1、外文翻译原文COLDCHAINPERFORMANCEISSUESNOWANDINTHEFUTUREMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/WWWIIFIIRORG/EN/DOC/1077PDFAUTHORRDHEAPTHECOLDCHAINREMAINSONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTWAYSTOPRESERVEPERISHABLESANDDELIVERTHEMTOMARKETINGOODCONDITIONTHEVARIOUSREQUIREMENTSFORSUCCESSINTHECOLDCHAINAREIDENTIFIED,ANDEXAMPLESOFWHATCANGOWRONGAREG
2、IVENENVIRONMENTALISSUESARECONSIDEREDSOLUTIONSFORTHEFUTURERELATINGTOPRODUCE,EQUIPMENT,STOWAGEANDHANDLING,ANDLOGISTICSAREIDENTIFIEDTHEMAINREQUIREMENTSAREFOREDUCATIONANDTRAININGANDFORPROVISIONOFGOODOPERATINGSYSTEMSTHECOLDCHAINISGENERALLYCONSIDEREDASTHETRANSPORTANDSTORAGECHAINBETWEENTHEINITIALPRODUCTION
3、ANDTHEFINALCONSUMEROFTEMPERATURECONTROLLEDPERISHABLEGOODSTHISISNOTACOMPLETEDEFINITION,ASTHEREAREOTHERITEMSCARRIEDUNDERTEMPERATURECONTROL,FOREXAMPLEWORKSOFARTFORTHEPURPOSESOFTHISPAPER,ONLYTHETRANSPORTANDSTORAGEOFPERISHABLEFOODSTUFFSANDPHARMACEUTICALSWILLBECONSIDEREDAIRFREIGHTISGENERALLYLIMITEDTOGOODS
4、ATCHILLEDORAMBIENTTEMPERATURESSEACONTAINERSAREUNIVERSALINTHEIRAPPLICATIONREFRIGERATEDSHIPSCARRYBULKCOMMODITIESINTHEIRHOLDS,THOUGHINCREASINGLYTHESESHIPSALSOCARRYCONTAINERSINTERNATIONALLANDTRANSPORTBYROADAND/ORRAILISABLETOCARRYANYTHINGLOCALDISTRIBUTIONGENERALLYEXCLUDESTHEMOVEMENTOFBULKFROZENGOODSATTHE
5、PRESENTTIMETHEREAREAPPROXIMATELY1300SPECIALISEDREFRIGERATEDCARGOSHIPS,80,000REFRIGERATEDRAILCARS,650,000REFRIGERATEDCONTAINERSAND12MILLIONREFRIGERATEDTRUCKSINUSEWORLDWIDETHEYCARRYVASTAMOUNTSOFFOODSTUFFSANDOTHERPERISHABLES,ANDMOSTLYDOSOVERYSUCCESSFULLYSTORAGEISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHEOVERALLCOLDCHAINITHA
6、SBEENREPORTEDBYONECOMPANYTHAT,INTHETRANSPORTOFPHARMACEUTICALSDURINGTHELASTFIVEYEARS,CRITICALORMAJORPROBLEMSARISINGINSTORAGEAREMORETHANFOURTIMESASFREQUENTASPROBLEMSARISINGINTRANSPORTTHISEMPHASIZESTHEPOINTTHATCOLDCHAINSSHOULDALWAYSBECONSIDEREDASAWHOLEIFRELIABLERESULTSARETOBEOBTAINEDALLREFRIGERATEDPROD
