1、1外文翻译原文TRANSITIONORTRANSFORMATIONEMERGINGFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONINTERMEDIARIESMATERIALSOURCEWWWUCTCNET/PAPERS/636PDFAUTHORJIONGJIONGSONG,AMELIACREGANINTHISPAPERWEEXAMINETHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHISNEWINDUSTRY,DISCUSSITSPROMISEANDPOTENTIALIMPACT,ANDEXAMINEHURDLESTOITSSUCCESSPOTENTIALBENEFITSTHEPOTENTIALBENEFIT
2、SOFONLINEFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONINTERMEDIARIESAREENORMOUSFORSMALLCARRIERS,CONVENIENTACCESSTOSPOTMARKETSCOULDMAKEAHUGEDIFFERENCEINPROFITABILITYPROVIDINGTHECOSTTOACCESSTHESEMARKETSISREASONABLEMORETHAN70OFTRUCKINGCOMPANIESOPERATINGINTHEUSIN1998HADSIXORFEWERTRUCKSACCESSTOINEXPENSIVETRACKINGANDTRACINGANDAU
3、TOMATEDBILLINGANDFREIGHTPAYMENTSYSTEMSWILLALLOWSMALLCARRIERSTOOPERATEWITHLITTLEADMINISTRATIVEOVERHEADMANYSMALLCARRIERSWEREALREADYACTINGASSUBCONTRACTORSTOLARGERCARRIERSTHEFACTTHATTHESERELATIONSHIPSAREMOVINGONLINESHOULDONLYMAKETHESERELATIONSHIPSMOREEFFICIENTMEDIUMSIZEDCARRIERSCOULDALSOBENEFITFROMPARTI
4、CIPATINGINMARKETSTHATENCOURAGEGROUPSOFSHIPPERSANDCARRIERSTOCOLLABORATESOCALLEDCOLLABORATIVEPRIVATELOGISTICSNETWORKSINWHICHONEORMORESHIPPERANDONEORMORECARRIERCOOPERATETOCREATEADENSERNETWORKCOULDPROVIDESIGNIFICANTADDEDEFFICIENCIESIFISSUESRELATEDTOPROPRIETARYINFORMATIONANDCOMPETITIVEISSUESCANBERESOLVED
5、,TRUCKLOADCARRIERSINPARTICULARCOULDBENEFITTHROUGHSCHEDULINGLOADSFORMULTIPLESHIPPERSSIMULTANEOUSLYLARGECARRIERSWILLBENEFITMOSTFROMPARTICIPATIONINCLOSEDNETWORKSWHICHFACILITATEIMPROVEDCOMMUNICATIONWEBBASEDEDIRATHERTRADITIONALEDIANDWHICHALLOWTHEMTOSUBCONTRACTSUBOPTIMALLOADSINEITHERPUBLICORPRIVATESPOTMAR
6、KETSSHIPPERSMAYBENEFITFROMOPPORTUNITIESTOTRANSFORMSIGNIFICANTPORTIONSOFTHEIRLESSTHANTRUCKLOADMOVESTOTRUCKLOADMOVESSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDSHIPPERSSHOULDHAVESIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEDSEARCHCOSTSWHENTHEYREQUIREACCESSTOSPOTMARKETSTHECOSTOFSERVICESPROVIDEDTHROUGHBOTHTHESPOTMARKETSANDAUCTIONSSHOULDBELOWWHENPRICEIST
7、HEMAINCONCERNTHESEMARKETSMAYBEVERYATTRACTIVETHESESHIPPERSMAYALSOBENEFITFROMCREATIVECONTRACTINGARRANGEMENTS2BEINGOFFEREDBYSOMEOFTHESECOMPANIESFOREXAMPLE,ATLEASTONECOMPANYISOFFERINGAVARIETYOFCONTRACTINGARRANGEMENTSTHESEINCLUDESPOTMARKETSINWHICHLOADSARETENDEREDANDTRUCKSAREOFFEREDFORASINGLEPREDETERMINED
