1、外文翻译原文JUDICIOUSPRODUCTMIXVITALFORAPPARELSUPPLYCHAINMATERIALSOURCEWWWEXPRESSTEXTILECOMAUTHORDEBASISDASPALSTYLE,FASHION,BRANDIMAGETHESEARETHEWORDSTHATCAPTURETHEIMAGINATIONOFCONSUMERSSHOPPINGFORVALUEINAPPARELITEMSINCREASINGGLOBALIZATION,MARKETDIVERSIFICATIONANDVOLATILEFASHIONINTENSIFYCOMPETITIONINTHEAP
2、PARELSUPPLYCHAINASACONSEQUENCE,COMPANIESINCREASINGLYGOINFORPRODUCTDIVERSITYTOIMPROVEMARKETSHARETHEDIVERSITYFACTOR,WHICHISLARGELYDETERMINEDBYVARIOUSCONSUMERPERCEIVABLEATTRIBUTESOFAPPARELLIKEDESIGN,HANDLE,SIZEANDFIT,LEADSTOACORRESPONDINGWIDESPECTRUMOFMANUFACTURINGPARAMETERSINUPSTREAMDIRECTIONTHISVARIA
3、BILITYINPRODUCTIONPARAMETERSANDTHECORRESPONDINGSMALLBATCHSIZESAREMAJORDETERRENTSINACHIEVINGONTIMEDELIVERYANDQUALITYSTANDARDS,WHICHSEVERELYAFFECTTHEMARKETABILITYOFABRANDTHISISATYPICALPROBLEMFACEDBYAPPARELSUPPLYCHAIN,WHERESCHEDULINGOFWORKBECOMESCOMPLICATEDBYTHEINTRODUCTIONOFAHIGHLYDIVERSERANGEOFPRODUC
4、TSTHISCOMPLEXITYMAKESMANAGEMENTOFAGIVENPRODUCTBASKETWITHRESPECTTOTIME,COSTANDSERVICEABILITYMOREDIFFICULTMOREOVER,PRODUCTREPLENISHMENTINAPPARELSUPPLYCHAINASSUMESNEWDIMENSIONS,ASGLOBALSOURCINGBECOMESTHEORDEROFTHEDAY,WITHRAWMATERIALSUPPLY,MANUFACTURING,DISTRIBUTIONANDRETAILINGALLDISPERSEDACROSSTHEGLOBE
5、UNDERTHISCIRCUMSTANCE,ITBECOMESMANDATORYTO“GETTHERIGHTPRODUCTATTHERIGHTPLACEATTHERIGHTTIMEATTHERIGHTPRICE”HOWEVER,WHILETOOMUCHEMPHASISHASBEENGIVENTOCONTROLTHE“PLACE”,“TIME”AND“PRICE”FACTORS,VERYLITTLEEFFORTHASBEENSPENTTOMANAGETHE“RIGHTPRODUCT”INANAPPARELSUPPLYCHAINNATUREOFPRODUCTVARIETYCONSUMERPERCE
6、IVESAPPARELMERCHANDISETHROUGHAUNIQUESETOFATTRIBUTESTHEUNIQUEVALUEPROPOSITIONOFAPPARELISGOVERNEDBYVISUALANDOTHERSENSATIONSTHESESUBJECTIVESENSATIONSCANBECAPTUREDTHROUGHOBJECTIVEPARAMETERSLIKEDESIGN,COMFORTANDHANDLEEACHOFTHESEOBJECTIVEPARAMETERSISINFLUENCEDBYVARIOUSMATERIALANDPROCESSCHARACTERISTICSINTH
7、EUPSTREAMDIRECTIONOFAPPARELCHAINIMPACTOFPRODUCTVARIETYIMPACTOFPRODUCTPROLIFERATIONCANBEMAPPEDACROSSTWOLEVELSRETAILINGANDMANUFACTURINGRETAILINGSOURCINGFROMAGIVENFABRICTYPE,ANENTIRERANGEOFAPPARELSKUCANBEPROLIFERATEDITSHOWSHOWONETYPEOFBASICTEXTILEPRODUCTDELIVEREDOUTOFTEXTILEMANUFACTURERSWAREHOUSEGETSTR