7、UCEDETERIORATESWITHTIMEATARATEDEPENDENTONTHETEMPERATUREOFSTORAGEFORMOSTFROZENGOODSATNORMALSTORAGETEMPERATURESOF一180CORBELOW,MAXIMUMTIMESFORHIGHQUALITYSTORAGEAREAPPRECIABLYLONGERTHANTRANSPORTTIMES,SOTHEREARENOSPECIALDIFFICULTIESFROZENFISHREQUIRESLOWERTEMPERATURESTOACHIEVETHISSITUATIONREFRIGERATEDCHIL
8、LEDANDFRESHPRODUCE,STOREDANDTRANSPORTEDATTEMPERATURESBETWEEN一150CAND140CDEPENDENTONPRODUCETYPE,FREQUENTLYHASAHIGHQUALITYSTORAGELIFEMEASUREDINWEEKSRATHERTHANMONTHS,ANDTHERELATIVELYSLOWPACEOFMARINETRANSPORTFREQUENTLYREQUIRESMUCHCLOSERCONTROLOFTEMPERATURETHANISACHIEVEDINROAD,RAILORAIRTRANSPORTIFGOODSAR
9、ETOBECARRIEDSUCCESSFULLYDATAONSTORAGELIVESANDTEMPERATURESSHOWTHATPRODUCESUCHASORANGESANDAPPLESAREREADILYTRANSPORTABLEBYSEA,WHEREASAVERYSHORTLIFEPRODUCESUCHASWATERCRESSCOULDNOTSURVIVEMORETHANAVERYSHORTSEAJOURNEYMANYSUBTROPICALFRUITSHAVELIVESCOMPARABLETOTHELENGTHOFTIMENEEDEDTOTRANSPORTTHEMBYSEAFROMGRO
10、WINGAREASTOMAJORMARKETS,SOSPECIALATTENTIONTOQUALITYOFBOTHPRODUCEANDHANDLINGISESSENTIALFORSUCCESSFULMARKETINGMANYTYPESOFCHILLEDANDFRESHPRODUCEHAVELOWERTEMPERATURELIMITSBELOWWHICHTHEYAREDAMAGEDCLEARLY,FORITEMSCARRIEDNEARTHEIRFREEZINGPOINTS,LOWERTEMPERATURESWILLGIVEFREEZINGDAMAGE,ANDTHISISASTRUEFORCHIL
11、LEDMEATSASFOROTHERMOREOBVIOUSPRODUCTSFORMANYFRUITS,THEREARETEMPERATURESWELLABOVETHEIRFREEZINGPOINTSATWHICHLOWTEMPERATUREPHYSIOLOGICALINJURIESOCCURTHEREISATEMPTATIONIFCARGOESARELOADEDATAHIGHTEMPERATURETOREDUCECARGOSPACETEMPERATURESTOBELOWCARRIAGETEMPERATURETOACHIEVEMORERAPIDCOOLINGTHISCANONLYBEDONEAT
12、THERISKOFDAMAGINGPARTOFTHECARGOITMUSTBEREMEMBEREDTHAT,FORMANYCARGOES,SAFECARRIAGETEMPERATURESDEPENDONTHEVARIETYASWELLASTHETYPEOFPRODUCE,ANDMAYALSODEPENDONGROWINGAREAANDONWHETHEREARLY,MAIN,ORLATEHARVESTEDPRODUCEISBEINGCARRIEDALSO,ITMAYBENECESSARYTOMIXPRODUCEWITHSLIGHTLYDIFFERENTTEMPERATUREREQUIREMENT
