1、 写作第五章大纲1Part Five The Whole CompositionThe Steps in Writing a CompositionLead-inThe Steps in Writing a Composition1. Selecting a topicA title should undertake the following tasks:It should indicate what the essay is about.It should provoke interest in the essay.It should be as brief as possible.It
2、is often a fragment rather than a complete sentence.2. Planning a composition(1) Discovering useful material (2) Deciding on the thesis statement3. Outlining the compositionThe layout of a standard outline 书 P 147These are usually two kind of outline used in writing: the topic outline, and the sente
3、nce outline. Rules for writing outlines 书 P149-1504. Writing the first draft5. Revising the first draft6. Making the final copyOrganizationThe structure of a compositionThe structure of an essay is as follows: title, introduction, body, and conclusion. Some principles 书 P 153 IntroductionThere are d
4、ifferent ways to write an effective opening of a composition. The following are some examples for a good lead-in: 书 P 155-157 The body Conclusion(1) With an emphatic summary(2) With a quotation(3) With a prophecy or a warning based on the thesis(4) With a question(5) With a call for action(6) With a
5、 figurative language写作第五章大纲2The Types of WritingLead-inDescription1 What is a descriptionA description essay is generally developed through sensory details or the impressions of ones senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. 2 How to write a descriptionGeneral rules:A. Establish (Create) a do
6、minant impressionB. Appeal to the senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch)C. Include details and use specific languageD. Arrange description in spatial order, sometimes in temporal orderE. Use the physical and mental point of view 2.1 Logical patternfrom left to right or from right to left,from
7、top to bottom or from bottom to top,from front to back or from back to front, andfrom the center to the outside or from the outside to the center.2.2 Two ways of descriptionIn describing an object, a place or a certain person, there are two ways to describe them in the body part.(1). Objective Descr
8、iption(2). Subjective Description2.3 Four categories of descriptionDescription of person Description of a place Description of an object Description of a scene2.4 Ways to enhance the vividness(1)By using concrete details(2)By appealing to other senses in addition to sight(3) By using figures of spee
9、ch Narration1 What is narrationNarration is the telling of a storythe recounting of events, usually in chronological order.2 How to write a narration2.1 Logical pattern2.2 Point of viewFirst Person observes or participates in the storys actions; use I, we, and other 写作第五章大纲3first person pronouns;Thi
10、rd Person observes do not participate in the storys action; relates the words and objective actions of others but not their thoughts and feelings of all characters;. Exposition1 What is expositionAn expository paper explains or explores something.2 Five categories of exposition2.1 Exposition of illu
11、stration(1) Relevant examples(2) Specific examples(3) Sufficient examples2.2 Exposition of classification and division(1) Choosing the principles to classify 书 P 187(2) Testing the effectiveness 书 P 1872.3 Exposition of comparison and contrastGenerally speaking，there are two ways to do comparison an
12、d contrast: subject-by-subject and point-by-point.2.4 Exposition of cause and effect(1) Distinguishing between cause and effect(2) Organizing cause and effect(3) Sentence patterns(4) Paragraph writing2.5 Exposition essay of definition(1) What is a definition(2) When to use a definition(3) How to wri
13、te a definition Argumentation1 The relationship between exposition and argumentationArgumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading. 2 Basic components of argumentation(1) Introduction(2) Exposition(3) Refutation(4) Confirmation(5) Conclusion3 How to writ
14、e an argumentation3.1 Writing methods of the beginningCome straight to point / Use an arresting question / Use statistics / The narrative hook / An apt quotation3.2 Writing methods of the endingRepeat or generalize the main idea / Use an answer to the opening question / Use 写作第五章大纲4negation (warning or prophecy)/ Make comments, how to do / Use quotation3.3 Writing methods of the body(1) Logic in writing(2) Order of importance(3) From general statements to specific facts
