1、1, How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacn Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacns geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacn Valley itself, and the valley
2、s potential for extensive irrigation 灌溉冲洗. The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpointfor instance, Teotihuacns religious significance as a shrine 圣地, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium B.C., the ingenuity and for
3、esightedness of Teotihuacns elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions 火山喷发 of the late first millennium B.C.如此惊人的发展是如何产生的，它为什么发生在 Teotihuacn 山谷？主要因素有：Teotihuacn 地理位置处于到墨西哥谷东南部的天然商路上；Teotihuacn 谷本身的黑曜石资源；山谷的大量灌溉的潜力。要想说清楚其他因素所扮演的角色就难的多了 比如，Teotihuac n 作为圣地的宗教
4、意义；墨西哥谷及周边直到公元前第一个千年的历史情况；Teotihuac n 精英阶层的 3 远见；最后还有自然灾害的影响，诸如公元前一千年的火山喷发。 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium B.C.?以 volcanic eruptions of the late firsr millennium B.C.They were more frequent than historians once
5、 thought.They may have done more damage to Teotihuacn than to neighboring centers.They may have played a major role in the rise of Teotihuacn.They increased the need for extensive irrigation in the Teotihuacn Valley做关键词定位至第二段最后一句，这个是诸多 factor 当中的一个，而这些 factor都是促进 T 城发展的，所以答案是 C。也可以排除法， A 无相关信息；第三段第三
6、句说火山对 T 影响很大，没跟其他的比较，B 错；第二段第二句说到了irrigation，但与问题无关，错This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacns rise. Prior to 200 B.C., a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Mexico. Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriou
7、sly affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by lava. With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central Mexico. The archaeological evidence clearly
8、indicates, though, that Teotiluacan was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century A.D. 最后一个因素至少从环境上与 Teotihuacn 古城的崛起有牵连。在公元前 200 年之前，有很多相对的小的中心共存于墨西哥谷及附近。大约在此时，这些中心中的最大者，Cuicuilco，受到了一次火山喷发的严重影响，它的大部分耕地被火山熔岩所覆盖。伴随着 Cuicuilco 作为一个潜在对手的消失，任何一个相对较小的城镇都有可能在中央墨西
9、哥形成领导性的经济政治力量。尽管考古学证据清晰地表明Teotiluacan 确实在公元 1 世纪成长为这一地区的主要力量。 【 TPO-8 (1) 6# 7#】What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200 B.C.?It was a fairly small city until that date.It was located outside the Valley of Mexico.It emerged rapidly as an economical and political center.Its
10、economy relied heavily on agriculture.以 Cuicuilco 做关键词定位至第三段第二句，说 Cui 这个地方受火山活动影响，农田被 lava 覆盖，接着一句就说 Cui 消除了，所以没有农田就没有 Cui，答案是 D。A 与原文说反，应该是大的，不是小的；B 的 outside 和原文中的 in 说反，错；C 中的 rapidly 没说，错2, Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and de
11、posited at random across the bare mountain flanks. A few of these spores found a toehold on the dark, forbidding rocks and grew and began to work their transformation upon the land. Lichens were probably the first successful flora. These are not single individual plants; each one is a symbiotic comb
12、ination of an alga and a fungus. The algae capture the Suns energy by photosynthesis and store it in organic molecules. The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks, passing these on in waste products that nourish algae. It is significant that the earliest living things that built comm
13、unities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.【TPO-9 (3) 2#】It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the fungi 真菌 in lichens 地衣类 benefit from their sym
14、biotic relationship 共生关系 with algae 藻类 in what way?The algae help the fungi meet some of their energy needs. The algae protect the fungi from the Suns radiation.The algae provide the fungi with greater space for absorbing water.The fungi produce less waste in the presence of algae.以 lichen, fungus 和
15、 algae 做关键词定位至第三句以后，说 algae 捕获太阳能并储存，而fungi 从土壤中吸收矿物质，滋养 algae。问的是 fungi 如何受益，所以前半句是答案，A 正确。B 虽然提到 sun，但不是保护，注意不要错选； C 和 D 都没说3, Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas 然而 in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their me
16、aning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment 装饰品 had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress 女皇; the pomegranate 石榴
