1、外文翻译原文MODELSFOREVALUATINGANDPLANNINGCITYLOGISTICSTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSMATERIALSSOURCECIRRELT200765AUTHORTEODORGABRIELCRAINICETCINTRODUCTIONTHETRANSPORTATIONOFGOODSCONSTITUTESAMAJORENABLINGFACTORFORMOSTECONOMICANDSOCIALACTIVITIESTAKINGPLACEINURBANAREASFORTHECITYINHABITANTS,ITSUPPLIESSTORESANDPLACESOF
2、WORKANDLEISURE,DELIVERSGOODSATHOME,PROVIDESTHEMEANSTOGETRIDOFREFUSE,ANDSOONFORFIRMSESTABLISHEDWITHINCITYLIMITS,ITFORMSAVITALLINKWITHSUPPLIERSANDCUSTOMERSINDEED,THEREAREFEWACTIVITIESGOINGONINACITYTHATDONOTREQUIREATLEASTSOMECOMMODITIESBEINGMOVEDYET,FREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONISALSOAMAJORDISTURBINGFACTORTOUR
3、BANLIFEFREIGHTVEHICLESCOMPETEWITHPRIVATEANDPUBLICVEHICLESTRANSPORTINGPEOPLEFORTHECAPACITYOFTHESTREETSANDARTERIESOFTHECITY,ANDCONTRIBUTESIGNIFICANTLYTOCONGESTIONANDENVIRONMENTALNUISANCES,SUCHASEMISSIONSANDNOISEINMAJORFRENCHCITIES,FOREXAMPLE,ITHASBEENFOUNDTHATFREIGHTVEHICLESCONSUMEONAVERAGE30OFTHECITY
4、STREETCAPACITY,TWOTHIRDREPRESENTINGPARKINGFORDELIVERYANDPICKUPOPERATIONSONAVERAGEFORTHIRTEENAMERICANCITIES,FREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONREPRESENTSSOME10OFTHETOTALVEHICLEKMTRAVELLEDWITHINTHECITIESTHESAMEMEASUREFORTHETHREELARGERSFRENCHCITIESVARIESFROM13TO20FIGURESAREEQUALLYTELLINGREGARDINGEMISSIONSANOECDREPOR
5、TASSIGNS,FOREXAMPLE,43OFSULPHUROXIDESSOXAND61OFPARTICULATEMATTERPMEMISSIONSINLONDON,UK,TOFREIGHTTRANSPORTATION,WHILEFORNITROGENOXIDESNOEMISSIONS,THEFIGURESARE28FORLONDON,50FORPRAGUE,AND77FORTOKYOTHESENUISANCESIMPACTTHELIFEOFALLPEOPLELIVINGORWORKINGINCITIESASWELLASTHEPRODUCTIVITYOFTHEFIRMSLOCATEDINUR
6、BANZONESANDOFSUPPLYCHAINSINVOLVINGTHESEFIRMSMOREOVER,THEAMPLITUDEOFFREIGHTTRAFFICALSOCONTRIBUTESTOTHEBELIEFTHAT“CITIESARENOTSAFE”THATPUSHESNUMEROUSCITIZENSTOMOVEOUTOFTHECITYLIMITSANDTHEPROBLEMISNOTGOINGTODISAPPEARANYTIMESOONINFACT,THENUMBEROFFREIGHTVEHICLESMOVINGWITHINCITYLIMITS,WHICHISALREADYIMPORT
7、ANT,ISGROWINGANDISEXPECTEDTOCONTINUETOGROWATAFASTRATEMAJORCONTRIBUTINGFACTORSARETHECURRENTPRODUCTIONANDDISTRIBUTIONPRACTICESBASEDONLOWINVENTORIESANDTIMELYDELIVERIES,ANDTHEEXPLOSIVEGROWTHOFBUSINESSTOCUSTOMERELECTRONICCOMMERCETHATGENERATESSIGNIFICANTVOLUMESOFPERSONALDELIVERIESPROBABLYEVENMOREIMPORTANT
8、,AWORLDWIDEURBANIZATIONTRENDISEMPTYINGTHECOUNTRYSIDEANDSMALLTOWNSANDMAKINGLARGECITIESEVENLARGERWITHINTHECOUNTRIESMEMBERSOFOECD,THEURBANPOPULATIONWAS50OFTHETOTALPOPULATIONIN1950,WAS77IN2000,ANDSHOULDREACHTHE85MARKBY2020ITISESTIMATEDTHAT2007HASSEENTHEWORLDWIDEURBANPOPULATIONBEINGLARGERTHANTHERURALPOPU