8、ANSLATEDINTOSOMANYSKUBYTHETIMEITREACHESTHERETAILERSSHELFINADDITIONTOTHISPROLIFERATION,ARETAILERMAYWANTTHEGOODSTOBESHIPPEDONAHANGERORINAPARTICULARPACKAGEANDMAYWANTTHEMANUFACTURERSTOMENTIONTHEPRICEANDOTHERDETAILSBEFORESHIPPINGMOREOVER,VARIABILITYINTRODUCEDINACCESSORYSTAGESTYLEOFBUTTON,CALF,COLLAR,ZIPP
9、ER,ETCWILLFURTHERAMPLIFYTHISDIVERSITYATRETAILLEVELLOOKINGINTOTHEENTIRERANGEOFVARIABLESINVOLVED,ONECANDEDUCEHOWMANYTHOUSANDSOFSKUWILLRESULTATRETAILLEVELFROMAGIVENPRODUCTBASKETCOMPRISINGOFHUNDREDDIFFERENTVARIETIESOFBASICTEXTILEFABRICWITHRESPECTTOCOLOR,DESIGN,FABRICSTRUCTURE,ETCNEEDLESSTOMENTIONTHEENOR
10、MOUSTASKOFDEVELOPINGANDMANAGINGTHIS“OCEANOFSKU”ACROSSGLOBALLYDISPERSEDSUPPLYNODESONMANUFACTURINGHIGHLYDIVERSIFIEDPRODUCTRANGEMEANSINCREASEDNUMBEROFLOTSATVARIOUSSTAGESOFOPERATIONALLTHESEPRODUCTPARAMETERSLEADTOMULTIPLICITYINNUMBEROFBATCHESATVARIOUSSTAGESOFPROCESSORDERSIZEANDMAXIMUMBATCHSIZEPERMISSIBLE
11、ATDIFFERENTSTAGESASDETERMINANTSOFLOTSIZEARECOMMONACROSSMANUFACTURINGSTAGESHENCEVARIOUSAPPARELANDTEXTILEMANUFACTURINGPARAMETERSLEADTOANINCREASEINTHENUMBEROFSKUONRETAILSHELVESONTHEONEHAND,ANDINCREASETHENUMBEROFLOTSONTHEMANUFACTURINGENDONTHEOTHERALLTHESEHAVERESULTEDININCREASEINMANUFACTURINGCOSTSINAPPAR
12、ELMANUFACTURING,DEVELOPMENTOFMARKERBECOMESINCREASINGLYDIFFICULTWITHINCREASINGDIVERSITYINGARMENTCONSEQUENTLYMATERIALWASTEINPATTERNMAKINGANDCUTTINGINCREASESWITHUNDERUTILIZATIONOFFABRICDIFFICULTYINASSORTMENTPLANNINGTOACHIEVEMAXIMUMIMPACTONCONSUMERSVALUEPERCEPTION,ITISNECESSARYTOMAKEALLTHEASSORTMENTSOFA
13、PARTICULARPRODUCTLINEAVAILABLEONTHESHELFATTHESAMETIMETHEAVAILABILITYOFACOMPLETERANGEOFANITEMNECESSITATESCONSIDERABLEASSORTMENTPLANNINGATEVERYLINKOFAPPARELSUPPLYCHAIN,STARTINGFROMINITIALTEXTILEMANUFACTURERBUTPROLIFERATIONOFLOTSIZESDETERSSUCCESSOFTHISASSORTMENTPLANNINGASBACKENDTEXTILEMANUFACTURINGCONS
14、ISTSOFBOTHBATCHANDCONTINUOUSPROCESSES,ITBECOMESMANDATORYTOMOVEALLTHEASSORTMENTSOFASTYLETOGETHEROUTOFFINALWAREHOUSETOACHIEVETHIS,ITISNECESSARYTOHARMONIZETHEMOVEMENTOFMANUFACTURINGLOTSINAWAYTHATMAKESTHEENTIRECOMPONENTASSORTMENTSOFASTYLEAVAILABLEDURINGGARMENTCUTTINGSTAGEHOWEVER,EACHCOMPONENTHASDIFFEREN