17、 indicated fertility,生育，多产 and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks 鸳鸯 stood for wedded bliss 天赐良缘 ; the pine tree 松树, peach, and crane 鹤 are emblems 象征 of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations 公务员考试. Only when European decorative themes were
18、 introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost. 【TPO-10 (1) 11#】Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery 陶器? They had more importance for aristocrats 贵族 than for ordinary citizens. Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not
19、 come under foreign influence. They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots 罐子 Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.问题中关键词不明显，排除法。A 的 ordinary citizens 和 aristocrat 原文没说；B的 foreign influence 做关键词定位至最后一句的 European，说直到引入欧洲th
20、eme 之后中国原有的装饰的意思才被 obscure，对应 B，没有 foreign influence那些意思不会改变，正确；C 没说；D 反了，应该是 ancient 更熟悉4, To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simply vacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and wi
21、ll often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided som
22、e answers and. in the process, raised new questions.对于南美洲的人来说，知更鸟每年春天都会向北飞。对于北美的人来说，几乎每年冬天都要向南飞。还有就是，它们飞往南美特定的地方并且会在接下来的春天回到北美林场相同的树上。与其说问题是它们为什么会在冬天很冷的时候离开，不如说是它们是如何找到路的。许多年来，人们一直为这个问题所困惑，直到 1950 年代，一个叫 Gustave Kramer 的科学家提供了答案，在这个过程中也提出了新的问题。 【TPO-11 (2) 1#】Which of the following can be inferred a
23、bout bird migration from paragraph 1? Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat. The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds. Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south. The destination of birds migration can change
24、from year to year.这道题的关键词明显不是很好找，而且排除法的话答案又太长，所以看本段的开头，说南美的鸟春天飞去北方，而北美的鸟冬天飞去南方，所以答案是C，between north and south，其他的选项都没有相关信息5, So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food
25、was always at the same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings we
26、re altered, they went directly to the correct food box. Whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box. 在另一组实验中，Kramer 在笼子周围放上好几个一摸一样的食品盒子，但是只有一个真的有
27、吃的在里面。这些盒子是不动的，而且那个装有事物的盒子总是在罗盘的同一点处。但是通过转动里面的装鸟的笼子或者是作为背景的外壁，它相对于周围环境的位置可能会改变。只要鸟能够看到太阳，不管它们的周遭环境如何变化，它们都能够直接找到正确的实物盒。不管这个盒子出现在左面外壁的前面还是右边外壁的前面，它们一点都不迷惑。然而，在阴天的时候，鸟儿们会迷失方向并且在定位它们的食物盒时候遇到麻烦。 【TPO-11 (2) 7#】Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer s reason for filling one
28、food box and leaving the rest empty? He believed the birds would eat food from only one box. He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds ability to navigate toward the box with food. He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following their m
29、igratory route. He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.以 food box 做关键词定位至本段倒数两句，说不管盒子怎么放鸟都不会晕，但阴天的时候就会晕，结合前文一直在说的 K 做的实验，说明鸟是用太阳识别方向的，所以答案是 B，而且这段一开始就说 another set of experiments 所以可以往前看，前一段也在说鸟用太阳辨别方向，所以这段说的只是一系列试验中的一个，其他没说6, Further evi
30、dence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relati
31、ves. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played
32、the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters calls. 一项有关在地上做窝与在在相对安全的树上做窝的不同种的刺嘴莺的乞食叫声之间的不同的研究提供了进一步的证据。地上做窝的刺嘴莺的幼鸟发出的乞食的唧唧声与
33、树上做窝的相比频率更高。这些高频率的声音传播的不远，这样就能够更好的隐藏发出这些声音的幼鸟。这些在地上窝中的幼鸟极容易受到捕食者的伤害。David Haskell 做了一个假的窝，在这个窝里放上鸟蛋，并且把它们放在播放树上做窝以及地上做窝的刺嘴莺的乞食叫声的录音机旁边。那些因为树上做窝的刺嘴莺的乞食声而受到注意鸟蛋与和地上做窝的刺嘴莺乞食声相连的鸟蛋相比被咬食的次数明显要多。 【TPO-11 (3) 4#】Paragraph 2 indicates that the begging calls of tree nesting warblers 鸣鸟 put them at more risk
34、than ground-nesting warblers experience can be heard from a greater distance than those of ground-nesting warblers are more likely to conceal the signaler than those of ground-nesting warblers have higher frequencies than those of ground nesting warblers此题较难，需要阅读较多内容，因为关键词 tree-nestling warblers 多次出
35、现。后半段说了 David 的实验，所以只是一个事实，往前看，看到第二句和第三句说ground-nestling 的鸟发出的声音是高频的，传播的不远，而 tree-nestling 与之相反，所以答案 B 传播的更远正确。C 和 D 明显说反；B 和 C 是意思相反的答案。A 具有迷惑性，原文只是说在试验中 tree nestling 的鸟蛋被咬得很惨，没说 tree的就一定比 ground 的危险7, We all know that many more people today are right-handed than left-handed. Can one trace this sa