9、LATIONTHEPUBLIC,INDUSTRY,ANDOFFICIALSATALLLEVELSOFGOVERNMENTAREINCREASINGLYCHALLENGEDBYTHESEISSUESNOTALLCOUNTRIESANDREGIONSAREATTHESAMELEVELOFANALYSISANDACTIONUPTONOW,MOSTDOCUMENTSANDPROJECTSARETOBEFOUNDINEUROPEANDJAPANTHEMOVEMENTSISSPREADINGOUT,HOWEVER,ANDGAININGSTRENGTHASWITNESSED,INPARTICULAR,BYT
10、HECONFERENCESORGANIZEDINNORTHAMERICAINRECENTYEARSADDRESSINGTHESEISSUESTHEGENERALCONSENSUSISTHATONENEEDSTOANALYZE,UNDERSTAND,ANDCONTROLFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONWITHINURBANAREASTHEGOALISTOREDUCETHEIMPACTOFFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONONTHECITYLIVINGCONDITIONS,REDUCECONGESTIONANDPOLLUTION,INCREASEMOBILITY,IMPROVEL
11、IVINGCONDITIONS,AND,INGENERAL,CONTRIBUTETOREACHTHEKYOTOTARGETSFOREMISSIONREDUCTIONS,WHILENOTPENALIZINGTHECITYCENTERACTIVITIESMOREPRECISELY,ONEAIMSTOREDUCEANDCONTROLTHENUMBERANDDIMENSIONSOFFREIGHTVEHICLESOPERATINGWITHINTHECITYLIMITS,IMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFFREIGHTMOVEMENTS,ANDREDUCETHENUMBEROFEMPTYVEHI
12、CLEKMTHISHASRESULTEDINSEVERALINITIATIVES,PROPOSALS,ANDPROJECTSTHEFUNDAMENTALIDEATHATUNDERLIESMOSTINITIATIVESISTHATONEMUSTSTOPCONSIDERINGEACHSHIPMENT,FIRM,ANDVEHICLEINDIVIDUALLYRATHER,ONESHOULDCONSIDERTHATALLSTAKEHOLDERSANDMOVEMENTSARECOMPONENTSOFANINTEGRATEDLOGISTICSSYSTEMTHISIMPLIESTHECOORDINATIONO
13、FSHIPPERS,CARRIERS,ANDMOVEMENTSASWELLASTHECONSOLIDATIONOFLOADSOFSEVERALCUSTOMERSANDCARRIERSINTOTHESAME“GREEN”VEHICLESTHETERMCITYLOGISTICSENCOMPASSESTHESEIDEASANDGOALSANDEXPLICITLYREFERSTOTHEOPTIMIZATIONOFSUCHADVANCEDURBANFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSMOSTCONTEMPLATEDANDINITIATEDPROJECTSAREIMPLEMENTING
14、SOMEFORMOFSINGLETIERSYSTEMWHERETRANSPORTATIONTOANDFROMTHECITYISPERFORMEDTHROUGHFACILITIESCALLEDCITYDISTRIBUTIONCENTERSLOCATEDATTHECITYLIMITSSINGLETIERSYSTEMSDONOTAPPEARINTERESTINGFORLARGEURBANZONES,HOWEVERMOREGENERALTWOTIERSYSTEMS,COMBININGMAJORCDCSANDSATELLITEPLATFORMSSTRATEGICALLYLOCATEDWITHINTHEU
15、RBANAREA,APPEARPROMISINGFORSUCHCASESFOROPERATIONSRESEARCHANDTRANSPORTATIONSCIENCE,CITYLOGISTICSCONSTITUTESBOTHACHALLENGEANDANOPPORTUNITYINTERMSOFMETHODOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTSANDACTUALSOCIALIMPACTYET,CURRENTLY,THEREAREVERYFEWMODELSTHATADDRESSCITYLOGISTICSISSUESCONCEPTSAREPROPOSEDANDPILOTSTUDIESAREUNDERT
