1、1外文翻译原文TITLEANEMPIRICALSTUDYOFTHEQUALITYOFSERVICEOFAPORTOPERATORTHECASEOFPORTLOUIS,MAURITIUSTMATERIALSOURCEJOURNALOFACADEMYOFBUSINESSANDECONOMICSAUTHORVISHUEN,MADRE,VEENA,MUNHURRUN,BOOPEN,SEETANAH,SAWKUT,ROJIDQUALITYISPERHAPSONEOFTHEFEWWORDSTHATSTILLCARRYASUBJECTIVEMEANINGQUALITYHASBEENASSIGNEDVARIO
2、USDEFINITIONSBYRESEARCHERSINTHATRESPECT,REEVESANDBEDNAR1994NOTEDTHATTHEREISNOUNIVERSAL,PARSIMONIOUS,ORALLENCOMPASSINGDEFINITIONORMODELOFQUALITYOVERHALFACENTURYAGO,FEIGENBAUM1951VIEWEDQUALITYASVALUECROSBY1979CONCEIVEDQUALITYASCONFORMANCETOREQUIREMENTSZEITHAML1988IDENTIFIEDQUALITYASSUPERIORITYOREXCELL
3、ENCE,WHILEPARASURAMANETAL1985CONSTRUEDTHEDEFINITIONOFQUALITYASMEETINGCUSTOMERSEXPECTATIONSQUALITYWASDEFINEDASTHECONSUMERSOVERALLIMPRESSIONOFTHERELATIVEINFERIORITY/SUPERIORITYOFTHEORGANIZATIONANDITSSERVICESBITNERANDHUBBERT,1994KEININGHAMETAL,1995ANDSLACKETAL2004VIEWEDITASTHECONSISTENTCONFORMANCETOCUS
4、TOMERSEXPECTATIONSALTHOUGHMUCHRESEARCHHASBEENDONEINTHEFIELDOFSERVICEQUALITY,YETTHEREISNOCONSENSUSAMONGACADEMICIANSONTHEMEASUREMENTMETHODOLOGYOFTHEQUALITYCONSTRUCTASSUCH,DIFFERENTMETHODSHAVEBEENDEVISED,TESTED,USED,ANDCRITICIZED,THEMOSTPROMINENTONESBEING,SERVQUALPARASURAMANETAL,19851988,TOPSIS,LOSSFUN
5、CTION,ANDHIERARCHICALMULTIDIMENSIONALMODELQUALITYANDCUSTOMERSERVICESKILLSWEREEARMARKEDBYBHARADWAJ1993ASPROSPECTIVEDETERMINANTSOFCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGETHISINEVITABLYCULMINATESINANENHANCEMENTOFTHEFINANCIALBOTTOMLINEINRESPECTTOASURVEYEFFECTEDUSINGANEIGHTDIMENSIONALQUALITYMODEL,RAPERTANDWREN1998CONCLUDEDT
6、HATEXPECTEDBENEFITSTOBEDERIVEDFROMQUALITYARESOHIGHTHATMANAGEMENTOPINESTHATQUALITYBASEDSTRATEGIESSIGNIFICANTLYINFLUENCETHEEIGHTQUALITYATTRIBUTES,AMONGWHICHARETHEFINANCIALLYRELATEDONESMARKETSHARE,OVERALLFINANCIALPERFORMANCE,ANDGROWTHINNETREVENUESEMPIRICALTESTSANDTHEORETICALCONSIDERATIONSPROVIDETHESUPP
