1、24外文翻译原文TITLESUSTAINABLETOURISMMARKETINGATAWORLDHERITAGESITEMATERIALSOURCEJOURNALOFSTRATEGICMARKETINGAUTHORDAVIDCARSONTHETOURISMINDUSTRYISAMAJORCONTRIBUTORTOTHEGROSSNATIONALPRODUCTOFMANYNATIONSREIGEANDPERRY,2000ANDISONEOFTHEFASTESTGROWINGINDUSTRIESINTHEWORLDTODAYTHEMARKETINGOFTOURISTDESTINATIONSANDT
2、OURISMSERVICEPRODUCTSISAWIDELYRECOGNISEDPHENOMENONHOWEVER,THEGROWTHINTOURISMHASCREATEDNEWCHALLENGESTOTOURISMSITESINTERMSOFINCREASEDVISITORNUMBERSANDTHEIRPOTENTIALDETRIMENTALIMPACTONTHEENVIRONMENTTHISISBECOMINGEVIDENTINPOPULARTOURISTSITESANDOFTENINUNIQUEANDFRAGILEENVIRONMENTSSUCHASWORLDHERITAGESITEST
3、HEFOCUSOFTHISSTUDYWASONTHEGIANTSCAUSEWAYWHSITE,THEMOSTICONICANDMOSTVISITEDSITEINNORTHERNIRELANDREPRESENTINGALMOSTAQUARTEROFALLTRIPSTOTHEREGIONNORTHERNIRELANDTOURISTBOARD,2004THECURRENTGROWTHINTOURISTNUMBERSTOTHESITEHASLEDTOTHERECOGNITIONTHATCONSIDERATIONNEEDSTOBEGIVENTOASUSTAINABLETOURISMMARKETINGST
4、RATEGYIFTHESITEISTOBEMAINTAINEDFORFUTUREGENERATIONSTHEOBJECTIVESOFTHESTUDYWERETOGAINANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHENATUREOFINTERACTIONSBETWEENTHEORGANISATIONSINVOLVEDINMANAGINGTHESITE,ANDTOIDENTIFYTHEDIMENSIONSOFASUSTAINABLETOURISMSERVICEPRODUCTOFFERINGINAWHSITECONTEXTSUSTAINABLETOURISMMARKETINGFOLLOWINGTHEPOP
5、ULARISATIONOFTHECONCEPTOFSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT,SUSTAINABLETOURISMASACONCEPTDEVELOPEDDURINGTHELATE1980SANDEARLY1990SBRAMWELLANDLANE,1993HUNTER,995THISCONCEPTEVOLVEDINLINEWITHGROWINGRECOGNITIONOFTHEPOTENTIALFORTOURISMTOHAVEANEGATIVEIMPACTONTHEENVIRONMENTANDSOCIALFABRICOFDESTINATIONSHOWEVER,THEREISSOM
6、ECONCERNTHATWIDELYADOPTEDINTERPRETATIONSOFSUSTAINABLETOURISMAREOVERLYFOCUSEDONANEEDTOCONSERVETHERESOURCESONWHICHTHETOURISMINDUSTRYDEPENDSDEWHURSTANDTHOMAS,2003FOREXAMPLE,SOMEVIEWNATURALSITESASCONSERVATIONISTSANDARGUEFORDEMARKETINGANDSTAYAWAYMESSAGESTOBEGIVENTOTOURISTSQUAN,2000THE25IMPORTANCEOFTRYING
7、TOACHIEVEASOCIAL,ECONOMICANDENVIRONMENTALLYBALANCEDAPPROACHACCORDINGTOTHEBRUNDTLAND1987PRINCIPLES,WCEDTOMANAGINGANDMARKETINGTOURISTSITESWASTHEPERSPECTIVETAKENINTHISSTUDYTHECOREAIMOFTHESOCIALANDECONOMICPERSPECTIVESOFTOURISMISTOENCOURAGEMORETOURISTSTOVISITANDTOPROMOTETHEGROWTHOFTOURISTVALUETHEFOCUSISO