8、DATEFORWARDMARKETSINWHICHLOADSARETENDEREDORTRUCKSAREOFFEREDFORASINGLEPICKUPWITHINAPREDETERMINEDWEEKORMONTH,BUTTHESPECIFICSOFTHECONTRACTARETOBECOMPLETEDATALATERDATESERIESMARKETSINWHICHLOADSARETENDEREDORTRUCKSAREOFFEREDFORPERIODICPICKUPSONMORETHANONEPREDETERMINEDDAY,WEEK,ORMONTHSHORTHAULMARKETSINWHICH
9、LOADSARETENDEREDORTRUCKSAREOFFEREDFORANYNUMBEROFPICKUPSANDDELIVERIESTOBECOMPLETEDONASINGLEDAYSUCHTHATTHETRUCKSCANRETURNTOTHEIRDEPOTONTHESAMEDAYSHIPPERSWILLALSOBENEFITDIRECTLYFROMNEWSOFTWAREMADEAVAILABLEBYAPPLICATIONSERVICEPROVIDERSFOREXAMPLE,TRANSPORTATIONMANAGEMENTSOFTWARESHOULDMAKETHEIROPERATIONSM
10、OREEFFICIENTBIDDINGANDCONTRACTMANAGEMENTSOFTWAREWILLALSOHELPSHIPPERS,PARTICULARLYLARGEONES,ASWILLSOFTWAREDESIGNEDTOALLOWLARGESHIPPERSTODEVELOPPRIVATEEXCHANGESFINALLY,TRADITIONAL3PLSWILLBENEFITFROMACCESSTOTECHNOLOGICALIMPROVEMENTSWITHOUTHEAVILYINVESTINGINDEVELOPMENTLARGE3PLS,WITHRELATIONSHIPSTOALARGE
11、NUMBEROFCARRIERSSHOULDBEABLETOLEVERAGESIGNIFICANTECONOMIESOFSCALEWITHTHEINCREASEINGLOBALCOMMERCE,3PLSASWELLASSHIPPERSANDCARRIERSWILLNEEDTOFINDEFFICIENTSOLUTIONSTOEXPEDITECOMPLIEDWITHINTERNALTRADERULESCUSTOMSCLEARANCESERVICESFROMONLINECOMMUNITIESSHOULDSIMPLIFYANDAUTOMATETHECROSSBOARDERMOVEMENTOFGOODS
12、ONEEXAMPLEOFANEFFORTTOPROVIDETHESESERVICESISARZOONWHICHRECENTLYACQUIREDFROM2COM,APROVIDEROFGLOBALTRADESOFTWAREANDCONSULTINGSOLUTIONSWHICHENABLESITSMEMBERSTOBEINFORMEDOFONLINE,REALTIMESOURCINGINFORMATIONRELATEDTOIMPORTANDEXPORTPOTENTIALDRAWBACKSMAJORCARRIERSALREADYENJOYCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESDUETOLONGT
13、ERMCONTRACTSWITHHIGHVOLUMESHIPPERSTHEYVIEWTHEIRCOMPANIESASPROVIDINGSIGNIFICANTVALUEADDEDSERVICES,PARTICULARLYTOTHEIRCORECUSTOMERSTHEREISADANGERTHATONLINEEXCHANGESWILLVIEWGOODSMOVEMENTASACOMMODITYRATHERTHANACOMPLEXSERVICETHECARRIERSALSOWORRYTHATTHEONLINEBUSINESSMODELWILLFURTHERCURTAILTHEIRALREADYTHIN
14、PROFITMARGINSSHIPPERSWILLWANTTOMAINTAINTHEIREXISTINGLONGTERMRELATIONSHIPSWITHRELIABLECARRIERSTHESEHAVEBEENNURTUREDANDDEVELOPEDOVERANUMBEROFYEARSINDEED,RELIABLETRANSPORTATIONSERVICESRATHERTHANLOWPRICESALONEASSURETHESUCCESSOFSHIPPERSOPERATIONSINADDITION,3TRADITIONAL3PLSRISKBEINGDISINTERMEDIATEDOUTOFBU
15、SINESSORWILLATLEASTFACEINCREASEDCOMPETITIONFROMTHESEELOGISTICSFIRMSTHEYHAVEBENEFITEDFORYEARSFROMPOSSESSINGINFORMATIONTHATWASDIFFICULTTOOBTAININTODAYSINFORMATIONRICHENVIRONMENTTHEYWILLBEFORCEDTOFINDNEWWAYSTOPROVIDEVALUEADDEDSERVICESTOTHEIRCLIENTSFINALLY,SECURITYOFPROPRIETARYINFORMATIONANDONLINETRANSA
