1、11)构词法:a 缀合法 (affixation) 前缀、后缀 一般来说,前缀改变单词的词义,而后缀改变单词的词性。常见的词缀有:常见的前缀1否定前缀un- uncomfortable, unacceptable, in- incomplete, incapable, im- imperfect, impartial, immortaldis- disable, disadvantagemis- misplace, mislead, misfortuneab- abnormalde- deactivate, degradeil- illegal, illiterateir- irregular
2、, irrelativemal- malfunction, malnutrition2. trans across(横过)through(通过)beyond(那边)from one place to another transient 短暂的 transplant 移植(器官) transaction 交易 transition 过渡,转变 transition from A to B transition period transform 完全改变的外观/特性 transformation(常做陪衬)transfer 传递,迁移translate 翻译 transport 运输3. com-
3、, con- 1、加强语气 2、共同,一起combine, compete, compromise confirm, conspicuous, concession4. -tain 1、支撑 2、保持,维持,保留sustain, retain, maintain5. re- 再,又,回,反renew, reshape, refresh6. uni- / mono- one(一个) ,sole(单一的)uniform, unique, unitymonotonous (单调的) ,monopoly (垄断)7. ex- 向外,超出expand extend exceed excessive ex
4、clusive(ly) excursion8. pre-/pro- 前,在前predominant precede, previous, proceed, prominent, propel9. magn- 大(large)magnify(microscope), magnificent, 10. viv- /vit- live, life 生命,生活 Vivid, survive, revive vital, vitamin11. inter- 在之间 相互intervene, interfere12. man/manu- hand (手工)manufacture , manipulate,
5、manuscript13. sci- knowledgescience, scientific, consciousness14. sub- / sus- 下,次,附属subsidiary subordinate(to) sustain15. laps 滑,落(时间)elapse, collapse16. spec- / spic- lookspectator, speculate, spectacular, 17.clud(s)-, clos- 关闭 shutconclude, include ,exclusive close18. not- notenotify notion(=idea)
6、 notorious19. homo- samehomogeneously20. simul- togetherSimultaneously 21. multi 多,多倍multiply, multitude22. contra, contro 相反Contradiction contrary controversy23. dict-say, tell, speakdictate, dictator , dictionary, verdict, 24. per-throughpermeate, perplex, permanent, perpetual, 25. ver- truthverif
7、y verdict26. -logy study(学习) sciencebiology psychology227. -vert / -vers turndivert advertise diversify versatile 28. -ics 作抽象名词的后缀,表学科economics politics physics29. -ist 表示“人”pianist geologist typist30. bio- lifebiography biology31. -ician 从事专业的人music musician32. -ism 主义论(抽象名词)realism Marxism33. -ci
8、d killsuicide insecticide34. mort- deathmortal mortality 35. -scrib / -scrip write drawdescribe inscribe prescribe subscribe description inscription prescription subscription ascription36. di-/du-/ambi- /bi- two, doubledilemma / duplicate / bilateral 37. tri- three triangle38. bene- good, well, happ
9、ily benefit beneficiary39. volu/ volv- roll(滚动)turn(转动)evolution revolution involve revolve 40. -fer carry(带) produce(生产)transfer refer fertile41. phil- love philosophy42. deca- ten decade43. cred believecredible incredible credit44. cent one hundredcentury45. mill / kilo 一千,千分之一millennium million k
10、ilometer kilogram46. dom- master, controldomaindominate, dominant, predominant47. val 有权力,影响valid, invalid, valuable, evaluate, prevalent(popular)48. graph / gram writebiography, geography / grammar, telegram49. equi 同等,相等equivalent equilibrium50. -bat beat 打debate combat battle batter battery51. se
11、g, sect cutsegment, segregate / section intersection52. plex 折叠perplex complex53. en- / -ify make 化enlarge entitle enrich enablesimplify magnify signify54. sym- / syn- 共同 same, 类似Similar/sympathy/ symptom/symmetry/ syndrome55 -path feelingpathetic sympathy sympathetic56. -ceed / cess / cede / cest /
12、 cur runproceed/recession, access, excess, successor precede, recede ancestorcurrent currency excursion occur57. -serv 保存,保护(protect)conserve preserve58. able , -ible 可respectable, imaginable comprehensible59. hypo- 下,在之下hypothesis hypotension60. pel 推propel, expel, repel, dispel, impel, 3compel61.