8、NCREATINGEMPLOYMENT,ACHIEVINGREVENUERETURNANDDEVELOPINGSOMELOCALENGAGEMENTANDINTERACTIONWITHTOURISTSTHEANTICIPATEDOUTCOMEISMORETOURISTDOLLARWHICHCONTRIBUTESMOREGNPANDEVENTUALLYLEADSTOLARGESCALETOURISMTHEENVIRONMENTALFOCUSOFTOURISMISATADIFFERENTENDOFTHESPECTRUMTOTHEECONOMICANDSOCIALPERSPECTIVESTHECOR
9、EAIMISTOPROTECTANDTOCONSERVEBOTHTHECULTUREANDTHEENVIRONMENTASBOTHAREINEXTRICABLYLINKEDTHEREISOFTENADICHOTOMYORCONFLICTBETWEENTHESOCIALANDECONOMICFOCUSOFTOURISMANDTHEENVIRONMENTALPERSPECTIVEFOREXAMPLE,THEENVIRONMENTALFOCUSISONCONSERVATIONANDPROTECTIONANDISOFTENABOUTRESTRICTINGTHEUSEOFAPARTICULARSITEO
10、RKEEPINGLARGENUMBERSOFVISITORSAWAYIFANATURALTOURISTATTRACTIONISTOEXISTANDBEECONOMICALLYVIABLE,ITMUSTEMBRACEECONOMICANDSOCIALOBJECTIVESANDALSOINCORPORATETHEENVIRONMENTALISSUESINTHECONTEXTOFECONOMICANDSOCIALWELLBEINGFROMAMARKETINGMANAGEMENTVIEWPOINT,ENVIRONMENTALOBJECTIVESSHOULDNOTDICTATETHEAGENDAFORT
11、OURISMATTRACTIONPROVISIONANDPERSPECTIVESDELIVERINGASUSTAINABLETOURISMSERVICEPRODUCTWILLDEPENDUPONINTERACTIVEMANAGEMENT,PLANNINGANDDECISIONMAKINGANDTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFACONSISTENTSERVICEPRODUCTTOLARGEGROUPSOFPEOPLEINAWELLMANAGEDWAYSUSTAINABLETOURISMMARKETINGREGIONALTOURISMORGANISATIONANDDOEDEPARTMENTO
12、FENVIRONMENTREGARDINGADVISORYANDPROMOTIONALSUPPORTTHEREWASACOMMITMENTTOTHEPROVISIONOFSUPPORT,BOTHADVISORYANDFINANCIALLYTHROUGHGRANTAIDFROMTHEENVIRONMENTSERVICEHOWEVERTHEINTERACTIONSANDCOLLABORATIONSWITHTHESEBODIESWERENOTSPECIFICOREXPLICITANDDIDNOTHAVEANYIMPACTONTHECURRENTMANAGEMENTOFTHESITEINSUMMARY
13、,THETHREEORGANISATIONSTHATOWNTHELANDANDTHESTONESATTHEGIANTSCAUSEWAYHAVEDIFFERENTPERSPECTIVESONEHASASINGLEFOCUSONCONSERVATION,RESTRICTIONANDPERHAPSCLOSURETOVISITORSTHESECONDORGANISATIONSOBJECTIVESARETOBRINGMOREVISITORSTOTHEAREA,ENCOURAGETHEMTOSTAYLONGERINORDERTOCONTRIBUTETOTHEECONOMYOFTHEWHOLEREGIONT
