1、While subsea developments have been made possible by technologies such as subsea trees, risers and umbilicals, subsea processing has been an elusive solution for many years. Whether describing subsea separation, re-injection or boosting, subsea processing has helped to revolutionize offshore develop
2、ments worldwide.尽管由于水下采油树，隔水管和脐带方面技术的进步，水下部署已经成为了可能，但是水下处理依然是比较困难的地方。无论如何描述水下分离，回注或增压，水下处理还是在全世界范围内大大的帮助了海洋的开发。Greater Gorgon Subsea DevelopmentWith production equipment located on the seafloor rather than on a fixed or floating platform, subsea processing provides a less expensive solution for myri
3、ad offshore environments. Originally conceived as a way to overcome the challenges of extremely deepwater situations, subsea processing has become a viable solution for fields located in harsh conditions where processing equipment on the waters surface might be at risk. Additionally, subsea processi
4、ng is an emergent application to increase production from mature or marginal fields.由于海床上的生产设备不像固定式或浮式平台，它可以提供更为廉价的海上解决方案。最初设想是为了克服深水极端环境，水下处理对于严酷环境下的油田已经成为切实可行的方案，毕竟水面设备还是风险很大。另外，水下处理还可用于成熟油田或边缘油田的应急增产。Subsea Processing FunctionsSubsea processing can encompass a number of different processes to hel
5、p reduce the cost and complexity of developing an offshore field. The main types of subsea processing include subsea water removal and re-injection or disposal, single-phase and multi-phase boosting of well fluids, sand and solid separation, gas/liquid separation and boosting, and gas treatment and
6、compression.水下处理功能水下处理可以包含一些列的不同处理单元，有助于降低海洋油田的开发成本和难度。主要的水下处理包括海底除水，回注或处理，井内流体的单相和多相增压，砂及固体分离，气液分离和增压，气体处理和压缩。The Tordis Field SeperatorSource: Greenland GroupSaving space on offshore production facilities, separation of water, sand and gas can now be performed subsea. Subsea separation reduces the
7、 amount of production transferred from the seafloor to the waters surface, debottlenecking the processing capacity of the development. Also, by separating unwanted components from the production on the seafloor, flowlines and risers are not lifting these ingredients to the facility on the waters sur
8、face just to direct them back to the seafloor for re-injection.为水下生产设备节省空间，水砂气分离可以在水下进行。水下分离减少了从海床到水面产出物的转移，克服了处理量的瓶颈。而且，通过分离掉不想要的成分，流动管线和隔水管也不许将其举升到水面设备中，而是直接将它们返回海床或回注。Re-injection of produced gas, water and waste increases pressure within the reservoir that has been depleted by production. Also,
9、re-injection helps to decrease unwanted waste, such as flaring, by using the separated components to boost recovery.回注的气，水和废物，所增加的储层压力，会伴随着生产逐渐消失。而且，回注有助于减少不需要的废物，被用来加压增产。Tordis Subsea Production FacilityOn deepwater or ultra-deepwater fields, subsea boosting is needed to get the hydrocarbons from t
10、he seafloor to the facilities on the waters surface. Subsea boosting negates backpressure that is applied to the wells, providing the pressure needed from the reservoir to transfer production to the sea surface.Even in mid-water developments, subsea boosting, or artificial lift, can create additiona
11、l pressure and further increase recovery from wells, even when more traditional EOR methods are being used. 在深水或超深水油田，需要水下增压来从海床获取烃类。水下增压抵消了井内的回压，提供了推动产出物从储层到地面的压力。尽管在一般水深区的部署，水下增压或人工举升，可以产生额外的压力，进一步提供采收率，但是任然有很多传统的增产方法在用。Subsea Processing FunctionsThere are a number of reasons why operators may cho
12、ose to install subsea processing equipment. First of all, most subsea processing will increase the recovery from the field, thus increasing profits. Additionally, by enhancing the efficiency of flowlines and risers, subsea processing contributes to flow management and assurance. Also, subsea process
13、ing enables development of challenging subsea fields, while reducing topside expenditures for equipment. Furthermore, subsea processing converts marginal fields into economically viable developments. 水下处理功能作业者选择安装水下处理设备有几个原因。首先，多数水下处理会增加油田的采收率，所以利润增加。另外，通过提高流动管线和隔水管的效率，水下处理对于流体管理和可靠度都提高了。而且，水下处理使得挑战
14、水下油田的开发更加可行，同时降低设备的支出。同时，水下处理将边际油田转变的有经济效益。Offshore fields worldwide have encompassed subsea processing into their developments. Whether the fields are mature and the subsea processing equipment has been installed to increase diminishing production, or the fields incorporated subsea processing from
15、the initial development to overcome deepwater or environmental challenges, the innovative subsea processing systems have enabled the fields to achieve higher rates of production. 世界上的海上油田已经把水下处理纳入他们的发展。无论是成熟油田，已经安装了水下处理设备来增加正在降低的产能，还是油田从初始阶段整合水下处理，来挑战深水环境，这种创新的水下处理系统已经使得油田达到了更高的产能。While subsea proce
16、ssing has long been a dream of upstream engineers, the technology has just recently been put into practice. With the successful start-up of the worlds first full-field subsea separation, boosting and injection system on the Statoil Hydro-operated Tordis field in the North Sea in 2007, the dream beca
17、me a reality. Through subsea processing, the mature Tordis oil field increased recovery by an extra 35 MMbo and extended the life of the field by 15 to 17 years.尽管水下处理是上游工程师们长久以来的一个梦，这项技术还是最近才被投入实用。伴随着 2007 年 statoil 公司在北海 tordis 油田成功的启动全世界第一个水下分离，增压和回注系统，梦想照进了现实。通过水下处理，成熟的 tordis 油田将原油的开采提高了 35MMB，
18、并将油田的寿命延长了 15 到 17 年。Shells BC-10 project offshore Brazil was the worlds first subsea system with gas/liquid separation and boosting. Developed via 13 subsea wells, six subsea separators and boosters, and an FPSO, the BC-10 project began producing heavy oil from ultra-deepwaters in July 2009.壳牌的在巴西海
19、上 bc-10 项目，是全世界第一个具备气液分离和增压功能的水下系统。通过 13 口水下井，6 个水下分离器和增压器和一艘 fpso 的开发，bc-10 项目从 2009年 7 月开始从超深水中生产重油。Pazflor Subsea DevelopmentExpected to come on-stream in 2011, Totals Pazflor project offshore West Africa is utilizing the regions first-ever subsea gas/liquid separation system. One of the worlds d
20、eepest water developments, Shells Perdido project in the US Gulf of Mexico is currently under development and will also incorporate subsea boosting and separation to achieve production.There are a number of oil services companies that presently offer subsea processing equipment. Leaders in this innovative solution include Cameron, Expro, FMC Technologies and GE Oil & Gas. 2011 年，道达尔在西非的 pazflor 海上项目，使用了该区域第一个水下气液分离系统。作为全世界最深的水下部署之一，壳牌在美国墨西哥湾的 pazflor 项目现在正在开发，也会采用水下增压和分离系统。现在还有很多油服公司，提供水下处理设备，行业领导者包括 Cameron, Expro, FMC Technologies and GE Oil & Gas.。