13、-scend climbascend descend62. -spiraspire, inspire, expire, respire, conspire63. sent, sens- feelingsentimentalsense, consensus 64. grav- 重grave, gravity, aggravate (grieve)65.-lev 轻,上升alleviate, elevate (relieve)66.-rupt breakbankrupt, interrupt, corrupt常见的后缀1. 名词后缀(1) 具有某种职业或动作的人1)-an, -ain, 表示“地方
14、的人,精通的人”American, historian,2)-al, 表示“具有 职务的人“ principal,3)-ant,-ent, 表示“ 者” merchant, agent, servant, student,4)-ar, 表示“ 的人” scholar, liar, peddler5)-ard, -art, 表示“ 做的人”coward, laggard, braggart(夸张者)6)-arian, 表示 “派别的人, 主义的人”humanitarian, vegetarian7)-ary, 表示“从事的人“ secretary, missionary8)-ant, 表示“具有
15、职责的人“ candidate, graduate9)-ator, 表示“做的人 “ educator, speculator(投机者 )10)-crat, 表示“ 某种政体,主义的支持者 “ democrat, bureaucrat11)-ee, 表示“ 动作承受者“ employee, examinee12)-eer, 表示“ 从事于 人“ engineer, volunteer13)-er, 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人“ banker, observer, Londoner, villager14)-ese, 表示“ 国人,.地方的人”Japanese, Cantones
16、e15)-ess, 表示“阴性人称名词, actress, hostess, manageress16)-eur, 表示“ 家” amateur, littrateur17)-ian, 表示 “地方人,信仰.教的人,从事职业的人”Christian, physician(内科医生),musician18)-ician, 表示“精通者, 家, ”electrician, magician, technician19)-icist, 表示“ 家, .者, .能手”physicist, phoneticist, technicist20)-ic, 表示“者,师“ mechanic, critic21
17、)-ie, 表示 “爱,指小“ dearie, auntie, lassie(小姑娘 )22)-ier, 表示“ 从事职业” cavalier, clothier, brazier(黄铜匠)23)-ine, ian, 表示“ 阴性人称“ heroine, ballerina24)-ist, 表示 “从事研究者,信仰主义者“ pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist25)-ive, 表示“动作者,行为者” native, captive26)-logist, 表示“ 学家,研究者“ biologist, geologist(地质学家)27)-or,
18、 表示“者“ author, doctor, operator,28)-ster, 表示“ 做.事情的人”youngster, gamester(赌徒),songster29)-yer, 表示“ 从事职业者” lawyer(2). 构成,具有抽象名词的含义1)-acy, 表示“性质,状态,境遇“ accuracy, diplomacy2)-age, 表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称“ courage, storage, marriage3)-al, a) 表示“事物的动作,过程”refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approvalb) 表示具体的事物 m
19、anual, signal, editorial, journal4)-ance, -ence 表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度” endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience5)-ancy, -ency, 表示“性质,状态,行为,4过程“ frequency, urgency, efficiency,6)-bility, 表示“ 动作,性质,状态 “ possibility, feasibility,7)-craft, 表示“工艺,技巧” woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft(治国策)8)
20、-cracy, 表示“统治,支配“ bureaucracy, democracy9)-cy, 表示“ 性质,状态,职位,级别 “ bankruptcy(破产) ,supremacy10)-dom, 表示“ 等级,领域,状态“ freedom, kingdom, wisdom11)-ery, -ry, 表示“ 行为,状态,习性 “ bravery, bribery, rivalry12)-ety, 表示“性质,状态 ” variety, dubiety(怀疑)13)-faction, -facture, 表示“作成,化,作用“ satisfaction, manufacture14)-hood,
21、 表示“资格,身份, 年纪,状态“ childhood, manhood, falsehood15)-ice, 表示 “行为,性质,状态“ notice, justice, service16)-ine, 表示“带有抽象概念“ medicine, discipline, famine17)-ing, 表示“动作的过程,结果 “ building, writing, learning18)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示“行为的过程,结果,状况“ action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression
22、_r_r, correction19)-ise, 表示“ 性质,状态” exercise, merchandise(商业)20)-ism, 表示 “制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为“ socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism21)-ity, 表示“性质,状态,程度 ” purity, reality, ability, calamity22)-ment, 表示 “行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument23)-mony, 表示“ 动作的结果,状态 “ cer
23、emony, testimony24)-ness, 表示“ 性质,状态,程度 “ goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness25)-or, -our, 表示“ 动作,性质,状态“ favor, error,26)-osity, 表示“ 动作,状态” curiosity27)-ship, 表示 “情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业” hardship, membership, friendship28)-th, 表示“ 动作,性质,过程,状态 “ depth, wealth, truth, length, growth29)-tude, 表示“ 性质,
24、状态,程度“ latitude, altitude(海拔)30)-ure, 表示“ 行为,结果“ exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续 ),31)-y, 表示 “行为的结果,状态,性质” glory, history, victory, inquiry(3) 带有场所,地方的含义1)-age, 表示“住所,地点“ village, cottage2)-ary, 表示“ 住所,场地“ library, granary (谷仓)3)-ery, ry, 表示“ 工作场所,饲养所,地点 “ laundry, nursery, surgery(手术室)4)-