16、AKEN,YETTHECORRESPONDINGOPERATIONSRESEARCHANDTRANSPORTATIONSCIENCELITERATURERELATEDTOTHEDESIGN,EVALUATION,PLANNING,MANAGEMENT,ANDCONTROLOFSUCHSYSTEMSISVERYSCARCETHISPAPERAIMSTOCONTRIBUTETOCLOSETHISGAPWEFOCUSONONEOFTHEMOSTCHALLENGINGISSUESINPLANNINGCITYLOGISTICSSYSTEMS,THEINTEGRATEDSHORTTERMSCHEDULIN
17、GOFOPERATIONSANDMANAGEMENTOFRESOURCESWEPRESENTTHEDEVELOPMENTSFORTHEGENERALCASEOFTWOTIERCITYLOGISTICSSYSTEMS,WHERESATELLITEPLATFORMSAREUSEDTOTRANSSHIPLOADSFROMVEHICLESARRIVINGFROMTHECDCSTOSMALLER,CENTERCITYFRIENDLYVEHICLESTHEPROBLEMADDRESSESTHESELECTIONORROUTESANDTHESCHEDULINGOFDEPARTURESFORTHEVEHICL
18、ESOFTHETWOFLEETSINVOLVED,ASWELLASTHESELECTIONOFTHEDELIVERYROUTESFORCUSTOMERDEMANDSFROMTHECDCSTHROUGHSATELLITESTOTHEFINALCUSTOMERSTRICTCOORDINATIONANDTIMESYNCHRONIZATIONOFTHEOPERATIONSOFTHETWOFLEETSARECENTRALELEMENTSOFTHEPROBLEMANDTHEFORMULATIONSPROPOSEDTHISYIELDSWHATAPPEARSTOBEANEWPROBLEMCLASS,WHICH
19、WEDENOTETHETWOECHELON,SYNCHRONIZED,SCHEDULED,MULTIDEPOT,MULTIPLETOUR,HETEROGENEOUSVEHICLEROUTINGPROBLEMWITHTIMEWINDOWSPROBLEMOUROBJECTIVESARETOINVESTIGATETHEISSUESANDCHALLENGESRELATEDTOTHISPROBLEMANDPROPOSEAGENERALMETHODOLOGYTOADDRESSTHEMTHEMETHODOLOGYTARGETSTWOIMPORTANTUTILIZATIONMODESONTHEONEHAND,
20、THEACTUALPLANNINGOFRESOURCEUTILIZATIONANDOPERATIONSFORTHENEXTACTIVITYPERIODONTHEOTHERHAND,THEEVALUATIONOFPROPOSEDSYSTEMDESIGNSINTHELATTERMODE,THERESULTSOFTHEMODELAPPLIEDTOVARIOUSSCENARIOSOFSYSTEMDESIGN,LAYOUT,ANDOPERATIONPOLICIESWOULDYIELDINFORMATIONNEEDEDTOCOMPUTEPERFORMANCEMEASURESFORTHECONTEMPLAT
21、EDCITYLOGISTICSSYSTEMANDFORECASTITSIMPACTONTHECITYCONSIDEREDTHISISFUNDAMENTALLYAMODELINGPAPERWEAIMTOPRESENTACOMPREHENSIVEVIEWOFTHETOPIC,IDENTIFYISSUESANDCHALLENGES,ANDPROPOSEANDANALYZEMODELINGAPPROACHESWEAREALSOIDENTIFYINGPROMISINGSOLUTIONAVENUES,BUTDETAILEDALGORITHMICDEVELOPMENTSAREBEYONDTHESCOPEOF
22、THEPRESENTWORKTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTHISPAPERISTHREEFOLDITIDENTIFIESANDANALYZESASETOFEMERGINGISSUESTHATAREBOTHMETHODOLOGICALLYCHALLENGINGANDTIMELYITPROPOSESAGENERALAPPROACHTOWHATAPPEARSTOBEANEWPROBLEMANDFORMULATIONSFORITSMAINCOMPONENTSITANALYZESTHESEMODELSBOTHWITHRESPECTTOPOSSIBLEUTILIZATIONMODESANDINREL
23、ATIONSTOOTHERMAJORPROBLEMCLASSESENCOUNTEREDINSERVICENETWORKDESIGNANDVEHICLEROUTINGSETTINGSBASEDONTHESEANALYZES,THEPAPERALSOIDENTIFIESPROMISINGALGORITHMICAVENUES1CITYLOGISTICSINTHISSECTION,WEDESCRIBETHESETTINGANDFIXTHEVOCABULARYFORTHEWORKPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERWESTARTBYRECALLINGTHEFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTS,IS
