1、高考英语核心语法学案：形容词和副词形容词用来修饰名词或代词， 表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。副词是一种用来修饰动词、 形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为： 地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。一、形容词和副词的基本用法【翻译句子】 (1)这是一座美丽的公园。Its a beautiful park. (2)这个动物园既生动又有趣。The zoo is both moving and interesting.(3)谁把窗开着的？Who left the window open?【结论 1】形容词在句中一般作定语 (修饰名词)
2、、表语、补语。【完成例句】 (4)你是完全对的。You are completely right. (5)他昨晚很晚才睡觉。He went to bed late last night. (6)幸运的是，我没有被撞倒。Luckily, I was not knocked down. 【结论 2】副词在句中主要作状语，用来修饰形容词、副词、动词和句子。 【疑难】He finally came back, safe and sound. 【疑难剖析】形容词若作状语，表示主语所处的状态。二、形容词的位置【完成例句】 (7)今天的报纸没有什么新的东西。There is nothing new in t
3、odays newspaper. (8)人民，只有人民，才是创造历史的动力。The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history. (9)你还知道别的什么？What else do you know?(10)你认识那个肩上扛一袋米的人吗？Do you know the man carrying a bag full of rice on his back?【结论】单个形容词作前置定语，但在下列情况作后置定语： 形容词修饰不定代词时；当表语形容词 alone, awake, al
4、ive, asleep, alike 等作定语时；else 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语；形容词构成短语时作后置定语。3. 多个形容词排序：【完成例句】 (11)大厅里有一张大的圆会议桌。There is a big round conference table in the hall. (12)她丢了一只小的闪亮的黑色皮包。She lost a small shiny black leather handbag. (13)我想买一辆蓝色德国赛车。I wanted a blue German sports car. 【结论】常见形容词顺序归纳为口诀如下：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄与新老，颜
5、色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。即：限定词(冠词、代词、数词等 ) 描绘性形容词(beautiful、interesting)大小、长短、高低形容词形状、年龄、新旧形容词颜色、国籍、出处、材料形容词用途、类别形容词 中心名词。 可以简单地记为：“ 县官行令宴国才。 ”三、 副词的用法1副词的种类时间副词now, today, recently, late, soon, yet 等。频率副 often, always, usually, 词 seldom, frequently 等。地点、方向副词away, abroad, anywhere, downstairs, home, here, the
6、re 等。方式副词clearly, carefully, alone, high, quickly 等。程度副词almost, a little, much, very, rather, quite, fairly, deeply 等。疑问连接副词when, where, why, how等。否定副词not, hardly, scarcely, rarely, never 等。其他副 even, also, only, too, 词 perhaps 等。2.副词的位置【完成例句】(14)这本书是很有趣的。This book is quite interesting.(15)这男孩已够大，可以上
7、学了。【结论 1】 The boy is old enough to go to school. 副词修饰形容词和副词时，应放在被修饰的词之前，但 enough, nearby 必须置于其后。【完成例句】 (16)他总是乐于助人。He is always ready to help others. (17)我永远也忘不了那天。I will never forget that day. 【结论 2】频率副词(always, often, usually, never, seldom, hardly, sometimes 等)要放在实义动词之前，be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后。【完成例句】(18
8、)幸运的是，他没有被淹死而是被解放军救了起来。Fortunately, he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA men. (19)对她来说，她的继母对她很慈善。Happily for her, her stepmother was kind to her. 【结论 3】修饰全句的副词多置于句首，作评注性状语。 【疑难 1】分清常用同义与近义形容词、副词在表达中的语义差别。He planted this tree three years ago. Have you seen the movie before? He is good at singi
9、ng, but doesnt feel well today. 【疑难剖析 1】 ago、before: ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before 指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前” 。泛指“以前”用 before 而不用 ago。good、well：与 good 不同的是，well 作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表示 “身体状况好”，也作副词修饰动词。real、true ：形容词，表“真的” 。real 强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true 指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。【疑难 2】词性辨析He was very friendly. He j
10、umped high in the game and we all thought highly of him. The thunder was very frightening, so the little girl was very frightened. 【疑难剖析 2】 (1)下列单词以 “ly”结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、 lonely、 lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly 、timely 等。(2)表原义 (无“ly”) 和引申义( 有“ ly”) 的副词：close 近， closely 仔细地； l