15、TIALPROCESSINGTIME,MAKINGITDIFFICULTTOPUSHTHEENTIREASSORTMENTOFPRODUCTTOGETHERTHROUGHTHEMANUFACTURINGLEEWAYOFAPPARELCHAINFORINSTANCE,INANASSORTMENTCOMPRISINGWHITEANDCOLORFABRIC,WHITEPRODUCTSREACHFINALWAREHOUSEEARLIERASPROCESSINGTIMEFORWHITEGOODSISCONSIDERABLYLESSTHANTHATOFCOLORMERCHANDISESANDHIGHERT
16、HENUMBEROFPRODUCTCOMPONENTS,MOREDIFFICULTITWOULDBECOMETOACHIEVETHISSYNCHRONIZATIONACROSSPRODUCTPROCESSCONTINUUMOBVIOUSLYTHEFINALUPSHOTISLOSTSALESDUETOLACKOFCOMPLETEASSORTMENTONRETAILSHELFDURINGPURCHASEINAPPARELMANUFACTURING,AMASTERPRODUCTIONSCHEDULEMPSISALWAYSDEVELOPEDTOMEETTHECONTRACTDELIVERYDATESO
17、FTHEBUYERSINMANYCASES,THEPRODUCTIONORDERSFROMTHESAMEBUYERAREGROUPEDTOGETHERONTHEPRODUCTIONSCHEDULETHOSELATECOMPLETEDORDERSCONTRIBUTETOEXTRATRANSPORTATIONCOSTSANDREDUCESELLINGPRICEOFTHEGARMENTSDEMANDEDBYTHEBUYERSTOCOMPENSATEFORTHELATEDELIVERYININTERNALSUPPLYCHAIN,ALLCOMPONENTSNEEDEDFORAPARTICULARPROD
18、UCTAREREQUIREDTOBEPROCESSEDTOGETHERWITHINCREASEINNUMBEROFVARIETY,THETIMETAKENFORINDIVIDUALCOMPONENTTOBEPROCESSEDINCREASES,ALOTOFCHANGEOVERTIMEANDVARIOUSDOWNTIMESRELATEDTOQUALITYPROBLEMSINCREASETHISRESULTSINHIGHERAMOUNTOFWORKINPROCESSATVARIOUSSTAGESOFOPERATIONINWAREHOUSE,THEFINISHEDGOODSDISPATCHDEPEN
19、DSONAVAILABILITYOFALLSIMILARQUALITYOFAPARTICULARPRODUCTINAMOREDIVERSEPRODUCTMIX,ITWILLTAKEMORETIMEFORINDIVIDUALQUALITYPATTERNTOREACHINTHEWAREHOUSETHISRESULTSININCREASEINWAITINGTIMEANDHIGHERFINISHEDGOODSINVENTORYTAILORINGPRODUCTMIXHOLDSTHEKEYALREADYAHIGHDEGREEOFVARIABILITYISPRESENTINRETAILDUETOVOLATI
20、LEFASHIONANDEVERSHORTENINGSEASONPRODUCTLINESGETPROLIFERATEDWITHCREATIONOFNEWSEGMENTSFOREXAMPLE,INSPORTSWEARYOGAWEARISADDEDTOTHEALREADYESTABLISHEDLINESGOLFWEAR,TENNISWEARORSWIMWEARMOREOVER,PRODUCTLINES,SIZESANDOVERALLFITSVARYWITHGLOBALIZATIONOFTHEMARKETALLTHESETENDTOAMPLIFYSKUVARIABILITYATRETAILLEVEL
21、TOANUNPRECEDENTEDLEVELRETAILERSANDBUYINGHOUSESNEEDTOMANAGETHISDIVERSIFIEDPRODUCTLINERIGHTTHROUGHDIFFERENTSTAGESPRODUCTDEVELOPMENT,SAMPLEAPPROVAL,BULKSOURCINGOFCOMPONENTS,PRODUCTIONOROUTSOURCINGAPPAREL,DISTRIBUTINGFINISHEDPRODUCTACROSSRETAILOUTLETSANDMERCHANDISINGANDALLTHESEACTIVITIESNEEDTOBECOORDINA