7、ORTFORPARASURAMANETALARGUMENTSTHATTHESERVQUALISBOTHRELIABLE2ANDVALIDASANINSTRUMENTTOMEASURESERVICEQUALITYPARASURAMANETAL,1988INRESPECTTORESEARCHDONEONUKSERVICEBASEDORGANIZATIONS,CARUANAETAL1995REPORTEDTHATTHEREISEMPIRICALSUPPORTFORTHEBELIEFTHATDELIVERYOFSERVICEOFFERINGBYAFIRMISRELATEDTOITSBUSINESSPE
8、RFORMANCEREGARDINGSERVICEQUALITY,RAPERTANDWREN1998DIDPROVECOGENTLYTHATQUALITYINITIATIVESIMPROVEPERFORMANCEDEFINITIVEEMPIRICALRESULTSTHATLINKIMPROVEMENTSINLOGISTICSSYSTEMSWHICHPRECLUDEPORTOPERATIONSTOOVERALLFIRMPERFORMANCEHAVEBEENDIFFICULTTOACHIEVESTANKETAL,2003HOWEVER,FURTHERTOANINDEPTHASSESSMENTOFT
9、HERELATIONSHIPSAMONGLOGISTICSSERVICEPERFORMANCEANDCUSTOMERSATISFACTION,LOYALTY,ANDMARKETSHAREINANINDUSTRIALSETTINGCARRIEDOUTBYDAUGHERTYETAL1998,ITWASFOUNDTHATHIGHLEVELSOFLOGISTICSSERVICEAREINDIRECTLYRELATEDTOMARKETSHARETHROUGHSATISFACTIONANDLOYALTYDURINGTHELASTDECADES,THEGAPMODELHASBEENWIDELYUSEDINT
10、HEMEASUREMENTOFSERVICEQUALITYACROSSVARIOUSSECTORS,NAMELYBANKINGLASSARETAL,2000,HEALTHCAREWONG,2002,ANDTHEPROFESSIONALSERVICESPHILIPANDHAZLETT,2001INSPITEOFTHECRITICISMSFORMULATED,SERVQUALALTHOUGHELABORATEDFROMSIXSERVICESECTORSAPPLIANCEREPAIR,CREDITCARDS,INSURANCE,LONGDISTANCETELEPHONE,RETAILBANKINGA
11、NDSECURITIESBROKERAGEZEITHAMLETAL,1990HASBEENEXTENSIVELYAPPLIEDINOTHERSERVICEINDUSTRIESRETAILSHOPPINGSTORESTEAS,1993FINANCIALSERVICESCRONINANDTAYLOR,1992PUBLICUTILITIESTOURISMINDUSTRYHOTELTRADEJUWAHEER,2004ANDMOREUNCOMMONLYTHEAIRLINESECTORANDTHEPORTSECTORUGBOMAETAL,2004THEWIDEARRAYOFAPPLICATIONOFSUC
12、HANINSTRUMENTASSERVQUALSPELLSCONFIDENCEINITSUTILIZATIONASATECHNIQUEFORMEASURINGSERVICEQUALITYINVARIOUSBUSINESSSECTORSANDSERVICEINDUSTRIESPRIMARYDATAWASCOLLECTEDTHROUGHASURVEYWHICHWASUNDERSTANDINGLYOFTHEINTERVIEWERCOMPLETIONTYPETHISBEINGTHATITWASDEEMEDIMPORTANTTHATSOMEPRIORANDRELEVANTEXPLANATIONSBEGI