25、ory, 表示“工作场所,住处“ factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory(4) 带有学术,科技含义1)-grapy, 表示“ 学,写法” biography, calligraphy, geography2)-ic, ics, 表示“学法“ logic, mechanics, optics, electronics3)-ology, 表示 “学论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学)4)-nomy, 表示“ 学术“ astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学)5)-ery, 表示“ 学科,技术“
26、chemistry, cookery, machinery6)-y, 表示 “学,术,法” photography, philosophy(5) 表示人和事物的总和,集合含义1)-age, baggage, tonnage2)-dom, newspaperdom(新闻界 )3)-hood, neighbourhood, womanhood4)-ery, cavalry, ministry(内阁)5)-ure, legislature, judicature(6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义1)-ant, ent, solvent, constant2)-al, signal, pictorial
27、(画报)3)ar, collar, pillar(石柱)54)- er, boiler, computer, washer, cooker5)-ery, drapery(绸缎)6)-ing, clothing, matting,7)-ment, instrument, equipment, attachment(7) 表示“细小”的含义1)-cle, particle,2)-cule, molecule(分子)3)-el, parcel4)-en, chicken, maiden5)-et, pocket, ticket6)-etta, -ette, etto, cigarette, essa
28、yette(短文)7)-kin, napkin8)-ling, duckling,9)-let, booklet10)-y, baby, doggy2. 形容词后缀(1)带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义1)-able, -ible, movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible2)-al, natural, additional, educational3)-an, ane, urban, suburban, republican4)-ant, -ent, distant, important, excellent5)-ar, si
29、milar, popular, regular6)-ary, military, voluntary7)-ice, -atie, ical, politic, systematic, historic, physical,8)-ine, masculine, feminine, marine9)-ing, moving, touching, daring10)-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish11)-ive, active, impressive, decisive12)-ory, satisfactory, compulsory13)-il, -ile, -eel
30、, fragile, genteel(文雅的)(2) 表示“相象,类似”的含义1)-ish, boyish, childish2)-esque, picturesque3)-like, manlike, childlike4)-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly5)-some, troublesome, handsome6)-y, milky, pasty(3) 表示“充分的”含义1)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful2)-ous, dangerous, generous, courageou
31、s, various3)-ent, violent,(4) 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产含义1)-en, wooden, golden, woolen2)-ous, gaseous3)-fic, scientific(5) 表示方向的含义1)-ern, eastern, western2)-ward, downward, forward(6) 表示“倍数”的含义1)-ble, double, treble2)ple, triple3)-fold, twofold, tenfold(7) 表示“数量关系”的含义1)-teen, thirteen2)-ty, fifty3)-th, fourth
32、, fiftieth(8) 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义1)-an, Roman, European2)-ese, Chinese,3)-ish, English, Spanish(9) 表示“比较程度”的含义1)-er, greater2)-ish, reddish, yellowish3)-est, highest4)-most, foremost, topmost(10)其他的含义-less, 表示否定,countless, stainless, wireless3. 动词后缀1)-ize, ise, 表示“做成,变成,化“modernize, mechanize, democratize
33、, organize2)-en, 表示“使成为,引起,使有” quicken, weaken, soften, harden3)-fy, 表示“使化, 使成”beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify4)-ish, 表示“使,令” finish, abolish, diminish, establish5)-ate, 表示“成为,处理,作用” separate, operate, indicate4. 副词后缀1)-ly, possibly, swiftly, simply2)-ward, -wards, downward, inwards,
34、upward3)-ways, always, sideways4)-wise, oth6b)合成法 即把两个以上的不同意义的词合并构成一个合成词。名词名词: football 足球名词动词: snowfall 下雪名词动词-ing : horse-riding 骑马名词介词名词: daughter-in-law 儿媳动词-ing名词: waiting-room 候车室形容词名词: greenhouse 温室副词名词: income 收入介词名词: afternoon 下午过去分词+副词: grown-up 成年人2.合成动词名词动词: water-cool 用水冷却形容词动词: quick-c
35、harge 快速充电副词动词: outact 行动上胜过3.合成形容词名词形容词: world-famous 世界文明的名词动词-ing : peace-loving 热爱和平的名词过去分词: heart-broken 伤心的动词副词: takeaway 外卖的形容词名词: long-distance 长途的形容词形容词: dark-blue 深蓝色的形容词过去分词: new-born 新出生的副词形容词: color-blind 色盲的副词动词-ing : hard-working 勤劳的副词过去分词: well-known 著名的数词名词: first-class 头等的数词名词形容词: ten-year-old 十岁大的数词名词ed : three-cornered 三角的介词名词: indoor 室内的 c)转换法 即不改变词形,将一种词性转换成另一种词性。如:empty (adj. 空的)empty (v. 倒空) straight (adj. 直的) straight (adv. 直地) watch (n. 手表)watch (v. 观看,监视)d) 缩略法, 即用原词的首字母或截取原词的核心部分构成新词。如:UN=United Nations, phone=telephone, TV=television, photo=photograph