1、1外文翻译原文SUPPLYCHAINORGANIZATIONANDECOMMERCEAMODELTOANALYZESTOREPICKING,WAREHOUSEPICKINGANDDROPSHIPPINGMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCNAUTHORVHOVELAQUE,LGSOLER,SHAFSAABSTRACTACROSSMANYINDUSTRIES,ECOMMERCEGENERATESSUBSTANTIALMODIFICATIONSINSUPPLYCHAINSTRUCTURESTHEAIMOFTHISARTICLEISTOASSESSDI
2、FFERENTFORMSOFEXISTINGORGANIZATIONSWHENASTOREBASEDSALESNETWORKCOEXISTSWITHAWEBSITEORDERNETWORKTHREEMAINORGANIZATIONALMODELSCANBEDETECTED“STOREPICKING”,“DEDICATEDWAREHOUSEPICKING”AND“DROPSHIPPING”WEUSEA“NEWSBOY”ORDERPOLICYMODELTOCOMPARETHEADVANTAGESOFTHESEDIFFERENTMODELSANDTONOTETHEIMPACTOFSOMEPARAME
3、TERSONINVENTORYANDFLOWMANAGEMENTPOLICIESTHROUGHOUTTHESUPPLYCHAINSEVERALEFFECTSAREPRESENTED,PARTICULARLYTHOSELINKEDTOTHESIZEOFTHEINTERNETMARKETINRELATIONTOTRADITIONALMARKETSIZEANDMARKETDEMANDHAZARDSKEYWORDSECOMMERCESUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTINVENTORYELOGISTICS1INTRODUCTIONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFECOMMERCEGENERATE
4、SMANYQUESTIONSOFDIRECTINTERESTTORESEARCHERSWORKINGINTHEFIELDOFOPERATIONSRESEARCHANDMANAGEMENTSCIENCETHESESTUDIESHAVEESSENTIALLYFOCUSEDONTHEDISTRIBUTIONCOSTSGENERATEDBYDELIVERINGPRODUCTSTOINDIVIDUALCONSUMERSTHE“LASTKILOMETER”COSTANDONTHENEEDTOREDUCECOSTSANDSHIPPINGTIMESBYSETTINGUPDEPENDABLE,ROBUSTAND
5、RESPONSIVELOGISTICSFROMOURPERSPECTIVE,THISPOINTINVOLVESNOTONLYTRANSPORTOPTIMIZATION,BUTALSO,ONALARGERSCALE,INVENTORYPOLICYANDTHEMANAGEMENTOFPRODUCTFLOWSTHROUGHOUTTHEENTIRESUPPLYCHAINASDISCUSSEDHEREAFTER,HOWTODETERMINETHELOCALIZATIONOFTHESTOCKSINTHECHAINANDWHOSHOULDDECIDETHEQUANTITIESTOBEPRODUCEDINOR
6、DERTOREDUCETHERISKSOFSHORTAGEFORTHEFINALCONSUMERARETHEMAINCHALLENGESTHISPAPERAIMSATEXAMINING,WITHASIMPLEAND2EXPLORATORYMODEL,WHETHERINVENTORYLOCATIONANDORDERINGPOLICIESCANAFFECTSUPPLYCHAINEFFICIENCYWHENBOTHINTERNETANDPHYSICALCHANNELSCOEXISTMOREPRECISELY,WEPROPOSEAMODELTOSTUDYANDCOMPARETHEEFFICIENCYO
7、FVARIOUSORGANIZATIONALMODELSWHENRETAILERSSEEKTOSELLPRODUCTSDIRECTLYTHROUGHTRADITIONALSTOREBASEDDISTRIBUTIONNETWORKSASWELLASTOSATISFYCONSUMERORDERSTHROUGHINTERNETWEBSITESASWEWANTTOFOCUSONINVENTORYMANAGEMENTANDORDERINGPOLICIES,WEWILLUSEANEWSBOYBASEDAPPROACHWEWILLIDENTIFYTHREEMAJORORGANIZATIONALMODELSW