36、me pattern far back in prehistory? Much of the evidence about right-hand versus left-hand dominance comes from stencils and prints found in rock shelters in Australia and elsewhere, and in many Ice Age caves in France, Spain, and Tasmania. When a left hand has been stenciled, this implies that the a
37、rtist was right-handed, and vice versa. Even though the paint was often sprayed on by mouth, one can assume that the dominant hand assisted in the operation. One also has to make the assumption that hands were stenciled palm downwarda left hand stenciled palm upward might of course look as if it wer
38、e a right hand. Of 158 stencils in the French cave of Gargas, 136 have been identified as left, and only 22 as right; right-handedness was therefore heavily predominant. 我们都知道，活在当下的人们更多是使用右手而非左手。能不能在史前查找出这一相似的性状呢？有太多的来自澳大利亚地区的石屋中模板和字迹以及冰河期法国西班牙以及塔斯马尼亚地区的岩洞上搜集到的证据证明右手较之于左手的优势。当一个左手被用于塑模时就反向暗示了*他的工匠惯于
39、使用右手。即使是* 一幅画作需要一个月左右的喷涂，也可以想象惯用手是如何在这一过程中起到协助作用的。另一个假设是被用于塑模的手手掌向下-一只左手塑模朝上也许让它看起来像一只右手。在法国 Gargas 岩洞中的 158 个模板中，有 136 个鉴定确认为左手，只有 22 个是右手；右手习惯毫无疑问是据绝对主导地位的。 【TPO-12 (1) 2#】It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that even when paint was sprayed 喷雾 by mouth to make a hand stencil 漏字板 there was no way t
40、o tell which hand was stenciled the stenciled hand was the weaker hand the stenciled hand was the dominant hand artists stenciled more images of the dominant hand than they did of the weak以 mouth 和 hand stencil 做关键词定位至倒数第二和第三句，说 dominant hand是帮忙的；最后一句又说 136 是左手 22 是右手，通过具体数字说明左手比较主要，所以 B 是答案；注意 B 和
41、C 是一对相反答案，所以 C 错，A 说不知道哪个主要也就错；D 没说8, Fractures and other cut marks are another source of evidence. Right-handed soldiers tend to be wounded on the left. The skeleton of a 40- or 50-year-old Nabatean warrior, buried 2,000 years ago in the Negev Desert, Israel, had multiple healed fractures to the sk
42、ull, the left arm, and the ribs. 断痕与割痕也是论据的另一来源。右撇子勇士一般都是左侧容易受伤。在内盖夫的戈壁中被埋了 2000 多年的一个 40-50 岁之间的 Nabatean 勇士的骨架，在他的头部，左臂和肋骨上有多处已愈合的伤痕。 【TPO-12 (1) 7#】Which of the following statements about fractures and cut marks can be inferred from paragraph 4? Fractures and cut marks caused by right-handed sold
43、iers tend to occur on the right side of the injured partys body. The right arm sustains more injuries because, as the dominant arm, it is used more actively. In most people, the left side of the body is more vulnerable to injury since it is not defended effectively by the dominant arm. Fractures and
44、 cut marks on fossil humans probably occurred after death.以 fractures and other cut marks 做关键词定位至第一句，但第一句信息太少，往下看，说右撇子士兵伤在左侧，所以正确答案是 C。B 说反，左侧容易受伤；A 和 D 都没说9, Rainfall is not completely absent in desert areas, but it is highly variable. An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the l
45、imits of a desert. The impact of rainfall upon the surface water and groundwater resources of the desert is greatly influenced by landforms. Flats and depressions where water can collect are common features, but they make up only a small part of the landscape.沙漠中并不是完全没有降雨，只不过是变数很大。通常一年以内降雨次数少于 4 次是定
46、义沙漠的限定条件。降水对沙漠地表和地底的水资源的影响很大程度上取决于地貌。平原和洼地是水源聚集的共同地貌特征，不过他们只占地表的很小一部分。 【TPO-12 (3) 1# 】Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1? Flat desert areas receive more annual rainfall than desert areas with mountains Areas that receive more than four inches of
47、 rain per year are not considered deserts. Many areas receive less than four inches of annual rainfall, but only a few are deserts Annual rainfall has no impact on the groundwater resources of desert areas.以 annual rainfall 做关键词定位至第二句，说年降雨量少于 4 inch 的地方被认为是沙漠，推断出相反的一面是年降雨量大于 4 inch 的地方不是沙漠，也就是 B10,
48、People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of se
49、curity, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. 人与人之间的关系可以分为两种：情感纽带和工具纽带。情感纽带在当我们感性的与他人交流时形成的一种社会联系。通过和对我们来说十分重要的人交流从而得到的安全感，爱情，认可，友谊和个人价值等一系列情感。工具纽带是但我们为了达到一些目标而与他人进行合作时产生的社会联系方式。有些时候，这也许意味着变相与竞争者一起共事。更多的时