14、HETHIRDORGANISATIONWANTS26TODEVELOPAWIDERRANGEOFVISITORFACILITIESANDSERVICESWITHINTHEIMMEDIATEAREA,TOMAKEPROFITANDPROVIDEJOBSFORLOCALPEOPLETHESEDIFFERENTPERSPECTIVESRESULTINLITTLEINTERACTIONANDCOLLABORATIONBETWEENTHEORGANIZATIONS,INFACTTHEYSEEEACHOTHERASCOMPETITORSFORTHESAMEBUSINESSINADDITION,THEINT
15、ERACTIONSBETWEENTHEONSITELANDOWNERORGANIZATIONSANDTHEWIDERRANGEOFPUBLICANDPRIVATESECTORTOURISMRELATEDBUSINESSESWEREVERYLIMITEDSUCHLACKOFCOMMUNICATIONLEDTOCONFLICTINGDECISIONSBEINGMADEBYEACHORGANIZATIONRESULTINGINCONFUSINGCOMMUNICATIONMESSAGESFORVISITORSTOSUMMARISE,THEREWASLITTLEEVIDENCEOFSUSTAINABLE
16、TOURISMMANAGEMENT,THEREWASNOUNIFIEDSENSEOFDIRECTIONANDTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHETOURISMSERVICEPRODUCTWASLIMITEDANDTHESITEWASPOORLYMANAGEDASDESCRIBEDBELOWDELIVERYOFTHEWHSSERVICEPRODUCTTHEPHYSICALFEATURESANDCOREPRODUCTOFTHEWHSITE,THEGIANTSCAUSEWAYSTONESANATURALFEATUREWASPOORLYPRESENTEDANDMAINTAINEDATTHEMO
17、STFAMOUSPARTOFTHESITE,THEHONEYCOMBAREAWHERETHEMAJORITYOFVISITORSGO,THEREWASEVIDENCEOFNEGLECTMUDANDLITTERANDVANDALISMGRAFFITIANDCHIPPINGONTHESTONESWITHREGARDTOVISITORFACILITIESONSITETHEREWASLITTLEEVIDENCEOFRECENTCAPITALEXPENDITURE,THEBUILDINGSWEREOLD,ANDSMALLTHESIZEOFTHEBUILDINGSSHOPANDVISITORCENTREW
18、EREINADEQUATEANDOFTENBECAMECONGESTEDDUETOTHELIMITEDSPACEAVAILABLEANDQUEUESFORTOILETSANDCASHDESKSINTERMSOFACCESSIBILITYOFTHECOREPRODUCT,NEWTRANSPORTSERVICESTOBRINGVISITORSTOTHESITEWEREINTRODUCEDINTHEAREASADJACENTTOTHEGIANTSCAUSEWAYANDCAUSEWAYCOASTDURINGTHETIMEOFSTUDYTHESEINCLUDEDAHERITAGERAILWAYSERVI
19、CEANDARAMBLERBUSSERVICEHOWEVERTHESESERVICESWEREINTRODUCEDINCREMENTALLYWITHOUTANYOVERALLPLANONVISIONONEONSITEMANAGERCOMMENTEDTHESEFACILITIESAREPLANNEDONANADHOCBASISTHEMAJORITYOFVISITORSTOTHESITEARRIVEDBYCARIFTHEYARRIVEDBETWEENTHEHOURSOF930AMAND500PM,ACARPARKATTENDANTWASPOSITIONEDATTHEENTRANCEOFTHEPAR
20、KTOREQUESTPAYMENTOFTENTHEREWASCONFUSIONREGARDINGWHATTHEPAYMENTWASFORASTHEREWERECARPARKINGTICKETMACHINESCLEARLYEVIDENTWITHINTHECARPARKBECAUSEOFTHEPAYMENTREQUIREDWITHINTHECARPARKAREASORATBUSYTIMESWHENTHECARPARKWASFULL,CARSPARKEDALONGTHEROADSIDECAUSINGCONGESTION,DISRUPTION,TAILBACKSANDCONTRIBUTINGTOERO