13、VENTOTHERESPONDENTSINVIEWOFASCERTAININGTHEROBUSTNESSANDRELEVANCEOFDATAINADDITIONTOENSURINGAHIGHLEVELOFRESPONSERATEINTHELIGHTOFTHERESEARCHOBJECTIVES,STATEDATSECTION,ANDTHELITERATUREREVIEW,THERESEARCHQUESTIONSFORMULATEDARE,AILEDFROMCHCLGAP5SAMPLINGMETHODANDQUESTIONNAIREGIVENITSADVANTAGEOFINCREASINGTHE
14、DEGREEOFREPRESENTATION,THROUGHTHEREDUCTIONOFSAMPLINGERROR,THESTRATIFIEDSAMPLINGMETHODWASUSEDTHERELEVANTPOPULATIONOFCHCLFORTHISSTUDYWASIDENTIFIEDTOBEMADEUPOFMANAGEMENT,EMPLOYEESOPERATIONS,ANDCUSTOMERSTHECUSTOMERSCATEGORYHASBEENFURTHERBROKENDOWNINTOCUSTOMSOFFICERS,POLICEOFFICERS,SURVEYORS,CUSTOMSCLERK
15、SAND3BROKERS,ANDTRUCKERSTHESAMPLEDRAWNANDSURVEYEDISREPRESENTATIVEOFTHEDIFFERENTAFOREMENTIONEDSUBPOPULATIONSTHETOTALPOPULATIONRELEVANTTOTHISSTUDYIS313PERSONS,OUTOFWHICHCUSTOMERSACCOUNTFOR84264PERSONSTHEFACTTHATTHEPOPULATIONISSTRONGLYCUSTOMERSKEWEDISTANTAMOUNTTOINDICATESIGNIFICANTRELEVANCYOFTHEUSEOFSU
16、CHACUSTOMERORIENTEDTECHNIQUE,ASTHESERVQUAL,TOTHEPORTOFPORTLOUISTHEELABORATIONOFTHEQUESTIONNAIREFORTHISPRESENTSTUDYENCOMPASSEDTHECHALLENGESOFADAPTINGTHEORIGINALSERVQUALQUESTIONNAIRETOTHEPORTENVIRONMENT,ANDWHILEBEINGCOMPREHENSIVEINNATURE,CAREISTOBEEXERCISEDTHATITISCLEAR,UNDERSTANDABLEANDRELEVANTTOALLT
17、HESTRATAOFTHECHOSENSAMPLEMOREOVER,NOTALLOFTHEORIGINALSTATEMENTSOFTHESERVQUALWEREDEEMEDAPPLICABLETOTHEPORTENVIRONMENT,WHILEOTHERSCOULDBELUMPEDUPINONESTATEMENTINTHEPRESENTCIRCUMSTANCESHENCE,THE22ORIGINALSTATEMENTSSPANNINGWEREREDUCEDTO16STATEMENTSINTHEQUESTIONNAIREELABORATEDALSO,ASIXTHDIMENSIONWASCONST
18、RUED,NAMELYOPERATIONALIZATIONOFSERVICESTHISADDITIONALDIMENSIONANDTHEMODIFICATIONSOFTHEORIGINALSTATEMENTSWERERECKONEDTOBEVERYMUCHPERTINENTDURINGTHEVARIOUSCONSULTATIVEMEETINGSCARRIEDOUTWITHVARIOUSPORTSTAKEHOLDERSITISTOBENOTEDTHATWHILEADAPTINGTHEQUESTIONNAIRE,DUEDILIGENCEWASMADETOPRESERVEITSOBJECTIVITY
19、TORESPONDENTS,WHILEATTHESAMETIMEENSURINGITSRELIABILITYANDVALIDITYFORTHISSTUDY,BESIDESDESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSTESTS,AIMINGATPROVIDINGANINITIALINSIGHTINTOTHEPOTENTIALSOFTHEDATAGATHERED,NAMELYINTHEFORMOFPERCENTAGES,BARANDPIECHARTS,ANALYSESOFMEANS,VARIANCES,ANDSTANDARDDEVIATIONSCROSSTABULATIONSANDCORRELATI