8、HICHARECURRENTLYIMPLEMENTED“STOREPICKING”,“WAREHOUSEPICKING”AND“DROPSHIPPING”INTHISPAPER,WECONSIDERTRADITIONALANDINTERNETCHANNELSOFPERISHABLEPRODUCTSTHISASSUMPTIONWILLHAVEANIMPACTONTHEMODELING2CHANNELORGANIZATIONSTHECOEXISTENCEOFTWODISTRIBUTIONCHANNELS,ONERELYINGONTRADITIONALSTORESANDTHEOTHERASSOCIA
9、TEDWITHINTERNETORDERSTHROUGHAWEBSITE,RAISESCONSIDERABLECHALLENGES,SUCHASTHEABILITYTOIMMEDIATELYORDERANDBUYONLINEWITHTHECOROLLARYNEEDOFREALTIMEVISIBILITYOFPRODUCTAVAILABILITYTHEINHERENTGOALOFMINIMIZINGPRODUCTSSHORTAGESOTHATTHECONSUMERDOESNOTLEAVETHESITEREQUIRESMUTUALCOHERENCEBETWEENSUPPLIERSTOCKINVEN
10、TORYLEVELSANDTHESALESCHANNELS,ANDTHUSANEEDFORINFORMATIONTRANSPARENCYANDBACKOFFICEDATAINTEGRATIONTHROUGHOUTTHESUPPLYCHAIN21STOREPICKINGTHISFIRSTORGANIZATIONALMODELWASINITIALLYSETUPBYLARGERETAILERSLIKEIGAINCANADAANDTESCOINGREATBRITAINITISALSOUSEDINFRANCEBYDISTRIBUTIONGROUPSFEDERATINGINDEPENDENTOWNERS“
11、STOREPICKING”CONSISTSINSATISFYINGANINTERNETCONSUMERSORDEROFFTHESHELFINTHESHOPCLOSESTTOHISHOMETHEINTERNETCONSUMERPLACESHISORDERTHROUGHTHERETAILERSWEBSITEANDTHEINFORMATIONISSENTTOTHESTOREWHERETHEAPPROPRIATEPRODUCTSISPACKAGEDOFFTHESHELVESACCORDINGTOTHELEVELSOFEXPECTEDINTERNETANDTRADITIONALCONSUMERDEMAN
12、D,THERETAILERPLACESITSOWNORDERSWITHITSSUPPLIERSINSUCHACASE,ALLTHEDECISIONSAREMADEBYTHERETAILERMARKETEDQUANTITIES,INVENTORY,ORDERANDDELIVERYMANAGEMENT22WAREHOUSEPICKINGASECONDTYPEOFORGANIZATIONALMODELHASBEENCHOSENBYRETAILERSLIKE3CARREFOURANDGALERIESLAFAYETTEINFRANCEDEDICATEDWAREHOUSESARERESERVEDFORIN
13、TERNETORDERSTHEORDERSAREPREPAREDINTHESEWAREHOUSESANDARESHIPPEDOUTTOINTERNETCONSUMERSTHESUPPLIERRECEIVESTWOTYPESOFORDERSFROMTHETRADITIONALCHANNELANDFROMTHEINTERNETCHANNELTHISTYPEOFORGANIZATIONCANLEADTOHIGHERFIXEDCOSTSINVESTMENTINDEDICATEDWAREHOUSESANDRESULTINLONGERDELIVERYTIMESCOMPAREDTOSTOREPICKINGS