13、S,INWHICHCASETHEHIGHESTTEMPERATUREMUSTBECHOSEN,WITHCONSEQUENTEFFECTSONTHESTORAGELIFEOFTHEPRODUCTSREQUIRINGLOWERTEMPERATURESITISESSENTIALTHATTHESTORAGECHARACTERISTICSANDOPTIMALSTORAGETEMPERATUREARECORRECTLYSPECIFIEDANDMAINTAINEDSPECIFICATIONISTHERESPONSIBILITYOFTHESHIPPERTEMPERATUREMAINTENANCEISTHERE
14、SPONSIBILITYOFTHECARRIERIFTHESHIPPERSPECIFIESTHEWRONGTEMPERATUREINANOBVIOUSWAY,THECARRIERWILLINSTRUCTIONSQUESTIONIT,BUTINLESSOBVIOUSCASESTHESHIPPERHASNOREASONTOOVERRIDETHEGIVENTHECARRIAGEINSTRUCTIONSMUSTBECLEARANDUNAMBIGUOUSITISESSENTIALTOUSEEQUIPMENTWHICHCANDOTHEJOBTHECORRECTEQUIPMENTWILLHAVEGOODIN
15、SULATION,GOODTEMPERATURECONTROL,ADEQUATEAIRFLOWANDREFRIGERATIONCAPACITY,ANDWILLBEWELLMAINTAINEDINTHECASEOFREFRIGERATEDCONTAINERS,ITSHOULDHAVEBEENSUBJECTTOAPRETRIPINSPECTIONNOTLONGERTHANAMONTHBEFORELOADINGTHEOPERATIONOFTRANSPORTREFRIGERATIONINSHIPSHOLDS,INCONTAINERS,ANDINTRUCKSDIFFERS,ANDTHESHIPPERWO
16、ULDBEWELLADVISEDTOBEFAMILIARWITHTHEEQUIPMENTTOBEUSEDASARULEOFTHUMBSHIPSSHOULDBEMOSTRELIABLEBECAUSEOFTHESIZEOFCARGOESTHEYCARRY,ANDROADVEHICLESMAYBEMOSTLIABLETOFAILUREASTHEYCARRYOUTMANYJOURNEYSOFTENONBADROADSURFACESATBEST,REFRIGERATEDTRANSPORTCANMAINTAINQUALITY,ITCANNOTIMPROVEITPOORQUALITYPRODUCECANNO
17、TJUSTIFYTHECOSTSOFTRANSPORTATION,ANDCANGIVETHELIKELIHOODOFANUNSUCCESSFULOUTTURN,LEADINGTOLOSSOFCONFIDENCEINTHEPRODUCERLONGDISTANCETRANSPORTATIONSHOULDBESEENASAMEANSOFOBTAININGPREMIUMPRICESFORTOPQUALITYPRODUCE,ANDNEVERASAMEANSOFDISPOSINGOFSECONDRATEGOODSFORWHICHNOLOCALMARKETEXISTSTHEQUALITYOFPRODUCEM
18、AYBESUBJECTTOSTANDARDSANDINSPECTIONSBYPRODUCERBOARDSOREXPORTCONTROLBOARDSINTHECOUNTRYOFORIGINITMAYALSOBESUBJECTTOIMPORTREQUIREMENTSINTHERECEIVINGCOUNTRY,DETAILSOFWHICHMUSTBEDETERMINEDBYPOTENTIALEXPORTERSFORFRUITSANDVEGETABLES,THISCANINCLUDEAPPLICATIONOFAPPROPRIATEPOSTHARVESTTREATMENTSEGFUNGICIDES,SH
19、ORTPRESHIPMENTSTORAGETIMES,ANDAVOIDANCEOFMECHANICALDAMAGESUCHASBRUISINGFROMEITHERSORTINGORGRADINGMACHINERYORFROMROUGHHANDLINGOFCARTONSFORFROZENGOODS,THEPRINCIPALREQUIREMENTISMAINTENANCEOFTEMPERATURETHROUGHOUTALLLINKSINTHETRANSPORTCHAIN,WITHOUTEXCESSIVEPERIODSLACKINGREFRIGERATIONPACKAGINGHASTOPROTECT