11、ate 晚，lately 最近； deep 深，表示空间深度，deeply 时常表示感情上的深度，深深地；wide 表示空间宽度，widely 广泛地；free 免费，freely 无限制地。有无“ ly”意义大不相同的副词：dead 完全，绝对；be dead asleep；deadly 非常；be deadly tired。pretty 相当，be pretty certain that，pretty good; prettily 漂亮地，be prettily dressed; most 最，mostly 主要地；绝大多数。(3)注意某些分词转化而来的形容词。表示情感类的过去分词表示心理
12、状态，而现在分词则表示性质，令人这类词常见的有：exciting 令人激动的excited 感到激动的delighting 令人高兴的delighted 感到高兴的disappointing 令人失望的disappointed 感到失望的encouraging 令人鼓舞的encouraged 感到鼓舞的pleasing 令人愉快的pleased 感到愉快的puzzling 令人费解的puzzled 感到费解的satisfying 令人满意的satisfied 感到满意的surprising 令人惊异的surprised 感到惊异的worrying 令人担心的worried 感到担心的四、比较句
13、型1. 原级句型：A 与 B 相同 / 不同：asas，the same as, suchas，not as(so)as【翻译句子】 (20)我几乎和你年龄一样大。I am almost as old as you. 【结论 1】asas 之间一定要用形容词或副词原形。 “asas”可用 almost, quite, just, about, nearly, twice, by no means(根本)修饰，置于“asas”之前。【翻译句子】(21)约翰不像杰克那样聪明。John is not as / so clever as Jack. 【结论 2】so 用以替代第一个 as 时，只能用于
14、否定句。【完成例句】(22)鲍伯和玛丽读了一样多的书。Bob has read as many books as Mary. (23)这瓶子里的水和那瓶子里的水一样多。 There is as much water in this bottle as in that bottle. 【结论 3】as much不可数名词as，而 as many可数名词复数as。【完成例句】(24)德语和英语一样也是一门难的语言。German is as difficult a language as English. (25)面包是和米饭一样重要的食物。Bread is as important food as
15、 rice. 【结论 4】asadj. 不定冠词可数名词单数 as; asadj. 不可数名词as。2. 比较级than 的句型【完成例句】(26)她唱得比别人好得多。She sings far / much better than the others. 【结论 1】比较级前可用 much, far, a lot, a little, a bit, rather, even, still, a great deal 等表示程度，但比较级前不能再用 more。【完成例句】(27)他比班里其他同学学习刻苦。He studies harder than any other student in h
16、is class. 【结论 2】表示不同程度比较时，句子主语不能包括在比较对象的范围之内。他本身也是学生，不能用 any students 来表示比较对象的范围。【完成例句】(28)汤姆的自行车比吉姆的贵。Toms bike is more expensive than Jims(Jims bike). (29)北京的天气比上海冷。(that 指代天气)The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai. 【结论 3】比较的对象要一致，一般说来同等的两个事物才能比较。【翻译句子】(30)两人中他高一点。Heis the taller o
17、f the two.【结论 4】比较级范围是由 of 引出两者之间的比较，比较级前要用定冠词。【完成例句】(31)父母之爱，是世间最伟大的爱。There is no greater love than that given by parents in the world. 【结论 5】比较级用于否定句中表示最高级的意思。3. 最高级句型(只用于三者或以上的比较)【完成例句】 (32)它们是世界上最大的动物。Theyre the biggest animals in the world. 【结论 1】形容词最高级要加 the。【完成例句】(33) He is a brightest studen
18、t. 他是一个非常聪明的学生。【结论 2】如不表示比较，也没有表示比较范围的状语，最高级前用 a 时，作“ 十分”、 “非常”解。【翻译句子】(34)他是班里第二高的男生。He is the second tallest boy in our class. 【结论 3】最高级可用 by far, easily, nearly, by no means，序数词等修饰，置于最高级之前。4. 倍数表达法的句式【例句观察】 (1)我们的新房子是旧房子的 3 倍大。Our new house was three times as large as the old one. Our new house w
19、as twice larger than the old one. Our new house was three times the size of the old one. (2) 2005 年的汽车产量是 2002 年的产量的 6 倍。The output of cars in 2005 is 6 times that of 2002. The output of cars in 2005 is 6 times what it was in 2002. 【结论 4】倍数表达法主要有以下 5 种：(1) 倍数as 原级 as(2) 倍数比较级than(3) 倍数the size / len
20、gth / weight / height of(4)倍数that of(5)倍数what【特别提醒】表示倍数的词始终在前面。 5. 一些固定习惯用语与句型。【句型 1】 “the比较级 ，the比较级” 结构，意为“越，越”。The higher the temperature(is)，the greater is the pressure(the greater the pressure is)温度越高，压力就越大。【句型 2】 “比较级and比较级”结构，意为“越来越” ，表示程度逐渐增长。Our life is getting better and better. 我们的生活越来越好。
21、【句型 3】常见的比喻结构有：as free as a bird, as hungry as a wolf, as strong as a horse, as clever as a fox, as busy as a bee【句型 4】 as long as 只要，有之久； as far as 到 地点，就 而言；as high as 高达程度； as well as 既又； as good as 几乎 【句型 5】A is to B what C is to D. A 和 B 的关系就像 C 和 D 的关系。Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气和人
22、类的关系就像水和鱼的关系。【疑难 1】That little girl is more tired than hungry.那个小女孩是累了而不是饿了(与其说那小女孩饿了，还不如说她累了 )。【疑难剖析】 1) morethan是而不是，与其说是 不如说是2) no more than only 只不过(言其少)not more than at most 不多于，至少(指事实)no morethan和一样不not morethan不比更no less than as much as 和一样多no fewer than as many as 和 一样多 【疑难 2】You can never be careful enough. You can never be too careful. 【疑难剖析 2】cant be tooadj. cant be adj. enough 无论都不为过