14、INCEORDERSARECENTRALIZEDINASINGLEWAREHOUSETHISISDIFFERENTFROMTHESTOREPICKINGMODELINWHICHTHEINTERNETCONSUMERISSERVEDFROMTHESTORECLOSESTTOHISHOME23DROPSHIPPINGINTHETHIRDORGANIZATIONALMODEL,INTERNETCONSUMERORDERSARESENTTOTHESUPPLIERTHATBOTHMANAGESTHESTOCKANDHANDLESORDERDELIVERYONITSOWNTHISFORMOFORGANIZ
15、ATIONWASINVESTIGATEDBYKHOUJA2001ANDNETESSINEANDRUDI2004INORDERTOEXAMINEITSIMPACTONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSUPPLIERSANDRETAILERSINTHISCASE,THERETAILERRECEIVESINTERNETCONSUMERORDERSANDSENDSTHEMTOTHESUPPLIERWHODECIDESONTHEQUANTITIESTOBEMANUFACTUREDTHESUPPLIERTHENCOVERSTHECOSTSOFANYOVERSTOCKINGDUETOWRONGF
16、ORECASTSOFTHEFINALDEMAND3THESTRUCTUREOFTHEMODELINTHISSECTION,WEPROPOSEAMODELTOCOMPARETHETHREEPREVIOUSLYDESCRIBEDTYPESOFORGANIZATIONWESTUDYTHEEFFECTOFUNCERTAINTYONARETAILERWHOMUSTDECIDEONTHECAPACITYOFHISBUSINESSBEFOREKNOWINGTWODEMANDSFORHISPERISHABLEPRODUCTUNDERSEVERALASSUMPTIONSONTHEORGANIZATIONOFTH
17、EINTERNETCHANNELTHEMAINDECISIONTHERETAILERHASTOMAKEISTODETERMINETHEOPTIMALSTOCKSIZE,TAKINGINTOCONSIDERATIONRISKSRELATEDTOSHORTAGEANDOVERSTOCKWEPROPOSEANEWSBOYTYPEAPPROACHTOIDENTIFYTHEADVANTAGESANDLIMITSOFEACHORGANIZATIONALMODELTHEBASICNEWSBOYMODELALLOWSCOMPUTINGTHEORDEREDQUANTITYWHICHMAXIMIZESTHERET
18、AILERSPROFITUNDERASTOCHASTICDEMANDITISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATTHESUPPLIERHASNOPRODUCTIONCAPACITYLIMITANDDOESNOTFACEPRODUCTIONHAZARDSTHEEXCHANGETAKESPLACEINASINGLEPERIOD,WITHREMAININGSTOCKORUNSATISFIEDORDERSATTHEENDOFTHEPERIODCONSIDEREDASLOSTEXPECTEDPROFITISEXPRESSEDASAFUNCTIONOFTHEORDERQUANTITYASFOL
19、LOWS4WITHPTHESELLINGPRICEOFTHEPRODUCTONTHEFINALMARKET,WTHEPURCHASEPRICEOFTHEPRODUCTFORTHESUPPLIER,HTHESALVAGESTOCKVALUEANDFXTHEPROBABILITYDENSITYOFDEMANDONTHEFINALMARKET4CONCLUSIONINTHELASTYEARS,ECOMMERCELEADSTOSUBSTANTIALMODIFICATIONSINSUPPLYCHAINORGANIZATIONTHISARTICLEPROVIDESWITHTHEASSESSMENTOFDI
20、FFERENTORGANIZATIONALFORMSWHICHSHOULDBEDEVELOPEDWHENASTOREBASEDSALESNETWORKCOEXISTSWITHAWEBSITEORDERNETWORKTHREEORGANIZATIONALMODELSWEREANALYZED“STOREPICKING,”,“DEDICATEDWAREHOUSEPICKING”AND“DROPSHIPPING”WEUSEA“NEWSBOY”TYPEORDERPOLICYMODELTOCOMPARETHEADVANTAGESOFTHESEDIFFERENTMODELSANDTONOTETHEIMPAC