20、PRODUCE,SOMUSTHAVEADEQUATESTRENGTH,IFNECESSARYWHENDAMP,FORTHEANTICIPATEDUSEITMAYALSONEEDTOINCORPORATEWRAPSORLINERSTOMINIMISELOSSOFMOISTUREHOWEVER,ITMUSTALSOINTHECASEOFRESPIRINGPRODUCEPROVIDESUFFICIENTVENTILATIONTOALLOWHEATANDRESPIRATIONPRODUCTSTOBEREMOVEDPACKAGINGMATERIALSMUSTNOTCONTAINSUBSTANCESLIK
21、ELYTOPRODUCETAINTSORODOURSCARTONSMUSTBEOFASUITABLESIZEANDSHAPETOPROTECTTHEPRODUCTFROMMOVEMENTANDALSOFROMEXTERNALPRESSUREFORSOMEFRUITS,SUCHASCITRUSANDBANANAINMARINETRANSPORT,ITISNORMALPRACTICETOLOADTHEMWARM,ANDCOOLTHEMDURINGTRANSPORTATIONTHESEAREEXCEPTIONSGENERALLYITISESSENTIALTOCOOLFRUITSTOTHEIRTRAN
22、SPORTTEMPERATUREASSOONASPOSSIBLEAFTERHARVESTFORTHISPURPOSEAIRCOOLINGTUNNELS,HYDROCOOLERS,ORVACUUMCOOLERSMAYBEUSED,ALLOFWHICHCANEXTRACTHEATFARMORERAPIDLYTHANISPOSSIBLEDURINGTRANSPORTATIONINALLTRANSPORTEQUIPMENT,COOLINGRATESWILLBERELATIVELYSLOW,ANDVERYDEPENDENTONPOSITIONWITHINTHESTOWWHILSTCOOLINGTUNNE
23、LSMAYACHIEVE7/8COOLINGTIMESOFONLYAFEWHOURS,INTRANSPORTITISMOREUSUALTOACHIEVETIMESOF2TO6DAYSIFTHECOOLINGDEMANDSONTHETRANSPORTEQUIPMENTAREINCREASEDEXCESSIVELYDUETOINADEQUATEPRECOOLING,THEREWILLBEUNEVENCOOLINGTHROUGHTHECARGO,ANDSOMEAREASWILLBEDELIVEREDWITHREDUCEDRESIDUALSTORAGELIFETHISLOSSISDUETOTHELOA
24、DINGCONDITIONANDNOAMOUNTOFCAREINTRANSPORTCANOVERCOMEITFORPRODUCEWITHAHIGHMETABOLICRATE,IFITISNOTYETADEQUATELYPRECOOLED,THERESPIRATORYHEATCANBESOHIGHTHATCORRECTSTORAGETEMPERATURESINTRANSPORTAREUNACHIEVABLEFORFROZENGOODS,AIRCIRCULATIONISNECESSARYTOREMOVEHEATENTERINGFROMTHEOUTSIDEOFTHESTORAGESPACETHROU
25、GHINSULATEDWALLSFORRESPIRINGFRESHPRODUCE,ITISALSONECESSARYTOREMOVERESPIRATORYHEATFORSOMEPRODUCE,COOLINGISALSONECESSARYTRANSPORTEQUIPMENTISDESIGNEDTOPROVIDEADEQUATEAIRCIRCULATIONINPROPERLYPACKAGEDPROPERLYSTOWEDCARGOESWRONGPACKAGINGORCARELESSSTOWAGECANNEGATETHIS,ANDCANOVERALLORLOCALISEDINADEQUACIESOFA