22、TEDACROSSVASTGEOGRAPHICALDISTANCESTHISCOMPLEXITYOFOPERATIONISMAGNIFIEDMANYTIMESBYTHEINCREASINGPRODUCTMIXESINTHEBASICTEXTILEFABRICTHEADVERSEIMPACTSOFPRODUCTPROLIFERATIONGOUNNOTICEDBYTHEFRONTLINEORGANIZATIONSRETAILERORBUYINGHOUSES,ASORGANIZATIONSINTEXTILEAPPARELRETAILCHAINARESELDOMINTERCONNECTED,ANDVE
23、RYLITTLECOORDINATIONEXISTSAMONGDIFFERENTPLAYERSUPTOTHEINITIALTEXTILEMANUFACTURERSRETAILERSHAVETOREALIZETHATTHEYSHOULDNOTFOCUSONLYONPURCHASINGANDSELLING,BUTONTHEENTIREAPPARELSUPPLYCHAINBECAUSE,SHOULDAMANUFACTURERNOTBEINAPOSITIONTODELIVERTHEGOODSATANAGREEDPOINTINTIME,DELAYSRUNTHROUGHTHEENTIRESUPPLYCHA
24、INUPTOTHEENDCUSTOMERBASEDONTHEGIVENCONFIGURATIONOFAPPARELSUPPLYCHAIN,THERETAILERHASLITTLEPOSSIBILITYTOEXERCISECONTROLINTHISPROCESSEVENRELATIVELYSIMPLEGARMENTSDEPENDONTHECOMBINATIONOFAFABRICFROMONEFACTORY,BUTTONSANDZIPPERSFROMANOTHER,ANDSNAPSFROMYETANOTHER,ALLOFWHICHMUSTCOMETOGETHERINTIMEFORTHEFINISH
25、EDAPPARELTOBESTACKEDONSTORESHELVESMOREOVER,ASPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTCONSISTSOFDEVELOPINGANDSELECTINGFABRICSWATCHES,FIGURINGOUTGARMENTSTYLEANDMERCHANDISEFLOW,PROLIFERATIONOFPRODUCTMIXRESULTSINHIGHPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTCOST,LONGDESIGNTOMARKETCYCLETIMETYPICALLYDESIGNTOMARKETTIMEFORAFASHIONAPPARELITEMIS6TO9MONTH
26、SGENERALLYITISFOUNDTHAT70PERCENTOFTHISTIMECOMPRISESNONVALUEADDEDACTIVITIESSUCHASCOMMUNICATIONDELAY,WAITINGTIMEFORASSORTMENTS,ANDNONAPPROVALOFMERCHANDISEATVARIOUSSTAGES,ETCHENCE,AJUDICIOUSPRODUCTMIXWILLMAKETHEENTIREAPPARELSUPPLYCHAINMOREMANAGEABLEWITHOUTSACRIFICINGTHEENDDIVERSITYINTERMSOFAPPARELFIT,S
27、IZEANDSTYLETHATATTRACTTHECONSUMERSIMAGINATION译文明智的产品组合对服装供应链至关重要资料来源WWWEXPRESSTEXTILECOM作者DEBASISDASPAL风格,时尚,品牌形象,这些词汇能够引发消费者对服装的购买价值的想象。日益全球化,市场多元化和时尚性的挥发加剧了服装供应链的竞争。因此,越来越多的公司为提高市场占有率而追求产品的多样化。服装多样性主要取决于各种服装消费感知,如设计,打样,尺寸和合适度,这导致相应的制造参数向上游推移。制造参数的变化和相应的小批量规模是实现准时交货和质量标准的主要障碍,而这严重影响了品牌的市场化,这是服装供应链所