16、CTIONSANDRELIABILITYOFSUPPLYCHAINSINVOLVINGONEMORELAYEROFINTERMEDIATIONISOFGRAVECONCERNTOCARRIERS,SHIPPERSAND3PLSONLINEINTERMEDIARIESAREFINDINGCREATIVESOLUTIONSTOALLOFTHESEWORRIES,NONETHELESS,THEREISARISKTHANCARRIERSANDSHIPPERSWILLBESLOWTOJOINTHESEMARKETPLACESANDTHATMANYWILLNOTBECOMEPROFITABLEBEFORE
17、THEYRUNOUTOFSTARTUPFUNDSTHISCREATESONEMORESERIOUSCONCERNCARRIERS,SHIPPERSAND3PLSWILLBERELUCTANTTOSIGNONWITHCOMPANIESTHATHAVEATENUOUSFUTURETHEYWILLBETRYINGTOWORKWITHTHECLEARMARKETLEADERS,THOUGHTHESEAREVERYDIFFICULTTOIDENTIFYATTHISSTAGEMARKETGROWTHTHEFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONINTERMEDIARYMARKETINCLUDESTHIR
18、DPARTYLOGISTICSORCONTRACTLOGISTICSFIRMS,CUSTOMSBROKERS,FREIGHTFORWARDERS,FREIGHTCONSOLIDATORSANDSHIPPERSASSOCIATIONSWHOARRANGEANDMANAGETHEMOVEMENTOFGOODSBETWEENSHIPPERSANDCARRIERSINADDITIONITINCLUDESTHENEWONLINESERVICESANDECOMMERCEFULFILLMENTCOMPANIESHEREWECONSIDERONLYTHETHIRDPARTYLOGISTICSMARKETAND
19、THENEWONLINEMARKETPLACESALTOGETHERTHESERVICEOFFERINGSOFTHESENEWCOMPANIESHAVECONSIDERABLEOVERLAPWITHTHETRADITIONAL3PLINDUSTRYONEOFTHEDIFFICULTIESINESTIMATINGTHESIZEANDSCOPEOFTHE3PLINDUSTRYISTHATITISHARDTODRAWTHELINEBETWEEN3PLSANDOTHERFREIGHTINTERMEDIARIESTHEREAREVARIOUSESTIMATESOFTHETOTALSIZEOFCURREN
20、T3PLMARKETINTHEUSANDTHEEMERGENCEOFTHEONLINELOGISTICSPROVIDERSCOMPLICATESMATTERSFURTHERAFAIRLYRELIABLEESTIMATEISTHATTHEREVENUEOFTHIRDPARTYLOGISTICSMARKETISCURRENTLYAPPROXIMATELY64BILLIONINUSWITHANOTHER75BILLIONGLOBALLYIN2000THEANNUALREVENUEGROWTHRATEHASBEENINTHE1020RANGEOVERTHELASTFIVEYEARSITISNOTCLE
21、ARHOWMANYFIRMSEXACTLYAREPROVIDINGTHIRDPARTYLOGISTICSSERVICESCURRENTLYINUS,ONESOURCELISTEDOVER4003PLSIFWEINCLUDETHEROUGHLYTWOHUNDREDONLINELOGISTICSPROVIDERSTHATHAVEEMERGEDINTHELASTFEWYEARS,WEESTIMATETHATTHEREAREROUGHLY6007003PLSOPERATINGINUSTHESECOMPANIESVARYWIDELYINSIZEAMONGTHEM,BIGPLAYERSLIKECHROBI
22、NSONANDRYDERLOGISTICSHAVEANNUALREVENUESOFBILLIONSOFDOLLARSWITHTHOUSANDSOFEMPLOYEES,4WHILEHUNDREDSOFSMALLCOMPANIESONLYHAVEAFEWMILLIONSOFDOLLARSOFREVENUEANDLESSTHAN100EMPLOYEESTHOUGHTHETHIRDPARTYLOGISTICSINDUSTRYEMERGEDINUSDURINGTHE1980SAND1990SANDISSTILLRELATIVELYYOUNGITHASABRIGHTFUTUREWITHHUGEPOTENT
23、IALOPTIMISTICESTIMATESEXPECT3PL,ANDESPECIALLYTHEELOGISTICSMARKETTOINCREASESIGNIFICANTLYINTHENEARFUTURETHEPREDICTEDINCREASEINTHESIZEOFTHE3PLMARKETISWELLFOUNDEDLOGISTICSCOSTSCONTINUETOINCREASEANDLOGISTICSSERVICESCONTINUETOBEMOREANDMORECOMPLICATEDTHISHASLEDTOANINCREASEINLOGISTICSSERVICESOUTSOURCINGIN19