21、TOFSOMEPARAMETERSONINVENTORYANDFLOWMANAGEMENTPOLICIESTHROUGHOUTTHESUPPLYCHAINSEVERALEFFECTSAREPRESENTED,PARTICULARLYTHOSELINKEDTOTHESIZEOFTHEINTERNETMARKETINRELATIONTOTRADITIONALMARKETSIZEANDMARKETDEMANDHAZARDSTHESERESULTSHELPTOEXPLAINSOMEDEVELOPMENTSOBSERVEDINTHISRESEARCHAREASEVERALEXAMPLESINFACTSH
22、OWTHEDIFFICULTIESFACEDBYRETAILERSWHOHAVECHOSENWAREHOUSEPICKINGANDWHYSOMEOFTHEMRETURNTOSTOREPICKINGTHEPROPOSEDMODELGIVESADDITIONALARGUMENTSTOTHOSEGENERALLYPUTFORWARD,WHICHFOCUSONTRANSPORTCOSTSORFIXEDCOSTSOURANALYSISSHOWSTHAT,WITHOUTTAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHESETWOPARAMETERS,RETAILERPROFITSINTHESTOREPICKINGO
23、RDROPSHIPPINGMODELSAREGREATERTHANINTHEWAREHOUSEPICKINGSOLUTION,IRRESPECTIVEOFTHEMARKETSIZEANDTHEDEMANDHAZARDSTHESERESULTSAREBASEDON1THEABILITYTOMANAGETWODEMANDSWITHONESINGLESTOCKINTHESTOREPICKINGMODELANDTHETRANSFEROFTHECOSTRISKSTOTHESUPPLIERINTHEDROPSHIPPINGMODELINTHISPAPERWEHAVESHOWNTHATTHEORGANIZA
24、TIONALCHOICEDEPENDSONTHEINTERNETMARKETSIZEANDTHEDEMANDHAZARDSFURTHERENRICHMENTSOFTHISAPPROACHINTHEFUTUREARESTRONGLYINVITEDFIRSTLY,MORECOMPLEXMODELSCOULDHAVEBEENPROPOSEDDEPENDENTDEMANDSONTHETWOMARKETS,ANALYTICALSOLUTIONSNEVERTHELESS,SOMEEFFECTSOBTAINEDBYOURMODELSFITTEDINWITHEMPIRICALANDRESEARCHRESULT
25、SSECONDLY,SOMEXTENSIONS,LIKEMULTIPERIODICINVENTORYPOLICYAENDPERIODSTOCKCANBEPROPOSEDINTHENEXTPERIOD,WOULDBEOFINTERESTTOANALYZETWOCHANNELSOFNONPERISHABLEPRODUCTSINADDITIONTOTHESE5POINTS,TWOOTHERAVENUESOFRESEARCHSHOULDBEEXPLOREDFIRSTLY,THEORGANIZATIONOFTHESUPPLYCHAINWITHSEVERALPRODUCTSTOPLACEONTHEMARK
26、ET,ANDSECONDLY,THEORGANIZATIONOFTHECHAININTHEPRESENCEOFSEVERALSUPPLIERSINVESTIGATIONALONGTHESETWOLINESSHOULDMAKEITPOSSIBLETOSHEDLIGHTONOTHERFACETSOFTHEPROBLEMSTUDIEDINTHISARTICLE译文供应链组织与电子商务用一个模型来分析店商店配送,专用仓库配送,转运配送资料来源HTTP/SPRINGERLIBTSINGHUAEDUCN作者VHOVELAQUE,LGSOLER,SHAFSA摘要在许多行业,电子商务在供应链结构中产生重大改变
27、。本文的目的是评估在现有的不同组织形式时,商店的销售网络和订购网络共存于一个网站上。三个主要的组织模式分别为“商店配送”,“专用仓库配送”和“转运配送”。我们使用一个“报童”型订货策略的模型来比较这些不同模型间的优势,并注意某些对库存和整个供应链流程管理政策产生影响的参数。提出几个方面的影响,特别是那些与互联网有关的市场规模,传统的市场规模和市场需求的危害。关键词电子商务供应链管理库存电子物流1简介研究人员在运筹与管理领域中工作会对电子商务的发展会产生许多有直接利益的问题。这些研究主要集中在个人消费者所产生的分销成本提供的产品(以下简称“最后一公里”费用)和需要通过建立可靠,坚固耐用的物流来减