28、面临的一个典型问题。推行高度多元化产品使工作安排变得复杂,而这种复杂性又使管理一个给定产品的时间,成本和适用性变得更加困难。此外,服装供应链中补货呈现新的特征,这就如同全球采购与原材料供应一样变得轻而易举,生产制造,分销和零售等所有的活动分散在世界各地。这种情况下,必须在合适的时间以适当的价格,将正确的产品送达正确的地点。然而,在服装供应链中过分强调控制地点,时间和价格因素,却缺乏精力去管理产品本身。产品品种性质。消费者通过一套独特的服装来了解其属性,服装的独特价值主张是通过视觉和其他感觉体现出来的。而这些主观感觉可以通过像设计,打样和舒适性等客观参数改变,每个客观参数是受各种材料和服装链在上
29、行方向的工艺特点所影响。产品品种的影响。产品扩散的影响体现在两个领域零售和制造。零售及采购中,一个给定的结构类型,会使服装整个范围内的库存单位激增。它展示了一类纺织产品如何从制造商的仓库转运出,转换成多库存单位直到零售商上架为止的过程。除此之外,零售商可能希望运输途中的服装挂在衣架上,或拥有特定的包装,还可能要提及厂家发货前的价格和其他细节。此外,可变性引入配件阶段(按钮,牛皮,衣领,拉链等样式)将进一步扩大在零售层面的服装多样性。从所涉及到的整个变量范围来看,可以推断数以千计的库存单位将导致一个给定产品的零售水平包括数百基本不同品种像纺织面料方面的色彩,设计,织物结构等的激增,更不用提开发和
30、管理库存单位这个巨大的任务了,因其分散在全球各地的供应节点。对制造而言,高度多元化的产品系列意味着增加各阶段的运作。所有这些产品参数导致各过程阶段的批数的多重性。订单规模和最大批量值出现在不同阶段,在制造阶段共同作为决定因素出现。因此,各种服装和纺织品的制造参数导致库存数量的增加。这一方面体现在零售数量,另一方面是制造数量的增加,所有这些都将导致生产成本的增加。在服装制造业,品牌的打造因为服装越来越多样化而变得愈发困难。结果在打样和裁剪情况下,出现面料废品增加,织品利用不足的问题。分类计划难度大。为了实现对消费者价值观念的影响最大化,有必要对货架上特殊的产品系列同时做分类。从最初的纺织品制造商
31、开始,需要对服装供应链各节点上各种有效项目做完整的分类计划,但批量扩散却阻碍了这种分类计划的成功。作为下游两个纺织品生产和连续过程,必须将所有的样式花色品种一起移至最后仓库。为了实现这一点,就需要协调服装在裁剪阶段的整个组件(样式的分类)的活动。然而,每个组件都有不同的处理时间,因此在整个服装链中很难提升整个产品的制造灵活性。例如,在对包括白色和彩色织品的分类中,由于往往认为白色产品的处理时间要少于彩色产品,这使得白色产品到达最终仓库的时间要早于彩色产品。并且较高产品组件的数量,将更难以实现这一跨库产品的连续同步过程。很显然,最后的结果是由于缺乏对零售品种的完全分类而使产品滞销。服装制造业中,
32、主生产计划总被使用,以满足买家的合约交付日期。许多情况下,来自于同一买家的生产订单组合在一起以便安排生产进度。这些后期完成的订单有助于减少额外的运输成本和降低由于买方要求以补偿因迟延交付的服装售价。在内部供应链,某种特定产品所需的所有部件都必须一起处理。随着品种,个别原料的处理时间的增加,转换时间,停机时间和与之相关的质量问题随之增加,致使各操作阶段存在较高的在制品数量。在仓库,成品发货依赖于所有类似产品的特定品质的可用性。在一个更加多样化的产品组合中,款式独特的产品到达仓库所花费的时间将更多,最终导致等待时间和产成品库存的增加。综上所述,整合产品结构是关键。零售环节存在的高度不稳定性是由时尚
33、的可变性和季节性所致,也因此产品系列得到增殖并创造了新的细分市场。例如,在运动服装中,瑜珈服被添加到已经建立的系列高尔夫服装,网球装或泳装中。此外,产品系列、大小和整体适合度随市场的全球化变化而变化。所有这些往往放大了库存单位,这在零售层面达到了前所未有的水平。零售商需要管理这个多元化的产品线,同时通过不同阶段的工序,像产品开发,样品制作,大部分组件生产或外购服装,分发至各地零售网点和成品销售来管理产品。所有这些活动需要在整个地理范围内协调。由于产品基本纺织面料混合的加大而使这种操作的复杂性被放大了许多倍。零售商必须认识到,他们不应该只注重采购和销售,而应从整条服装供应链层面来考虑。因为,如果
34、一个制造商不是在一个特定位置,而是约定时间,延迟通过整个供应链,再由末端顾客决定的话,基于服装供应链的特定配置,零售商在这个过程中行使控制权的可能性不大。即使是相对简单的服装也取决于一家工厂的一种产品组合,如钮扣,拉链,从一个,到另一个,所有这些都必须与成品服装一起在零售商店出售。此外,产品开发包括开发和选择服装样品,推测服装样式和产品流程,产品组合的扩展都将导致产品开发的高昂费用,而从设计到进入市场的周期时间也会过长。通常时尚服装从设计到投放市场的时间为6到9个月,我们发现往往这当中的70的时间活动为非增值活动,如沟通延时,花色品种的等待时间,以及在不同阶段的报废品等。因此,一个明智的产品组合将使得整个服装供应链更易于管理。就服装的适合度,大小和风格而言,既不失多样性,又引发消费者的想象。