24、94,BUSINESSSPENT421BILLIONONTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSTOMOVE35TRILLIONTONSOFFREIGHTACROSSUS,THISNUMBERINCREASEDTONEARLY562BILLIONIN1998IN1999TOTALUSLOGISTICSCOSTS,INCLUDINGCARRYINGCOSTSANDOTHERLOGISTICSRELATEDCOSTS,REACHED921BILLION,99OFUSECONOMYWHILENOTALLOFTHISMARKETISAPPROPRIATETOBEOUTSOURCEDTOTHIRDPART
25、IES,MANYLOGISTICSSERVICESARETHISPOINTISFURTHERSUPPORTEDWITHDATAFROMANANNUALSURVEYOFUSFORTUNE500MANUFACTURERSTHESTUDYINDICATESTHERATEOF3PLSERVICEUSAGEAMONGBUSINESSESINCREASEDTO77OFRESPONDENTSIN2000,FROM69AND65IN1999AND1998RESPECTIVELY75OFRESPONDENTSALSOINDICATETHATTHEYEXPECTEDTOATLEASTMODERATELYINCRE
26、ASETHEUSEOF3PLSERVICESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFECOMMERCEANDPARTICIPATIONOFNEWONLINETRANSPORTATIONINTERMEDIARIESWILLLIKELYADDTOTHEGROWTHOFTHIRDPARTYLOGISTICSMARKETWHILETHEB2BANDB2CECOMMERCEMARKETSARESTILLGROWING,MANYOFTHESECOMPANIESLACKTHENECESSARYRESOURCESTOHANDLELOGISTICSSERVICES,ANDSOMEHAVEACHANGEDFREIGHTP
27、ATTERNWITHINCREASEOFSMALLERANDEXPEDITEDSHIPMENTS,SOITSEEMSNATURALFORTHEMTOOUTSOURCETHEIRLOGISTICSFUNCTIONECOMMERCELOGISTICSCOSTSINTHEUSWEREABOUT42BILLIONIN2000,ANDAREEXPECTEDTOGROWUPTO274BILLIONINFIVEYEARSDESPITETHECURRENTEARLY2001DIPINDEMANDFORFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONSERVICES,DUETOTHEOVERALLDECLINEIND
28、EMANDFORHIGHTECHANDOTHERDURABLEGOODS,OVERTHENEXTSEVERALYEARS,THESTEADYGROWTHOFTOTALLOGISTICSCOSTSANDTRENDSOFOUTSOURCING,ASWELLASTHEDEVELOPMENTOFECOMMERCEANDTHEPLETHORAOFONLINELOGISTICSPROVIDERS,WILLHELPFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONINTERMEDIARIES,PARTICULARLYTHOSEWITHRELIABLEWEBBASEDSOLUTIONSTOINCREASETHEIRM
29、ARKETPENETRATIONCONCLUSIONFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONINTERMEDIARIESHAVEENTEREDAPERIODOFRAPIDEXPANSIONANDTRANSITIONTHENUMBEROFMARKETENTRANTSISENORMOUS,PARTICULARLYAMONG5ONLINESERVICEPROVIDERSSTABILITYWILLELUDETHISMARKETFORSEVERALYEARSATLEASTMANYCOMPANIESWILLQUICKLYEXITTHEMARKETPLACEASNEWENTRANTSCONTINUETOS
30、TREAMINMARKETLEADERSWILLSOONEMERGETHETRADITIONALDISTINCTIONSBETWEENASSETANDNONASSETOWNING3PLSARENOTFINEENOUGHTODESCRIBETODAYSINTERMEDIARYINDUSTRYWHICHINCLUDESAWIDEVARIETYOFBOTHASSETANDNONASSETOWNINGCOMPANIESTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGIESANDECOMMERCEINITIATIVESMAYRENDERCURRENTOPTIMIZATI