20、ONTESTWEREALSOPERFORMEDTOIDENTIFYRELATIONSBETWEENANDAMONGTHESEVQUALSTATEMENTSREGRESSIONSWERECARRIEDOUTSUBSEQUENTLYINORDERTOCAPTURETHEWEIGHTOFEACHDIMENSIONINEXPLAININGTHESERVQUALCONSTRUCTUSEDFINALLY,THERELIABILITYANDPREDICTIVEABILITYOFTHECONSTRUCTWEREASSESSEDTHROUGHTHEUSEOFAPPROPRIATETESTSASSESSMENTO
21、FTHEOVERALLLEVELOFSERVICEQUALITYBYTHEDIFFERENTCATEGORIES50OFTHESOUNDEDMANAGEMENTRESPONDENTSFAIRLYAGREETHATCHCLISDELIVERINGQUALITYSERVICETOITSCUSTOMERSTHISSHARPLYCONTRASTSWITHTHEFACTTHATONLY5OFTHESURVEYEDCUSTOMERSAREOFTHESAMEOPINION,WHEREAS50OFTHEEMPLOYEESSEGMENTSAREUNDECIDEDABOUTTHEOVERALLEXCELLENCE
22、OFTHELEVELOFSERVICEAWHOOPING46OFTHISSEGMENTDISAGREESTHATCHCLISDELIVERINGEXCELLENTSERVICEOVERALLTHEWEIGHTSOFTHEDIFFERENTDIMENSIONSOFTHESERVQUALCONSTRUCTBEAR4SIGNIFICANTIMPACTONCALCULATEDGAPSCORES,BUTPRIMARILYDISPLAYTHERELATIVEIMPORTANCEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEDIFFERENTDIMENSIONSBYTHERESPONDENTSITISOBSERVEDTHA
23、TMANAGEMENTASSIGNSSIGNIFICANTIMPORTANCETOTANGIBLESONTHEOTHERHANDTHECUSTOMERSAREMOREINTERESTEDINTHEIMPORTANCEOFRESPONSIVENESSWHEREASMANAGEMENTANDEMPLOYEESATTRIBUTEMUCHWEIGHTTOOPERATIONALIZATIONOFSERVICES,SUCHISNOTTHECASEFORCUSTOMERSWHOARERATHERMUCHMOREINTERESTEDINTHEDIMENSIONSOFRESPONSIVENESS,ASSURAN
24、CE,ANDEMPATHYDIMENSIONSWHICHAREMUCHINFLUENCEDBYTHEPERSONNELOFCHCLTHESEDIMENSIONSAREALSOWELLVALUEDBYBOTHMANAGEMENTANDEMPLOYEESQUITEINTERESTINGLY,THEEMPLOYEESSEGMENTHASATTRIBUTEDTHEHIGHESTMEANWEIGHTTOASSURANCEANANOVASINGLEFACTORTESTSHOWSTHATTHEVARIANCEISQUITESIGNIFICANTAMONGTHEDIMENSIONSMEANSATTRIBUTE
25、DBYTHECUSTOMERS,WHEREASTHEMANAGEMENTSEGMENTAPPEARSTOBEMORECONSISTENTINTHEIRRATINGSTAKENACROSSTHEDIMENSIONS,THEANOVASINGLEFACTORTESTSRESULTSSHOWSTHATTHEDIFFERENTDIMENSIONSBEARVARIANCESOFTHESAMEORDEROFMAGNITUDETHELOWESTVARIANCEISNOTEDFORTANGIBLEWHEREASEMPATHYFIGURESTHEHIGHESTVARIANCEANFSTATISTICSFURTH
