1、 Review of ChemistryUNIT1: Safety in the chemical laboratoryI.1 Emergency EquipmentA. Fire ExtinguishersLocation: all the fire extinguishers in your laboratory; the closest fire extinguisher outside the laboratory.When to use: If you doubt that the fire is small enough that a fire extinguisher will
2、do the job.How to use: take the extinguisher to the location of the fire, grab the extinguisher by the handle and yank the safety pin out of the side the handle with a sharp pull.B. Fire BlanketLocation: the location of the fire blanket in the lab.How to use: pull the cord at the bottom of the fire
3、blanket “tube” to get the blanket out.When to use: a fire blanket can be used when a students clothing or hair catches fire; a fire blanket can be used to smother burning material on the floor or a bench.C. Eyewash fountain or eyewash stationLocation: The location of the eyewash fountain or eyewash
4、station.When to use: the eyewash must be used any tome a chemical or solution gets into eyes.How to use: use of an Eyewash Fountain; use of an Eyewash BottleD. Emergency showerLocation: the location of the emergency showerWhen to use: the shower is used when hazardous chemicals spray over large area
5、s of the body.How to use: one involves an overhead shower having a pull-ring, while the other is a hand-held shower with an on-off handleE. Acid-base neutralizing solutionLocation: the location of the neutralizing solutionWhen to use: use this solution whenever an acidic or basic (“caustic”) solutio
6、n has come in contact with your skin.How to use: first wash the affected area with large amounts of water and then pour some of the neutralizing solution on the affected area and gently wash the skin with the solution.I.2 Protective EquipmentA. Safety gogglesLocation: the safety goggles are stored.W
7、hen to use: safety goggles must be used whenever chemicals are being used or glass-working is being performed.How to use: goggles must fit snuglyB. Fume hoodsLocation: the location of the fume hoods.When to use: the fume hoods must be used whenever poisonous or offensive odorous are being produced.H
8、ow to use: learn where the On/Off buttons for the fume hood are located (they generally are below or beside the fume hoods.)I.3 In case or firea) The first and most important thing to do is to back out of harms way and evaluate the situation.b) Next, warn the teacher and other students with a shoutc
9、) CONTROLLED FIRES: if a fire is controlled, in the sense that it is contained in a breaker, flask or test tube, the fire can often be put out by placing a watch glass or inverted beaker over the top of the container and smothering the fire.d) UNCONTROLLED FIRES: of the fire is not minor and will po
10、ssibly continue to spread, everyone must immediately the room except those who may be using a fire extinguisher.I.4 Some Laboratory HazardsHAZARD NATURE OF HAZARD HOW TO DEAL WITH HAZARDSpilled chemicals Chemical burns Notify teacher for cleanup instructions, but keep away in the meantime.Broken gla
11、ss Cuts; chemicals in cuts Notify teacher for cleanup instructions if chemicals are mixed with the glass.Burning chemicals in container Burns Step back and notify class, then deal with the fire as outlined above.Chemicals on hands Chemical burns; skin irritation or allergic reactionWash off immediat
12、ely under fast-running water.Being asked to smell chemical vaporsStrong odors may injure nasal passagesHolding the container in front of you, dilute the smell by gently “wafting” the odor to your nose with a wave of the hand over the container and toward the nose.Bunsen burners Burns; fires Tie long
13、 hair back or use elasticsLoose hair or “floppy” clothing/accessoriesBurns or chemical spillage; equipment knocked onto floorTie long hair back or use elasticsI.5. Disposal of Chemicals1. Disposal of Unused Chemical2. Disposal of Used ChemicalI.6 General Rules of safe laboratory conduct1. There must
14、 be no horseplay in the lab.2. There must be no running in the lab.3. You must not carry out unauthorized experiments.UNIT2: introduction to chemistryII. 1 Unit ConversionAvoid the temptation to solve the problems by your own method; you should learn the Unit Conversion method.How to put everything
15、together(UNKNOWN AMOUT)= (INITIAL AMOUNT) x (CONVERSION FACTOR)Summary of the procedure to be used with unit conversions1. Identify the unknown amount and its unit. 2. Identify the initial amount and its unit.3. Identify the conversion factor.4. Complete the problem by multiplying and/or dividing th
16、e amounts on the right-hand side.MULTIPLE UNIT CONVERSIONSII.2 SI UnitsA. Some selected base unit the international system (SI)Quantity Written Unit Unit SymbolLength Meter MMass Gram* G*Time Second SAmount of substance Mole mol The actual base unit for mass in the SI system is the kilogram (kg), wh
17、ich is an inconsistent base unit, but for the purposes of Chemistry 11 the gram (g) is considered to be the base unit.B. Some additional units usedQuantity Written unit Unit SymbolVolume Liter Lmass Tonne tC. Multiples of base unitsWritten Prefix Prefix Symbol Equivalent exponentialMega M 106Kilo K
18、103Deci D 10-1Centi C 10-2Milli M 10-3Micro u 10-6D. Some important equivalence1mL=1cm3 1m3=103L 1t=103kgWritten Prefix Prefix symbol Equivalent exponentialYotta Y 1024Zetta Z 1021Exa E 1018Peta P 1015Tera T 1012Giga G 109Hecto h 102Deka Da 101Nano n 10-9Pico p 10-12Femto f 10-15Atto a 10-18Zepto z 10-21yocto y 10-24II.3 Metric conversionsMetric conversion involves using unit conversions between prefix symbols and exponential equivalent.The diagram below shows the manner in which a given base unit (for example, meters) is related to the important prefix symbols.mMmummmcmkmdm
