1、城市中学教师职业倦怠状况及对策研究以西安市为例中文职业倦怠是 20 世纪 70 年代美国临床心理学家弗鲁顿伯格(Freudenberger) 研究职业压力时提出的一个概念，用以描述助人行业由于长期工作压力得不到有效缓解而产生的心理、生理上的疲惫，工作能力下降，工作热情丧失，对他人日益冷漠，工作成就感低等一系列负性症状1。此概念自提出后，多用来说明助人行业的职业倦怠现象。而教师正是职业倦怠的高发人群，教师的职业倦怠会对学生和教师的身心发展产生严重的影响，在我国，中小学教师的职业倦怠己成为一个突出问题。因此，关注教师的生存状态，探究教师职业倦怠的来源并寻求相应的解决措施具有很大的现实意义，成为本文
2、重点研究的问题。本论文在分析国内外教师职业倦怠研究的基础上，利用国内学者在马斯拉切(Maslach) 的职业倦怠问卷基础上针对我国中学教师的特点改编的中学教师职业倦怠调查问卷，对西安市中学教师的职业倦怠状况进行问卷调查，即在西安市七所初级中学随机选取在职教师作为调查研究的对象，本次调查共发放 380问卷份，收回问卷 368 份，问卷回收率 96.8%，其中有效问卷 359 份。样本构成有一定的代表性,用来探究城市中学教师职业倦怠的来源并寻求相应的解决措施。全文共分为四章。第一章着重阐述教师职业倦怠问题在国内外理论和实践研究的现况以及教师职业倦怠研究目前的发展趋势，在此基础上进一步阐述教师职业倦
3、怠研究的现实意义和 此项研究的目的。第二章介绍研究的方法、步骤和实施过程。第三章对回收的有效问卷进行统计分析发现：（1）城市中学教师情绪衰竭程度偏高，去人性化现象不太严重，个人成就感较低。 （2）教师的性别、婚姻状况、年龄、教龄、学校类别、科目、是否班主任、职称、收入、学历因素在职业倦怠三个维度上有不同的表现。(3)城市中学教师职业倦怠的解决需要教师个人、教师管理者、教育管理部门和社会的共同努力才有可能实现。第四章是针对前面的研究提出缓解教师职业倦怠的措施：（1）教师策略：正确认识职业倦怠；坚定职业信念和理想，进行必要的自我调试；树立终身学习理念提高压力应对水平；主动寻求社会的支持。 （2）
4、学校管理策略:构建学校良性人文环境；科学的管理体制和组织文化；提供有效的教师倦怠控制手段减负与沟通。 （3）教育主管部门的策略：出台相关政策和体制给予教师群体应有的支持;鼓励教师参加继续教育，实现终身教育 ;建立合理高效的系统; 在师范院校设立相关课程，控制教师倦怠的后期萌发。 （4）社会支持系统：确立中学教师职业的现代价值营造尊师重教的社会氛围；建立社会支持，形成合理的社会期望，营造对教师的信任氛围；注重教师的基本需求和较高需求。译文Job burnout is the concept that American clinical psychologist Freudenberger pro
5、poses to give a research on job stress 1970s. The concept is used to describe the psychological and physiological tiredness of persons under the great job pressure for a long time. The negative symptoms can be expressed in the following ways: decreasing in working ability; loss of working achievemen
6、ts. After the concept came into being, it is often used to describe the job burnout in helping occupation. Teaching profession is one of the most typical burnout professions. Teacher job burnout would have an important influence on the physical and emotional develop of teachers and students. In our
7、country, the job burnout in middle and primary school teachers has been an outstanding problem. It is important for us to pay more attention to teachers living condition, explore the origin of teachers job burnout and find a good solution to the problem.Analyzing the domestic and aboard teachers job
8、 burnout, basing on Maslachs questionnaire, our national scholars make the questionnaire according to our own teachers characteristic. Such questionnaires were handed out to the junior middle school teachers, who were acted as subjects chosen at random to study on teachers job burnout. There are 380
9、 questionnaires, and return 368, the valid inventories are 359,the effective response rate is 96.8%.The constitution of the sample has a certain degree of representation, which can be used to research on urban middle school teachers job burnout ach find the related solution. The thesis includes:Chap
10、ter 1: focuses on theoretical and practical analysis about teachers job burnout and the trend of its development; describes significance and purpose of this research.Chapter 2: introduces the methods, Procedures and implementation of this research.Chapter 3: provides the facts on the analysis of the
11、 valid questionnaire.(1) Urban middle school teachers are in the high degree of emotional exhaustation. Although inhuman phenomenon is not too serious, personal accomplishment is not relatively low.(2) Teachers gender, marital status, age, teaching experience, the category of schools, subjects, teac
12、her who in charge the whole class, job, income, education, education factors are differ in the three dimensions of teachers job-burnout.(3) In order to solve the problem in urban teacher job burnout, the teachers, educational management, educational management department and whole society must work
13、together.Chapter 4: introduces the solution to reduce the pressure of teacher job burnout.(1) Teachers strategy: correct understanding of job burnout; firm beliefs and ideals in profession with necessary self-mediation; establish the concept of lifelong learning to increase the ability of facing the
14、 pressure; actively seek for the support of the society. (2) School management strategy: building healthy human environment of the school; scientific management system and organizational culture; providing effective means to control teacher job burnout: reducing load and communication.(3) Educationa
15、l management strategy: proposing relevant policy and system to give the necessary support to the teachers; encourage the teachers to take part in continual education and realize lifelong learning; establish reasonable and effective system; set up relevant courses to control late germination of teach
16、er job burnout. (4)Social support system: establish the value of middle school teachers and create the social atmosphere of respecting teachers; set up social support to form sensible social expectation and create a climate of confidence for teachers; focus on the basic needs and the higher demand of the teachers.