21、SIONATTHESIDEOFTHEMAINROADCOMMUNICATIONANDINTERACTIVEMANAGEMENTOFVISITORS27THEREWASLITTLECOMMUNICATIONOFANYKINDTOSTIMULATEVISITORINTERESTINTHESITE,FOREXAMPLE,PROMOTIONALSIGNSORPICTURESTOILLUSTRATETHEFEATURESOFTHESITEORSERVICEAREASSUCHASTHECAFETERIAORSOUVENIRSHOPONEONSITEMANAGERCOMMENTEDWEDONTMARKETT
22、HEGIANTSCAUSEWAY,THEREISAPOLICYOFNOTREALLYMARKETINGITBECAUSEITRECEIVESSOMANYVISITORSALREADYTHEREWASANOVERALLLACKOFCLEARDIRECTIONALSIGNSFORVISITORINFORMATIONTHESITEHADPOORVISUALCOMMUNICATIONINTERMSOFGUIDANCE,INFORMATIONORADVICEONSITESIGNSONTHESITEANDONTHEWAYTOTHESTONESWERETOOSMALLTOBEREADFROMTHEPATH,
23、MAKINGITNECESSARYTOSTEPOFFTHEPATHONTOGRASSORHEATHLANDTOREADSIGNSWITHINTHESITE,THEONLYSTAFFAVAILABLEWERETHOSEEMPLOYEDWITHINTHERETAILOUTLETANDCAFEFACILITIESOPENBETWEEN930AMAND500PMONLY,OTHERWISETHEREWERENOSTAFFAVAILABLEFORGUIDANCE,DIRECTIONORSUPERVISIONOFVISITORSOVERALLINTERPRETATIONOFTHESITEANDATTEMP
24、TSTOENGAGEOREDUCATETHEVISITORWASVERYPOORSOMEOFTHEONSITEMANAGERSDIDNOTWANTANYINTERPRETATIVEMATERIALORACTIVITIESPROVIDEDATTHESITEUNLESSITWASABOUTCONSERVATIONTHEYALSOTHOUGHTTHATTHECOMPANIESBRINGINGPEOPLETOTHESITESUCHASBUSANDTOUROPERATORSSHOULDPROVIDEINTERPRETATIVEINFORMATIONABOUTTHESITEMOREFUNDAMENTALL
25、YTHEOPINIONOFTHESITEOWNERSWASTHATTHESITECOULDBEMANAGEDBYRESTRICTINGTHENUMBEROFVISITORSINSTEADOFADDRESSINGTHEISSUESOFINTERPRETATION,EDUCATIONANDVISITORGUIDANCEASILLUSTRATEDINTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTIGUESSWEWOULDPREFERTOASKPEOPLETOVOLUNTARILYSTAYOUTOFAREAS,WEMAYHAVETOCONSIDERMORESEVEREFENCINGANDTHINGSTOK
26、EEPPEOPLEOUTSITEMANAGERTOSUMMARISE,THEREWASALIMITEDCHOICEANDRANGEOFVISITORFACILITIESINTERMSOFCATERING,ENTERTAINMENTANDSHOPPINGOPPORTUNITIESONSITETHEMOREINTANGIBLEDIMENSIONSSUCHASPROVIDINGGUIDANCE,COMMUNICATIONANDINTERPRETATIONFACILITIESFORVISITORSWEREVERYADHOCANDINFORMALOVERALLTHESITEITSELFWASPOORLY
27、MAINTAINEDANDTHEREWASLITTLEEVIDENCEOFINTERACTIVEMANAGEMENTOFVISITORS28译文标题世界遗产地的可持续旅游市场营销资料来源战略营销杂志2007,5作者大卫卡而森旅游业是许多国家国民生产的一个重要贡献来源,并且是世界上发展最快的行业之一。今天,旅游目的地和旅游服务产品的营销是一个广泛公认的现象。然而旅游业的发展给旅游景点带来了新的挑战,游客人数的增加有可能会对环境产生不利影响。这一点对于热门景点而言更加明显,特别是独特脆弱的环境地,比如世界遗产地。这项研究的重点是“巨人堤”世界文化遗产地,是北爱尔兰最著名最具代表性的景点。持续增长的