26、IRMOVEMENTAIRCIRCULATIONISALSOCIRCULATIONTOPROVIDEIMPORTANTINRETAILDISPLAY一OPENMULTIDECKCABINETSDEPENDONPROPERAIRREASONABLYUNIFORMPRODUCTTEMPERATURESTEMPERATURECONTROLFORFROZENGOODSISLESSCRITICALTHANTHATFORCHILLEDGOODSTHEFORMERREQUIREAMAXIMUMTEMPERATUREEG一180CNOTTOBEEXCEEDED,WHEREASCHILLEDGOODSONLON
27、GJOURNEYSOFTENREQUIRETEMPERATURESMAINTAINEDWITHINABANDOF20CORLESSINRETAILDISPLAY,CHILLEDGOODSARENORMALLYEXPECTEDTOBEKEPTWITHINA50CBANDORLESSTHECONTROLLABILITYOFTRANSPORTEQUIPMENTDESIGNEDFORUSEWITHCHILLEDCARGOESISOFNECESSITYGOODHOWEVER,IFEQUIPMENTPRIMARILYDESIGNEDFORFROZENGOODSISUSEDFORCHILLEDTRANSPO
28、RT,ITMAYBEPOSSIBLETOOBTAINWIDERTEMPERATURESWINGSORLOWERTEMPERATURESTHANAREDESIRABLEWIDESWINGSMEANANAPPRECIABLETIMEATHIGHERTHANPLANNEDTEMPERATURES,WITHCONSEQUENTLOSSOFSTORAGELIFELOWTEMPERATURESMAYMEANFREEZINGORDAMAGEFROMCHILLINGINJURYGOODSCANBEWITHOUTREFRIGERATIONFORSHORTPERIODSDURINGLANDJOURNEYSTOAN
29、DFROMSHIPS,ANDCANOCCASIONALLYBEWITHOUTREFRIGERATIONDUETOMECHANICALBREAKDOWNOFEQUIPMENTBREAKSINREFRIGERATIONOFAFEWHOURSMAYBEACCEPTABLEFORMANY,BUTNOTALL,PRODUCETYPESBREAKSOFAFEWDAYSARELIKELYTOPOSEPROBLEMSFORALLTYPESOFPRODUCE译文COLDCHAINPERFORMANCEISSUESNOWANDINTHEFUTURE资料来源HTTP/WWWIIFIIRORG/EN/DOC/1077
30、PDF作者RDHEAP冷链仍然是最好的保存易腐烂产品并为他们提供良好的市场条件的方法之一。在冷链成功的各种要求被确定,以及可能出现的错误实例。环境问题被审核。未来的解决方案与生产、设备、装载和处理,物流诞生了。主要要求是针对教育和培训,为它们提供良好的操作系统。冷链普遍的被视作为在初级产品和最终消费者的需温度控制的易腐败的商品之间的运输和储存链,这不是一个彻底的定义,因为有其他需要在温度控制下的项目,比如艺术作品。这篇论文的目的只是讨论运输和储存易腐败的食品和医药品。空运一般要求冷冻或是保温的物品。海运集装箱一般是根据他们自己的用途。冷冻船运输在范围内的大型货物,尽管这些船日益也空运运输普通的
31、集装箱。国际陆地或铁路运输能够运输任何东西。当地的分配一般不包括大型冷冻商品的转移。在目前大约有1300专门冷藏货船,80000冷藏车皮,冷藏集装箱65万和120万冷藏车在世界各地被使用。他们携带数额巨大的的食品和其他易腐货物,而且他们中的大多数运作得相当成功。存储是整个冷链的重要组成部分。据报道,一家公司在过去的5年里,因储存环节产生重大问题的频率是运输中产生问题频率的四倍。这强调的一点是如果要获得可靠的结果,冷链应被当做一个整体来考虑。所有冷冻产品会随着时间变坏,这在一定程度上取决于储存温度。对于大多数冷冻商品而言,在一个正常的储存温度180C或者更低,他们有最大程度的储存时间因而储存质量