28、少成本和运输时间。从我们的角度来看,这一点不仅涉及交通运输优化,而且,还涉及到库存政策和管理在整个供应链中规模较大的产品流。如前所述,如何确定供应链中库存的定位,谁应该决定要生产的数量用以减少风险,最终消费者是主要的挑战。本文旨在探讨,用一个简单的模型,探索当互联网和物理信道共存时,无论是库存位置还是订货政策都能影响供应链的效率。更确切地说,我们提出了一个模型来研究和比较效益不同的组织模式时,零售商通过传统商店为基础的分配网络来寻求产品直接销售,以及通过互联网来满足消费者的订购政策。为此我们将使用一个以“报童”模型为基础的方法。6我们将确定三个当前主要的组织模式“商店配送”,“专用仓库配送”和
29、“转运配送。在本文中,我们认为传统和互联网产品共用渠道。这种假设在建模中会产生影响。2渠道组织两个销售渠道并存,一个依赖于传统商店,另一个通过网站获取与互联网相关的订单,大大提高了立即网上订购和购买的实时产品的可用性能见度的这种挑战的能力。最小化产品的短缺(使消费者没有内在目标不离开网站)是要求供应商之间的相互协调存货水平和销售渠道,从而提高信息的透明度,而这需要后台数据来整合整个供应链。21商店配送这组织模式最初是由大型零售商像在加拿大的IGA和在英国的乐购这样的公司建立的。它也可以用来在法国发行独立业主这样的团体建立联盟。“商店配送”的组成在商店的货架满足了互联网消费者的订单最接近他的家。
30、通过网络消费者的地方零售商的网站和他的命令将信息发送到商店,使相应的产品包装下架。据预计零售商与供应商根据互联网和传统的消费者的水平需求来决定自己的订单。在这种情况下,所有的决定(销售数量,库存,订单和交付管理)都是由零售商决定的。22专用仓库配送这个组织模型的第二个类型在法国已被如家乐福和老佛爷这样的零售商选定。保留专用仓库网上订单。订单都准备用于在这些仓库和运出互联网的消费者。供应商的订单接收两个类型传统渠道和互联网渠道。这种类型的组织可以带来更高的固定费用(以专门的投资仓库),与较长的交货时间的结果相比,专用仓库配送由于订单集中在一个单一的仓库。与商店配送模式不同的是中,互联网用户从专用
31、仓库配送中选择最接近他家的。23转运配送在第三个组织模式里,互联网用户的订单同时发送到供应商和管理库存的来处理自身的订单交货。特西和鲁迪对这种组织形式进行了研究奈,以便审查7供应商和零售商之间的关系及其影响。在这种情况下,零售商收到的订单和互联网消费者发送给供应商由此来决定制造量。供应商因错误的预测了最终需求而导致了过度的库存成本。3结构模型在本节中,我们提出了一个模型来比较前面描述的三个研究类型的组织我们学习零售商在他的业务决定之前对几种网络组织通道的不确定性影响。零售商要提出的主要决定是,确定最佳库存的规模,同时考虑到相关的短缺我们提出了一个报童式的方式来确定各的优点和缺点来限制组织模式。
32、基本“报童”模型允许计算有序其中最大数量随机需求下零售商的利润。这是基于这样的假设,供应商没有产能限制,不正视生产的危害。该交易所是在一个单一的时间内举行,在剩余的视为期末库存或不满意的订单丢失。订货数量的预期的利润表示为如下功能其中P代表商品的售价,W代表商品的买价,H代表库存价值,F(X)代表货物大量损坏的可能性。4结论电子商务在供应链结构中产生重大改变。本文的目的是评估在现有的不同组织形式时,商店的销售网络和订购网络共存于一个网站上。三个主要的组织模式分别为“商店配送”,“专用仓库配送”和“转运配送”。我们使用一个“报童”型订货策略的模型来比较这些不同模型间的优势,并注意某些对库存和整个
33、供应链流程管理政策产生影响的参数。提出几个方面的影响,特别是那些与互联网有关的市场规模,传统的市场规模和市场需求的危害。这些结果有助于解释在这一研究领域中观察到的一些事态发展。几个事实例子表明谁选择了由零售商所面临的困难专用仓库配送为什么有的返回商店配送。该模型给出这些额外的参数,一般的提出,集中于交通运输成本或固定成本。我们的分析表明,没有考虑到这些两个参数,零售商的利润的解决方案在商店配送或转运配送中比在专用仓库配送的更大,不论市场大小和需求的危害。8这些结果是基于(1)进行管理的能力与在商店配送模型中要求一两项进行单一库存和为了在转运配送中进行成本的风险转移的供应商。在本文中,我们已经表明,该组织在互联网上的选择取决于市场规模和需求危险。这方法在未来将进一步富集。首先,更复杂的模型可能被提出(供养要求在两个市场,分析解决方案)。然而,一些影响获得我们的模式与经验和研究成果存在分叉。其次,一些如多周期库存策略扩展(一期末库存可能会被提出在今后一个时期),将有关联的两个渠道分析非其产品。除了这点,还应研究和探索两个其他的途径。首先,在市场上的供应链组织中几种产品,其次,该组织链中的几个供应商的存在。这篇文章研究应沿着这两条线的调查以阐明问题。9