31、ONANDSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTTOOLSOBSOLETENEWOPTIMIZATIONTOOLSANDINTEGRATEDMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSASWELLASNEWBUSINESSMODELS,ESPECIALLYFORTHEONLINEBROKERS,WILLNEEDTOBEDEVELOPEDANDIMPLEMENTEDTHEFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONINDUSTRIESHAVETRADITIONALLYBEENSLOWTOCHANGEDESPITETHEEMERGENCEOFMANYWEBBASEDCOMPANIESANDTOOLS,CH
32、ANGESINTHEINDUSTRYWILLLOOKMUCHMORELIKEATRANSITIONTHANARAPIDTRANSFORMATION6译文过渡或转型新兴货运中介机构资料来源WWWUCTCNET/PAPERS/636PDF作者宋炅炅，艾米丽C瑞根在本文中，我们将审视货运中介这个新兴行业的发展，讨论它的前景和潜在影响，并研究阻碍其发展的因素。潜在利益在线货运中介机构的潜在好处是巨大的。对于小型运营商来说，能够方便访问现货市场的途径对利润的产生起了一个巨大的作用，从而导致进入这些市场的成本是合理的。在1998年时，美国有超过70的货运公司在运营时只有6辆或则更少的卡车。小型运营商在运作
33、时通过廉价的跟踪追查以及自动结算和运费支付系统可以花费很少的管理费用。目前，许多小型运营商已经成为大型运营商的分包商，而事实上这种关系正在发展当中，它们变得更加高效。中等规模的运营商通过市场参与，并鼓励托运人和承运人的合作来获取收益。所谓的协同私营物流网络是指一个或多个托运人和一个或多个承运人进行合作，创造一个更加密集的网络来获得重要的额外的效益。如果相关的专业信息和竞争的问题可以解决，特别是对多个托运人同时加载的问题，那么整车承运人可以通过调度来获取收益。大型运营商受益于封闭网络参与者，这个封闭网络将有助于加强通信（代替传统EDI是网络EDI数据交换系统），并允许他们（无论是公共还是私人）在
34、现货市场进行分包次优负载。从非整车运输到整车运输的转变机会可能给付货人带来利润。当中小型托运人进入现货市场的时候，他们对搜索成本必须做出明显让步。而现货市场和拍卖行提供的服务的成本应该是低的。当价格成为主要的关注对象时，这些市场可能会非常有吸引力。当然，这些托运人也可能受益于一些公司提供的创新合约安排。这些措施包括提供货物指向运输和集装的现货市场提出一个单一的预定日期；提供货物指向运输和集装的远期市场在预定星期或月内提供一辆单一的皮卡车，但合同的具体细节将在稍后的日期完成；提供货物指向运输和集装的系列市场在预定的一天，一周或一个月内定期提供皮卡车；提供货物指向运输和集装的短途市场提供任何皮卡和
35、交付数量,在一天内完成的卡车可以在同一天返回他们的仓库。市场增长安排和管理托运人和承运人之间的货物流动的货运中介市场包括第三方物流或合同物流企业、报关行、货运代理、货物运输公司和托运人协会。此外，7它还包括新的在线服务和电子商务公司。在这里我们只考虑第三方物流市场和新兴的网上交易市场。这些新公司的服务于传统的第三方物流业发生大量重叠。评估第三方物流业的规模和范围是难以划分第三方物流和其他货运中介机构的困难之一。美国第三方物流市场的总体规模和在线物流服务供应商的出现使得各种估计问题更加复杂化。据可靠估计，2000年全球第三方物流市场的收入为75亿美元，其中大约有65亿美元来自美国市场。在过去的五
36、年中，年销售收入增长率一直在1020之间。目前还不清楚到底有多少公司在美国是提供第三方物流服务的，但有消息称有超过400家。在过去的几年中，如果我们囊括大约200家在线物流服务供应商，而在美国经营的第三方物流公司估计有600700家，这些公司的经营规模有很大的差别。其中，像罗宾逊和莱德物流这样的大公司来说，它们拥有数千名员工和数十亿美元收入，而数以百计的小公司却只有不到几百万美元的收入和不到100名的员工。虽然第三方物流业在美国兴起的时间实在1980年和1990年之间，但是他还比较年轻，它有着巨大的潜力和光明的未来。据乐观估计，在不久的将来，第三方物流尤其是电子物流市场将有着显著增加。对于第三
37、方物流市场规模的预测增加是有根据的。物流成本不断增加，物流服务变得越来越复杂多样。这导致物流外包服务的增加。1994年，美国的企业在运输费用上花费421亿美元用来转运35万亿吨的货物，而这一数字在1998年时已经增长到接近562亿美元。1999年，全美物流成本，包括运输成本和其他物流相关的成本达到了921亿美元，占美国经济的99。电子商务和新的在线运输中介机构的发展可能会增加第三方物流市场的增长。尽管B2B和B2C电子商务市场仍然在增长，但是许多公司缺少必要的资源来从事物流服务，再加上货运格局的转变和货量的增加，它们很自然的把它们的物流功能外包出去。2000年，美国电子商务物流成本是42亿美元
38、，预计未来5年将会增长到274亿美元。结论货运中介已经进入了一个迅速扩张的过渡期。市场进入者的数量是巨大的，尤其是在线服务供应商。至少几年内，这个市场不会出现稳定状态。许多公司将会快速的被淘汰然后又以新的进入者身份继续进入。市场的领导者很快就会出现。对于传统意义上的第三方物流的资产拥有者和非自产拥有者之间差别，还不足以形容今天的中介行业。快速发展的信息技术的和电子商务可能导致当前的优化和供应链管理手段显得陈旧。新的优化工具和综合管理系统，以及新的商业模式，特别是在线经营，正在被开发和实施。货物运输行业历来是变化缓慢的。尽管出现了许多以网络为基础的公司和工具，但是在行业内的变化看起来更像是一个快速的转型。
