1、 非谓语动词动词不定式：（to）+do ，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。 否定式：not + (to) do （1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后， 例如： Im glad to meet you. We plan to pay a visit. （2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时。He seems to be reading in his room. （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I happened to have seen the film. 2不定式的句法功能： （1）作主
2、语： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。 （2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. （3）作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, p
3、lan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing but repair his bike. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us
4、some advice on how to learn English. （4）作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.有些动词如 make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等与不带有 to 的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加 to, 如： I saw him c
5、ross the road. He was seen to cross the road. （5）作定语： 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. 说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here. （6）作状语： 表目的： He worked day and night to get the money. 表结果： He arrived late to fi
6、nd the train gone. 常用 only 放在不定式前表示强调： I visited him only to find him out. 表原因： They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度： Its too dark for us to see anything. （7）作独立成分： To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked. （8）不定式的省略：保留 to 省略 do 动词。 If you dont want to do it, you dont need to. （9）不定式
7、的并列：第二个不定式可省略 to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. （二）动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。 1动名词的形式： V-ing否定式：not + 动名词 （1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 （2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。（3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 （4）完成被动式： He forgo
8、t having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 （5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 （6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 2动名词的句法功能： （1）作主语： Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 当动名词短语作主语时常用 it 作形式主语。 I
9、ts no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。 （2）作表语： In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 （3）作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbi
10、d, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, fe
11、el like （三）现在分词： 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 1、现在分词的形式： 否定式：not + 现在分词 （1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。 Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。 （2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的
12、动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 2现在分词的句法功能： （1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。 The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. （
13、2）现在分词作表语： The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。 （3）作宾语补足语： 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？ （4）现在分词作状语： 作时间状语： (While) Working in the factory,
14、he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。 作原因状语： Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。 作方式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 作条件状语： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 与逻辑主语构成独立主格 Time permitting, well
15、 do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。 有时也可用 with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 作独立成分： Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。 Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。 （四）过去分词： 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed 构
16、成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 过去分词的句法功能： 1过去分词作定语： Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 2过去分词作表语： They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed,
17、 arrived, returned, passed 等。 3过去分词作宾语补足语： I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做 with 短语中的宾语补足语： With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 4过去分词作状语： Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因） Once seen, it
18、can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间） Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件） Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 2011 年高考题1.(2011 全国卷 ,27) The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. r
19、isen2.(2011 全国卷 II,15) The island, _ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined3.(2011 全国卷 II,18) Sarah pretended to be cheerful,_ nothing about the argument. A. says B. said C. to say D. saying4.（ 2011 北京卷,25）Its important for the figures _ regul
20、arly.A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated5.（ 2011 北京卷,33）Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired,_ on you feet.A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept6.（ 2011 天津卷,7）Passeagers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plan
21、e. A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried7.（ 2011 天津卷,12）_ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated8.（ 2011 上海春招,34）Mike found his missing car in the street outside his house, _ n
22、ewly cleaned and polished.A. looked B. to look C. looking D. to be looking9.（ 2011 上海春招,36）_ in 1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many as the original fun park.A. Opened B. Having opened C. Opening D. Being opened10.（2011 上海春招,40）Harrison Ford is thought to be one of the few movie stars
23、_ as a carpenter before.A. to work B. to be working C. to have worked D. to have been working11.(2011 山东卷,27) Look over theretheres a very long, winding path _ up to the house. A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead12.（2011 江苏卷,31）Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermar
24、kets has caused heated debate among citizens.Acompared Bcomparing Ccompares Dbeing compared13.（2011 福建卷,23）Tsinghua University,_ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded14.（2011 福建卷,27）The difference in thickness and weight from the e
25、arlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable _.A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold15.（2011 安徽卷, 30）Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _ into small pieces.A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break16.(2011 浙江卷,3) Bats are surpringly long-lived creatures, some
26、_ a life span of around 20 years. A. having B had C. have D. to have17.(2011 浙江卷,14) Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _ for words. A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost18.(2011 浙江卷,19) If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city_by their enthusiastic
27、supporters.A. being cheered B. be cheeresd C. to be cheered D. were cheered19.（2011 四川卷,2 ）Ladex doesnt feel like _ abroad. Her parents are old.A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study20.（2011 四川卷,11）Simon made a big bamboo box _ the little sick bird till it could fly. A. keep B. kept C. keeping
28、D. to keep21.（2011 四川卷,16 _ an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous. A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer22.（2011 重庆卷,29）More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced _ peoples concern over food safety.A. to raise B. raising C. to have rais
29、ed D. having raised23.（2011 重庆卷,33）Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams.A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind24.（2011 陕西卷,14）Claire had her luggage _ an hour before her plane left.A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked25.（2011 陕西卷,20）
30、 More highways have been built in China,_ it much easier for people to travel form one place to another.A. making B. made C. to make D. having made26.（2011 湖南卷,21）The ability _ an idea is as important as the idea itselfA expressing B expressed C to express D to be expressed27.（2011 湖南卷,23）The player
31、s _ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game .A selecting B to selece C selected D having selected28.（2011 湖南卷,29）Do you wake up every morning _ energetic and ready to start a new day? A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt29.(2011 辽宁卷,30) _ around the fire, the touri
32、sts danced with the local people. A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering30.（2011 江西卷 32）On receiving a phone call from his wife _ she had a fall, Mr. Gorden immediately rushed home from his office.A. says B.said C.saying D.to say31.(2011 辽宁卷,23) Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach _ to read fast. A. what B. who C. how D. why