26、ERCONFIRMEDTHATNOTALLOFTHEPOPULATIONMEANSAREEQUAL,BUTTHEANOVASINGLEFACTORTESTDOESNOTSTIPULATEWHICHPAIR/SOFVARIABLESHASDIFFERENTMEANSINORDERTOIDENTIFYTHEPAIR/SOFVARIABLESEXHIBITINGDIFFERENTMEANS,APOSTHOCTESTISPERFORMED,NAMELYTHETUKEYKRAMERMULTIPLECOMPARISONTESTTHELOWESTMEANFIGUREDISWITHRESPECTTOTHEDI
27、MENSIONTANGIBLES,WHEREASTHEHIGHESTMEANISDISPLAYEDJOINTLYBYTHEDIMENSIONSRESPONSIVENESSANDASSURANCETHEREMAININGTHREEDIMENSIONS,NAMELYRELIABILITY,EMPATHY,ANDOPERATIONALIZATIONOFSERVICESSHOWMEANSOFPRACTICALLYTHESAMEMAGNITUDEQUITEINTERESTINGLY,EACHANDEVERYPAIROFVARIABLESINVOLVINGTHEDIMENSIONTANGIBLESHASD
28、IFFERENTMEANSTHEHIGHESTABSOLUTEDIFFERENCEISEXHIBITEDBYTHEPAIRSOFVARIABLESCONSTITUTEDBYTANGIBLESANDRESPONSIVENESS,ANDTANGIBLESANDASSURANCEWHEREASTHELOWESTONEINVOLVINGTANGIBLESISBYTHEPAIRTANGIBLESANDEMPATHY外文文献译文标题港口运营商的服务质量实证研究路易港,毛里求斯案件资料来源JOURNALOFACADEMYOFBUSINESSANDECONOMICS作者VISHUEN,MADR,VEENA,M
29、UNHURRUN,BOOPEN,SEETANAH,SAWKUT,ROJID5对质量的认识,也许是具有主观意思的,而且研究人员也赋予了质量不同的定义。在这方面,REEVES和BEDNAR(1994)指出,“是没有通用的,简略的,或者涵盖所有的定义或模型能够对质量的作出阐述的。”半个多世纪前,FEIGENBAUM(1951)认为,质量应该是有价值的。CROSBY(1979)认为质量是符合要求的。当PARASURAMAN1985确定质量的定义是要满足顾客的期望的时候,ZEITHAML(1988)认为质量是要优势或优越性。质量的定义是消费者对组织(BITNER和HUBBERT,KEININGHAM,K
30、EININGHAM)及其服务(SLACK)的整体印象是优势或劣势。SLACK(2004)认为是质量是符合客户的期望。尽管在服务质量方面已经做了很多研究,但还没有一个质量测量方法得到了学者们的共识。因此,不同的测量方法被制定出来,通过测试、使用和评估,最突出的是,SERVQUAL(PARASURAMAN1985),TOPSIS法,损失函数法,多维层次法。BHARADWA(1993)指定质量和客户服务技巧是作为未来竞争优势的决定因素。这就不可避免地以超过了财务底线而失败告终。在一项使用八维质量模型的调查显示结果的基础上,RAPERT和WREN(1998)认为,从质量中得到的预期效益是很高的,管理层
31、认为,质量基础战略,对八项质量属性的影响显著,其中这都是在经济上相关的因素市场占有率,整体财务表现,并在净营业收入的增长。实证检验和理论思想都为PARASURAMAN等人的观点提供了论据,SERVQUAL衡量服务质量是一种既可靠又有效的工具(PARASURAMAN1988)。根据已经有研究的英国服务基础组织,CARUANA(1995)报告说,根据可以相信的实证证据证实,稳固的提供送货服与经营业务有关。就服务质量而言,RAPERT和WREN(1998)也中肯的证实,质量行为提高性能。权威研究结果证实了以整体稳固性能改善物流链接系统(即排除港口作业)已经难以实现(STANK2003)。然而,DAU
