容管理系统提供了建筑基础结构，允许使用一个基于模板的设计系统生成的 Web 页。这种结构化的方法可构建一个电 子商务网站，使所有网页都有类似
2、“ 外观和感觉 ” 的内容管理系统。为初学者创 建 “ 基地 ” 模板，这也符合公司的品牌和标识。这些初学者模板表示系统中的每个 Web 页面 的 “ 框架 ” 。因此，需要新的 Web 页时，将加载的第一个组件作为 基地 “ 框架 ” 的 模板之一。 通常情况下，有几个不同的初学者模板 ；一个主要的 Web 页和多个初学者帧的各种子页。在很多方面类似于创建一致的导航样式为整个电子商务系统设计模板的过程。主框架生成之后，开发人员不是从零开始生成 HTML 代码的，其加载包含特定的特性和功能的模板。 在现实中，网站生成器类似于一 种基于对象建立程序的方法。通过反复重写代码，而不是 Web 系统开
3、发组件的方法。虽然开发人员正在加载模板，他 /她可以在模板框架放入具体内容。模板框架的 内容可以被定义为 “ 动态 ” 的意思， 可以使用内容管理系统动态地更改其内容，或认为更改必要时安排的动态变化。 因此，每一页上的每个模板组件可 以是 “ 寻址 ” ， 也就是说可以更改其内容，而无需直接修改 Web 页。此外，该模板可以通过更改变量的方式，例如，模板可能出现在多个位置。内容管理者只能更改一次，这一次可以更改所有内容。因此，内容管理系统包含了一个基础结构可以更新的内容同时 设置规则规定谁可以更新它 （安全性）。内容管理系统还支持日历功能，它允许更新的内容自动按特定时间和日程进行安排。 总之，
4、内容管理网站生成器代表新的开发环境，模板体系结构分析师使用指定的编程要求来进行。这种体系结构允许程序员利用水库标准模板来生成网页。此外，它允许更新的内容无需专门有授权的业务人员来操作。 浙江万里 学院现代物流学院 外文文献译文 1 内容管理系统也适用于多任务环境。设计器创建的 HTML 屏幕，用户可以更新它的内容。此外，网站生成器产品允许创建多个版本的网站，所以电子商务系统实际上可以重复使用屏幕，或包含不同的屏幕的特定用户群。因此，内容管 理基础架构必须支持站点布局系统，它使分析师和设计师创建德总体为 Web 站点的导航结构。网站生成器的易用性，因为不需要他们有专业知识，在 HTML 中由业务
5、用户直接更改内容，这些系统也坚持企业品牌战略和标识的要求。此外，网站生成器为网站架构提供安全，所以对网站架构的访问，只允许那些已获授权在 Web 站点上工作的人。 2、 创建对象 内容管理的另一个重要组成部分，是它在建设网站时能够搜索并找到相关的内容。换句话说，一个复杂的索引系统可以被放置在一个智能库中，这个资料库可以分配类别索引。这些类别通常由开发团队和用户参与 并进行网站维护，一旦内容存储在分配类别中，它可以用来寻找图像，图形或文字。电子商务系统的战略是常见的内容产生重用。这是类似于面向对象的系统开发的可重复使用的编程方式。 这就是为什么它是如此的重要，一旦决定使用，可预先建立对象类型的设
6、计，设计与开发人员来构建 Web 站点。这一过程也存在修改和使用自定义编程时需要使用的内容管理软件。事实上，开发人员仍然需要提供特定的编码来处理复杂的电子商务功能。但是，内容管理提供了一个结构化的方法来为启动电子商务功能奠定了基础。内容管理理念，可以使用一个预制的模型来举例如建造房屋 ，那些建在一个标准的规范场以外的预制房屋，建成后，把一些家庭都运送到工地上，然后由建设者完成，制造商可能需要完成他的规定中所没有包括的专业功能。在这个例子中，内容模板网站预制部分就如同开发商是建造者可能需要增加的特殊部分。 3、 服务器引擎技术 有两种类型的服务器引擎，由内容系统使用：原 Macromedia 的
7、 ColdFusion和 Microsoft 的活动服务器页面（ ASP）。这些技术提供了内部服务器引擎，推动这些产品的架构。这两个产品之间存在一个显着性差异， ASP 只能运行在微软 Windows 服务器平台。这并不 意味着， ASP 不能与其他硬件平台接口，而只是限制在 Windows 2000 服务器软件的操作。基本上这些服务器引擎，内置的软件支持迄今已讨论了包括电子商务网站的活动，集成化，个性化，数据库接口，目录服务，以及电子邮件接口录制的功能。这些产品还支持各种客户端的配置，包括移动电话、 Web 服务、手持设备、电脑。 4、 XML 支持 多数内容系统通过提供转换实用程序会自动形
8、成 XML 格式来传输文本和浙江万里 学院现代物流学院 外文文献译文 2 图形，同时提供对 XML 的支持。在使用此功能前首先转换存储库内容系统外创建的内容。此功能还允许驻留在内容体系后端存储库中的数据 导出到一个关系数据库中去。这进一步支持使用内容体系作为传输文本、图形数据库、 旧式系统和网站之间的中央存储库。 浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献原文 4 外文文献原文 Website Design and Architecture Materia l S ource : ana lys is and design of infor mat ion syste ms Author:M.lang
9、er Summary:The purpose of this chapter was to provide best practices for site architecture.The major emphasis was to implement a central content/workflow product that could help centralize many utility type functions required for all Web systems.As I have emphasized, the architecture is dependent he
10、avily on how conte nt is created, maintained, and stored. The following are some of the problems that analysts need to overcome to ensure that content systems are designed properly. 1、 Content Management as a Web Site Builder More advanced content management systems provide architectural infrastruct
11、ures that allow Web pages to be generated using a template-based design system. This entails a structured approach to building a Web site for ecommerce. First, starter or “base” templates are created in the content management system so that all Web pages have a similar “look and feel” that is consis
12、tent with the firms branding and identity. These starter templates represent a “frame” for every Web page in the system. Thus, when a new Web page is required, the first component to load is one of the base “frame” templates. Typically, there are a few different starter templates; one for the main W
13、eb page and multiple starter frames for the various sub-pages. In many ways the process of designing templates is similar to creating a consistent navigation style for the entire ecommerce system. After the main frame is generated, developers, rather than generating HTML code from scratch, begin to
14、load various templates that contain specific features and functions. In reality, the Web site builder resembles an object-based approach to building programs. Rather than rewriting code over and over, the site builder architecture allows for a component approach to Web development. While a developer
15、 is loading a template, he/she can decide on the specific content to place into the template frame. A template frames content can be defined as“dynamic”, meaning that its content can be changed dynamically. Dynamic changes can be scheduled using the content 浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献原文 5 management system, o
16、r changed when deemed necessary. Therefore, every template component on every page can be “addressable”, meaning that its content can be changed without directly modifying the Web page. Furthermore, the template can be changed in variable ways. For example, a template might appear in multiple locati
17、ons. The content manager can change just one occurrence or can change all of them. Thus, the content management system contains an infrastructure that can update the content and set rules on who can update it (security). Content management systems also support calendaring, which allows content to be
