1、1,Semantics,Talk about these sentences,The boy ate the Big Mac.The boy eat the Big Mac.Ate the boy the Big Mac.The Big Mac ate the boy.Which sentences are correct?In the incorrect sentences, are the problemssyntactic? morphological? semantic?,2,3,Semantic features,The main problem: only animals can
2、eat!Describe word meaning with features / characteristicsBoy+human+male-adultBig Mac?From last semester, how did we define banana?Elephant?Language?Please choose three English or Chinese wordsDescribe them using semantic features with + and -,4,Semantic features,Now look at 101 and ex 1It seems that
3、 we would need a large number of features to describe every wordFor pregnant, how many features would we need?+human, +female, +big, +uncomfortable, +carrying_baby (or +pregnant?!)What about hot? cold?Cold? hot? (The circularity problem),5,Semantic roles (NOT “RULES”!) (agent, theme etc),Semantic fe
4、atures describe word meaningSemantic roles describe the role words play in a sentenceCheck Yule 102ffWhat are the semantic roles of NPs in this sentence?John looked at the stars with a telescopeHow about John saw a bright starex 2,Lexical relations,Semantic roles and semantic features explain and de
5、fine one wordLinguists are also interested in the relationships between wordsTwo words may have,the same meaning (perhaps vs maybe)opposite meanings (black vs white)a broader meaning (dog vs animal)a whole-part meaning (face vs nose)Give examples of each,6,7,Lexical relations: Synonyms,Usually not e
6、xactly the same meaninghuge：large, baby and infantstudent and pupilOr the meaning may be pretty similar, with the difference in the way we use the wordssick and illquickly and speedily知道：曉得：懂：理解appear：emergeTask: Can you think of any absolute synonym pairs?Are they easier to find in English or Chine
7、se, do you think?Is there a reason why absolute synonyms should not exist (or should be very rare)?,8,“Synonymy” across languages: cross-linguistic semantic equivalence,Although cat = 貓 we know that there is no automatic one-to-one mapping between English & Chinese (or any other pair)at least, I hop
8、e we all know thisConsider again 知道 and 曉得. And 認識Many Romance languages distinguish between知道 and 認識In French, aimer can mean either like or love!The t/v distinction: 你 vs 您Please comment on other languages you know, regarding these points,9,Antonyms (using * for semantic oddness here),Non-gradable
9、If you dont pass, you failIf youre not dead, youre aliveBut a table is not alive and not dead: can you explain this?He looks very dead*She is deader / more dead than himGradable*If youre not rich, youre poorHe looks very rich.She is richer than him.,10,Hyponymy and meronymy,A bike is a kind of vehic
10、le.Bike is a hyponym of vehicle.A car is a kind of vehicle.Car and bike are co-hyponyms of vehicle.A wheel is part of a vehicle.Wheel is a meronym of vehicle.Vehicle is a superordinate term in all 3 cases.Task: draw 2 treesA hyponym treeA meronym tree,11,Prototypes,If you close your eyes and think o
11、f this:BIRDYou will probably see a robin, or a sparrowNot a chicken, and not an ostrich, and not a humming bird.Could it be different, with you Chinese speakers, for ostrich?Write prototypes and non-prototypes for 2 categories,12,Homonyms,Most homonyms are also homophones and homographsBank, bat, 轉機
12、, 制服Some homonyms are just homophonesright-write意義-異議Some homonyms are just homographsBuffet (beat/ restaurant) Resume (continue/ summary).覺 (but thats just a morpheme, can you think of a word?),Polysemy and homonymy,Homonyms are totally different wordswith a totally different meaningPolysemous word
13、s have a similar meaningWhich two are polysemous?He put the money in the bank.He will bank the money.We had a picnic on the bank of the river.Now look at the date example, p 107.,13,Markedness task: 1-7; 3 new; C,Unmarked form: normal or defaultMarked form: unusual or noteworthyDog / bitchLioness / lionMan / woman老闆 / 老闆娘“How are you?” / “Hows your father”Eat / ateHappy / unhappy,14,