28、旅游人数已经使大家认识到,如果想要为子孙后代保留自然景观,必须愈加重视可持续的旅游市场营销策略。这项研究的目的是获得管理景点的组织之间的相互影响作用,并且确定一个可持续旅游服务产品在世界文化遗产地能提供的范围和作用。可持续旅游营销随着可持续发展观念的发展,可持续旅游营销的概念也逐渐在80年代末90年代初形成。可持续旅游营销的意识随着人们对旅游产业对环境的负面影响以及对景区社会结构的潜在破坏的认识性的增加而不断演变。然而,一些被普遍认可的可持续发展旅游业的观点过分强调和关注旅游产业所依赖的资源的保护。比方说,有些观点强调保护自然景点,认为要还原景点的原真性,远离旅游业的污染而存在。这篇文章找到社
29、会经济和环境之间的平衡点来控制和经营旅游景点的重要性。从社会经济角度出发,主要的目的是鼓励更多的游客参观和宣传旅游价值的提升。重点是增加就业,实现退税和发展景区当地群众参与以及和游客的交流互动。所期待的结果是更多旅游业的支出会拉动GNP的增长,并且最终实现大规模的旅游产业的发展。与社会经济效益角度出发的观点对比,环境保护者对旅游业发展持另一种不同的观点。主要目的是使文化和环境都得到保护(二者是互相联系的)。两派观点的持有者经常对此有两分的观点而争论。比方说,环境保护的观点注重旅游资源的保持和保护,提倡限制特定景点的开发使用,使得大规模的游客远离这些景点。可持续旅游营销这些机构承诺,通过大量环境
30、服务的帮助,会提供咨询和财政的支助。然而,这些机构的互动和合作并不是特定和明确的,对于现阶段的景区管理模式并没有任何的影响。总之,这三个拥有巨人之路股份和土地的机构各自持有不同的观点。有一个只注重保护景区,提倡限制甚至隔离旅客。第二个机构的目29标是带来更多的游客,鼓励他们在景区呆上更长的时间,这样就可以为这块区域的经济作更大的贡献。第三个机构希望能在附近的地区发展更多的游客施设和服务中心,来获取更大的利益,并为当地人提供工作的机会。这三个截然不同的观点导致了这些机构之间极少的互动和合作,而事实上,它们将彼此视为同业的竞争对手。此外,拥有土地的景区机构和那些更广泛的国有和私人旅游机构的相互作用
31、是非常有限的。沟通的缺乏直接导致了每个机构做出的决定有冲突,对于游客来说,那些信息更加混乱了。总之,没有任何证据证明有可持续旅游营销的痕迹。景区给人的感觉并不统一,而旅游服务产品的制作也是有限的,而景区也是管理不善,如下所述。世界遗产景区服务产品的传递作为这个世界遗产景区的直观特征和中心产品,巨人之路上的岩石(一种自然的特征)并没有得到很好的展现和维护。在大部分游客都会去参观的该景区最著名的观光地点蜂巢的岩石上,能看到疏于管理(泥土和垃圾)和人为破坏(涂鸦和切割)的证据。在游客设施方面,可以看出最近很少有资金投入,建筑又小又旧。由于可利用的空间有限以及洗手间和收银台前的长队,商店和游客中心这些
32、设施的规模不足,而且变得更加拥挤。在研究进行的时候,作为一种核心产品,一项新的交通服务被引进,它将游客从邻近地区带到巨人之路景区及其海岸。这些交通服务包括铁路服务和漫游巴士服务。然而,这些服务的逐步推进并没有一个整体的计划。一位景区经理评论道“这些设施是在一个临时基础上规划的。”大部分游客是自己开车来到景区的。如果他们在上午930和下午5点之间到达的话,一位停车场工作人员会站在入口处收费。游客常常会对这项收费产生疑惑,因为停车场内明明有自动售票机。由于需要在停车场内部付费,且在高峰时段停车场经常停满车,所以很多车都是沿路边停靠的,常常引起交通堵塞,混乱和大排长龙的情况,而且对主要道路的边侧有损
33、害。交流和游客互动管理景区内没有任何提升游客兴趣的交流活动,比如用图片或者标志来展示景区的特点或者建造一些服务设施,像餐厅和纪念品商店。一位景区经理评论道“我们并没有对巨人之路进行市场营销,由于已经拥有足够多的游客,所以并没有一项措施来真正对其进行市场策划”对游客来说,景区内缺少明确的方向指示标志,与直观上的沟通,比如景区内的引导,信息和咨询。景区和通向岩石之路的标志太小,以至于不能从道路中间直接看清,需要离开小径走进草丛和荒野后才行。而景区内的工作人员只受雇于商店和咖啡厅(早上930到下午5点),没有保安,景区引导员和专门监管游客的人员。景区的整体展示和鼓励引导游客的尝试都十分薄弱。景区的部分管理者并不希望在景区提供任何展30示性的资料和活动,除非是关于景区保护的。他们还认为那些将游客带进景区的公司(比如巴士公司和旅游策划公司)应该要提供景区的介绍资料。更多的景区经营者认为比起提供景区展示,宣传和引导游客,限制游客数量才是管理景区的正途,就像下面的声明我认为我们需要将游客请离这块区域,我们不得不考虑搭建更坚实的栅栏,将游客隔离(景区经理)。总而言之,提供更多的游客设施,比如餐厅,娱乐设施和商店,可以作为一种有限的选择。而更多无形的方面,比如为游客提供引导、交流和互动的措施,则是临时和非正式的。纵观景区,它自己的维护相当贫乏,也缺少和游客的互动管理。