18、 updated automatically based on a specific time schedule. In summary, the content management site builder represents a new development environment that allows analysts to specify programming requirements using template architecture. This architecture allows programmers to build Web pages from a rese
19、rvoir of standard templates. In addition, it allows authorized business personnel to update content without requiring programming assistance. Content management systems are also multitasking environments. While designers are creating HTML screens, users can be updating content. Furthermore, site bui
20、lder products allow for the creation of multiple versions of a site, so ecommerce systems can actually reuse screens, or contain different screens for a specific user base .Thus, a content management infrastructure must support a site layout system that enables analysts and designers to create an ov
21、erall navigation structure for a Web site. Because of the ease of use of the site builder, content can be changed by business users without requiring them to have knowledge in HTML. These systems also uphold the business branding strategy and identity requirements. Furthermore, the site builder arch
22、itecture provides security so access is controlled for only those who have been authorized to work on the Web site. 2、 Creating Objects Another important component of content management is its ability to search and find relevant content when building Web sites. In other words, a complex indexing sys
23、tem exists that allows for content to be placed in an intelligent repository. This repository can be indexed within assigned categories. These categories are typically determined by the development team and by the users who participate in the maintenance of the Web site. Once content is stored withi
24、n assigned categories it can be used to search for particular images、 graphics、 or text that can be incorporated in the design of any Web site. Part of the strategy for ecommerce systems is to generate common content for reuse. This is similar to the 浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献原文 6 way object-oriented systems
25、 are developed for reusable programming. That is why it is so important to know whether a content management system will be used. Once this has been determined, the design of pre-built object types can be designed and used by developers to construct the Web sites. This process does not imply that th
26、ere are no modifications or custom programming required when using content management software. Indeed, developers still need to provide specific coding to handle complex ecommerce functions. However, content management does offer a structured approach to start the foundation. Content management phi
27、losophy can be compared to building homes using a pre-fabricated model. Pre-fabricated homes are those that are built off-site in a standard specification. Once built, these homes are delivered to the site, and then completed by the builder. The builder may need to add specialized features that are
28、not included in the standard specification from the manufacturer of the home. In this example, the content template represents the pre-fabricated portion of the Web site and the developer is the builder who may need to add the specialized features required for that particular version of the pre-fabr
29、icated template. 3、 Server Engine Technologies There are two types of server engines that most content systems use:Macromedias Coldfusion and Microsofts Active Server Page (ASP). These technologies provide the internal server engines that drive the architecture for these products. The controversy ov
30、er which engine best serves the needs of ecommerce systems is not clear. One significant difference between the two products, however, is that ASP can only operate on a Microsoft Windows server platform. This does not suggest that ASP cannot interface with other hardware platforms, but rather just l
31、imits the operation of the software on a Windows 2000 server. Essentially these server engines have built-in software that supports much of the functionality that has been discussed thus far in this chapter, including recording of ecommerce Web activities、 integration、 personalization、 database inte
32、rface、 directory services and email interface. These products also support various client configurations including mobile phones、 Web services、 hand-held devices、 and of course PCs. 4、 XML Support Most content systems have or will offer support for XML by providing conversion utilities that will aut
33、omatically transfer text and graphics into the XML format. This feature allows content that has been created outside the content system to be easily imported into the content repository by simply converting it first into an 浙江万里学院现代物流学院 外文文献原文 7 XML document. This feature also allows for content obj
34、ects that reside in the content system to be exported into a relational database so they can be incorporated into the entire back-end repository of data. This further supports the use of a content system as a central repository to transfer text and graphics among databases、 legacy systems、 and Web sites.