32、GHERTY(1998)进一步深入评估在执行工业环境时,物流服务性能、客户满意度、消费者忠诚度、和市场占有率之间的关系。结果发现,高水平的物流服务与市场份额有间接的关系,主要通过消费者满意度与忠诚度表现出来。在过去的几十年,差距模型已广泛地应用于各个部门测量服务质量,即银行(LASSAR2000),医疗保健(WONG2002)和专业服务(PHILIPANDHAZLETT2001)。不管这些评论的构想,SERVQUAL从六个方面详细的阐述了服务家电维修,信用卡,保险,长途电话,零售银行业务和证券经纪(ZEITHAML1990)已被广泛地应用于其他服务行业。比如零售购物商店(TEAS1993),金
33、融服务(CRONIN1992),公共事业,旅游产业,酒店业(JUWAHEER2004),以及更多不寻常的航空业和港口业(UGBOMA2004)。SERVQUAL作为一种工具,在各种各样的实际应用上,作为一种衡量各业务部门的服务质量和服务行业的技术。6主要数据的收集是通过一项调查的“面试结束”类型得出的。这被视为重要原因的是,一些先前重要和相关的说明给受访者弄清对系统的鲁棒性和关联的数据提供了依据。根据研究目的、地区规划、文献回顾,将制定研究的问题。抽样方法和问卷调查要通过采用“分层随机抽样方法”减少抽样误差,来增加程度的代表优势。有关人口的CHCL被确认为这项研究由管理、员工(行动)和顾客组成
34、。“客户”的范畴也得到进一步细分,为海关官员、警官、测量人员、报关员和经纪人、卡车司机。采用问卷调查得出的样本就代表了不同的上述提到的类型。总人口量与研究有关的是313人,其中的客户占84(264人)。事实上,人口是强烈的“客户倾向”,就等于表明了这样的一个以客户为导向的技术应用,相关性很强。问卷的发挥围绕着这个挑战,本研究需要原SERVQUAL的问卷来调查港口的环境。问卷的本质是全面、清晰的,也很易于理解与之相关的所有阶层选择的样本。此外,并非所有的SERVQUAL的原始报表被认为适用于港口环境,同时其它可以集中在一个报表在目前的情况下。因此,22个原始报表生成降到了16报表问卷中的详细描述
35、。同时,从第六维度出发,即解释为“可使用的服务”。这些额外的维度和修改的原始报表,在各种协商会议进行了各种各样的港口利益相关者都被认为是非常中肯。这里必须指出,虽然选择问卷,可以保持调查向受访者保持其客观性,而同时又能确保其可靠性和有效性。在这项研究中,除了测试描述性统计,旨在提供对数据的潜力初步了解收集即以百分比的形式,条状图和饼图,手段,方差分析的形式和标准偏差。相反,表格和进行相关性检验,以确定各SEVQUAL报表之间的关系。随后进行了回归分析,为了获取每个维度的重量以解释用于构建SERVQUAL模型。最后,建构是通过适当的测试使用可靠性评估和预测能力。评估整体水平的服务质量的不同类别。
36、50的有印象的管理人员受访者都相当同意,CHCL提供优质的服务给客户。这种对比明显的事实,只有5的受访客户持相同意见,而50的部分员工对有关整体卓越服务水平不肯定。46的部分不同意CHCL是提供优良的服务整体。对不同尺寸SERVQUAL的权重构建是有意义的,对计算出的差距分数冲击,但主要显示相对重要性由受访者的不同层面决定的。据观察,管理层对有形资产的分配上具有重要意义,另一方面,客户更感兴趣的是反应的重要性。而管理人员和员工属性都非常重视对“服务的运作”,情况并非如此,顾客更感兴趣的是尺寸的“响应性”、“保证”和“同感”,尺寸受到CHCL的人事部门的影响。这些尺寸也被管理人员和雇员所重视。很
37、有趣的是,部分员工认为最高的平均重要性是“保证”。一个方差分析单因素试验表明,该差异经由7客户被认为在“尺寸”中是相当重要的,而管理部门对评级更加保持一致。对于两者之间的尺寸,单因素试验的方差分析的结果表明,不同层面承担了相同的数量级差异。最低方差指出有形的而相同数字的是最高差额。一个FSTATISTICS进一步证实,并非指所有的居民都是平等的,但单因素方差分析测试没有规定哪一个变量有不同的手段。为了确定对不同变量的方法,可以执行一个事先的测试,即杜克克莱默多重比较试验。最低的意思是就关于尺寸的“有形资产”,而最高的意思是由显示出来共同的“反应”和“保证”。其余的三个维度,即“可靠性”,“同感”和“服务经营”显示出几乎同样的重要性方式。很有趣的是,每一个涉及变量都有不同的方式包括尺寸的“有形资产”。最高的绝对差极化构成的是双变量,“有形资产”、“反应”和“有形资产”、“保证”,而最低涉及的“有形资产”是一方的“有形性”和“同感性”。