1、1在主体论证时，拓展段落的方法中 Argumentative Devices1 Exemplification (例证法 )2 Explanation(解释说明)3 Cause and Effect(因果论证 )4 Comparison and Contrast (比较与对比)5 Concession and Refutation(让步与转折)6 Definition(定义法)一二三原则一、 表示首先FirstlyIn the first placeFirst and foremost To begin withInitiallyThe first thing I want to mentio
2、n here is that二、 标示第二，此外SecondlyIn the second placeFurthermore2What is moreAdditionallyIn additionAnother equally vital point to be considered is that 三、 表示第三，最后LastlyIn the final placeLast but not leastFinallyEventuallyTo end withLast of allThe last but not the least四、 表示总而言之In the final analysisAb
3、ove allIn summaryTo concludeOn balanceIn a nutshell3From what has been mentioned above例证法For example For instanceSuch as IncludingTo illustrationNamelyTo name but a few To be more exact (more exactlyTo be more precise (more precisely To be more concrete (more concretelyis a case in point A case in p
4、oint isTake (consider)as an exampleSth. serves as a convincing exampleA further example isThe obvious example is Cite sth. as an excellent example ofThe most illustrious evidence is 41 旅游业是欣欣向荣的行业，它能提供如餐饮、运输、管理及娱乐等相关行业的就业机会。Tourism is a booming industry ,which can offer many job chances including ca
5、tering、transporting、managing ,as well as entertaining.2 缺乏环境保护的意识会直接导致生态系统的严重破坏，日益严重的空气污染就是一个铁证Lack of the awareness of environmental protection leads directly to severe destruction of the eco-system and the worsening air pollution serves as a convincing example.3 压力来自于各个方面，如同事带来的竞争压力，不良的人际关系，及具有挑战性
6、的工作。The mounting pressure stems from a range of aspects , such as the peer pressure , the poor interpersonal relationship , and the demanding job.4 过去二十年，中国在科技领域产生巨大的改变，手机的发明就是很好的例证。Over the previous twenty years , China has experienced dramatic changes in the field of technology , and the invention
7、 of the mobile phone is a case in point .5 这些人认为将浪费在太空探索上的财力和精力应该投资于地球上更为重要的事情上，如给无家可归的人提供住所、改善教育体制、保护环境及寻求疾病的治愈。These people say that the money and effort now being wasted in outer 5space could be spent on more important projects right here on earth , such as providing housing for homeless people ,
8、 improving the education system , saving the environment , and finding cures for diseases.6 我们可以认为互联网的广泛使用是科技发展的很好例证。We can cite the wide spread use of internet as an excellent example of the advancement of technology.举例拓展段落1. to illustrate, as an illustrationIllustration n. 图例；图示说明As an illustratio
9、n 介词短语It is illustrated that 主语从句To illustrate 动词不定式The most illustrious evidence is that 形容词，放在表语从句中例如，发展中国家正以一种惊人的速度迈向全球化，尤其是当年轻人通常都会选择出国留学并选择自己喜欢的专业的时候6As an illustration , developing countries are getting globalized at a staggering rate , especially when youngsters go abroad to further their stu
10、dies , it is standard practice for them to choose their hearts content.2. specifically adv. 按类别地；特别地；具体地，明确地Specifically = to be specific同义词组to be more exact (more exactly);to be more precise (more precisely);to be more concrete (concretely) ; 3. 巧妙运用举例子，位置也要用得恰到好处。引入话题位置:在例子（6）中，the field of techno
11、logy 是一个很大的背景信息，引入到你的作文中的话题，mobile phone ，internet, TV 开头段可以开门见山地引出手机利弊话题；例子（5）中提到现代人的 mounting pressure ,细化一下，such as the peer pressure , the poor interpersonal relationship ,and the demanding job ,开头段就可以提出问题压力，然后再发展下文分析问题解决问题。表示举例的介词短语，可以作为插入语：Even when children use a computer for other purposes,
12、such as getting 7information or emailing friends, it is no substitute for human interaction解释说明It means It is a fact thatIt seems certain thatThat is to sayTo put it simplyTo put it differently By that I mean Generally speakingAs a matter of factThere is no doubt that Precisely (exactly specifically
13、To be exact (precise, specificIn briefIn shortIn detailIn generalIn other words8换句话说，后天习得的技能是不够的，不管多优秀的老师来教或是孩子多么刻苦地练习，天赋还是与生俱来，无法后天养成In other words, there is more to the skill than a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequently a child
14、practices这就是说如果相当一部分年轻人受过良好教育，国家会更加繁荣富强This means that a country will be more prosperous if a sizable percentage of young people are well-educated因果用法原因Because of As a result of Due to Thanks to Owing to 9Because As SinceFor One possible reason is that +句子The last factor to be taken into account is
15、thatThe most obvious reason for this phenomenon is thatThere are probably many reasons contributing to this phenomenon 结果As a result As a consequenceAccordingly ConsequentlyIn this way Thus HenceSo ThereforeThat is whyThis is the reason whyThereby10由于媒体的不断关注，我所在的国家的职业运动员成了明星和名人，那些顶级的选手得到高额收入As a res
16、ult of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become starts and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries所以这些因素可以解释高收入的合理性So all the factors may justify the huge earnings每个人都有对幸福的不同理解，很难给出适合每个人的幸福定义Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone相应地 采取的措施也应多种多样Accordingly the measures which are supposed to be adopted should be varied双方都有理由 因此很难得出绝对的结论Both sides make sense, and consequently it is hard to come to an absolute conclusion