32、会略微的比运输的时间久,所有没有什么特别的困难。冰冻鱼产品需要更低的温度来达到这种情况。冷冻的新鲜鱼产品储存和运输的温度需要在150C和140C之间,这取决于产品的种类,很多时候,几个星期的储存比几个月的要来的质量高,而且如果商品需要被成功的运输,相比公路运输、铁路运输和空运,速度慢的海上运输经常需要更加精确的温度控制。据有关储存活数和温度的资料表明,像橘子和苹果更适合海运,但是一些储存期短的产品如水田芥,不能在长途运输中存活,只适合短期运输。很多亚热带的水果能不能保持新鲜,取决于他们需要的从产地到主要的市场的海运时间长度,所以对产品和处理的质量多加注意,对一个成功的市场有着关键的作用。很多冰
33、鲜和新鲜农产品都有较低的损坏温度限制。显然在接近其凝固点的温度下储存运输产品,低气温会给产品带来损伤。这点不管对于冷冻肉,还是其他产品,都是一样的。对于很多水果来说,它们的损坏温度限制远远高于它的凝固点。有种说法是在高温下装货,以致将货物的空间温度降低在货仓温度以下,以此来达到更快冷却的目的。但是这样做只会增大部分货物受损的几率。这种冒险的做法会使物品部分受损。必须记住的是,对于很多货物,安全运输温度取决于物品的种类和型号,也取决于原产地和运输的产品早收,成熟期收还是晚收。而且,也可能需要对产品施加不同的温度,什么情况下需要选择高温,什么情况下需要低温都有对储存活数有影响。储存规格参数表和最优
34、储存温度精确规定和保持是十分重要的。规定条例是承运商的责任;温度的保持是运货商的责任。如果承运商规定的温度有明显的错误,运货商可以按照说明提出质疑,但是如果是在不明显的情况下,承运商没有理由不去不顾条例。运输条例必须清晰,不能模凌两可。用专业设备来完成工作是必要的。正确的设备将具有良好的保温,良好的温度控制,充分通风和制冷能力,并能得到充分维护。在需要冷藏集装箱的工作中,它受到的装箱前行检查不超过一个月。冷冻运输的操作在船运、集装箱和货车运输上是不同的,承运商最好熟悉会被运到的载具。有一个黄金准则,船运因为他们所能运输的货物的尺寸所以是最可靠的,而公路运输工具也许是最有隐患的,因为他们的路程会
35、经常有不好的路段。冷冻运输充其量能够保持质量,但是不能提高它,低质量产品既不能赢回运输费用而且可能这样的一种不成功的产量会使生产者丧失信心。长距离的运输应该被视为一种为高质量产品赢得保险费的途径,而不是为了倾销无当地市场的二流产品的途径。产品质量可能受出口标准限制,受当地生产商协会和出口协会的检查。也可能受进货国的进口需求限制,具体的细节必须由潜在的输出国决定。对于水果和蔬菜,这可以包括一个合适的创新措施的申请(如,杀菌剂)减短装船前的储存时间,避免机械损伤如被排架、机器压扁和粗野的操作。对于冰冻的商品,原则上的需求是在全部的运输链上需要维持温度,而不是在某时缺少了冷冻的处理。包装被用来保护产
36、品,因此必须有足够的强度,如果必要,需要被在潮湿的环境使用。它也可能需要纳入包装或衬垫以减少水分流失。同时它也必须在产品的呼吸作用产生时提供足够的通风散热和呼吸的功能,减少产品的损耗。包装材料不得含有的物质有可能产生污点或气味。纸箱必须是一个合适的大小和形状,以防止由于货物运动产生的外部压力。对于一些水果的海运,比如柑橘和香蕉,人们在水果的运输和装运过程中就必须注意轻放和冷却。一般而言,让刚采摘来的水果尽快冷却至运输常温是必不可少的,这些都是免责条款。所以人们常常使用空气冷却隧道,水冷却器或者真空冷却器,相比自然冷却,这些工具的使用可以更快地达到所需温度。在所有运输设备中,冷却速率相对较低,而
37、这往往取决于冷却设备的装载位置。同时冷却隧道能在几小时内使货物冷却七八分程度,但在运输中等待自然冷却则至少需要2至6天。如果冷却对运输设备需求过度增长是由于提前冷却的不充足,那么货物就会出现冷却不均匀,或者在到达某些地区交货的时候新鲜货物储存减少,这些损失都由于装运条件造成的,即使在运输过程中再加小心也是没办法克服的。在没有充分做好提前冷却的前提下,如果为了提高新陈代谢的速率,以期望呼吸作用生成的高热量来改善运输中的仓库温度,这是不可行的。对于冷冻商品而言,必要的空气循环可以去除储存空间里由隔离墙外面进来的热空气。对于进行呼吸循环的新鲜产品,去除呼吸而产生的热量也十分的有必要。对于一些产品,冷却也是很有必要的。运输工具被设计好在合理的包装和储存下提供足够的空气循环。错误的包装和大意的储存能全面的或是部分的限制空气运动。冰冻的商品的温度的控制要比冷冻的商品要不严格些。前者需要一个最大温度(如180C)不被超出,然后长途运输中的冷冻商品经常需要一个温度维持在20C范围内或更少。在零售摊上,冷冻的商品正常的需要被维持在一个50C的范围或更少。商品在流通过程中可以短时间离开制冷环境。由于制冷设备故障暂停几小时,大多数产品都是可以接受的。但要是离开冷藏环境超过几天,则会使绝大部分的货物产生严重问题。