24、SUES,ANDCHALLENGESOFCITYLOGISTICS,TOGETHERWITHABRIEFHISTORYOFPREVIOUSSTUDIESANDPROJECTSWETHENFOCUSONTWOTIERCITYLOGISTICSANDDESCRIBETHEMAINIDEAS,SYSTEMCOMPONENTS,ANDFUNCTIONINGPRINCIPLESTHESECTIONCONCLUDESWITHANOVERVIEWOFTHEPRINCIPALSETSOFPLANNINGISSUESASSOCIATEDTOTHESESYSTEMSRECALLTHAT,INITSCONTEMPO
25、RANEOUSSCOPE,“LOGISTICS”TARGETSTHEANALYSIS,PLANNING,ANDMANAGEMENTOFTHEINTEGRATEDANDCOORDINATEDPHYSICALEG,MATERIALS,PRODUCTS,ANDMONEYANDELECTRONICEG,INFORMATIONANDDECISIONSFLOWSWITHINAPOTENTIALLYMULTIPARTNERVALUENETWORKITISFROMTHISVIEWTHATTHETERMCITYLOGISTICSHASBEENCOINEDTOEMPHASIZETHENEEDFORANOPTIMI
26、ZEDCONSOLIDATIONOFLOADSOFDIFFERENTSHIPPERSANDCARRIERSWITHINTHESAMEDELIVERYVEHICLEANDCOORDINATIONOFFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONACTIVITIESWITHINTHECITYASAREVIEWOFEXISTINGLITERATUREREVEALS,HOWEVER,THE“OPTIMIZATION”COMPONENTOFTHECITYLOGISTICSCONCEPTISNOTVERYDEVELOPEDYETTHISPAPERAIMSTOCONTRIBUTETOFILLTHISGAPGEN
27、ERALCONCEPTSHISTORICALLY,ONEFINDSABRIEFPERIODOFINTENSEACTIVITYATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHE70SDEDICATEDTOURBANFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONISSUESTHISPERIODYIELDEDTRAFFICREGULATIONTOAVOIDTHEPRESENCEOFHEAVYVEHICLESINCITIESINORDERTOLIMITTHEIMPACTOFFREIGHTTRANSPORTONAUTOMOBILEMOVEMENTSVERYLITTLEACTIVITYTOOKPLACEFROM1975T
28、OTHEENDOF80STHEINCREASEDTRAFFICRELATEDPROBLEMSANDTHEASSOCIATEDPUBLICPRESSUREHAVEREVIVEDTHEINTERESTFROM1990ONANDHAVERESULTEDINTRAFFICSURVEYSANDDATACOLLECTIONACTIVITIES,RESEARCHPROJECTS,ANDEXPERIMENTALDEPLOYMENTS,SOMEOFWHICHCONTINUETOCONTINUETOOPERATEDATACOLLECTIONACTIVITIESCONFIRMEDTHATFREIGHTTRANSPO
29、RTATIONWITHINURBANAREASGENERATESLARGENUMBERSOFMOVEMENTSOFFREIGHTVEHICLESOFVARIOUSDIMENSIONSTHEAVERAGEVEHICLELOADISGENERALLYLOWANDMANYVEHICLESTRAVELEMPTYMOREOVER,TRAFFICANDPARKINGREGULATIONSDONOTSEEMTOBEABLETOCOPEWITHTHEPROBLEMBETTERFLEETMANAGEMENTPRACTICESCOULDPARTIALLYADDRESSTHISPROBLEMBUTONLYPARTI
30、ALLY,SINCEITWOULDCONCERNINDIVIDUALCARRIERSORSHIPPERCUSTOMERCOMBINATIONSONLYTHEFUNDAMENTALIDEAOFCITYLOGISTICSISTHATTHENUMBEROFVEHICLESTRAVELINGINURBANAREASCOULDBEREDUCEDTHROUGHAMOREEFFICIENTUTILIZATIONOFVEHICLESHIGHERAVERAGELOADFACTORSANDFEWEREMPTYTRIPSTHECONSTRUCTIONOFAUTOMATEDUNDERGROUNDSYSTEMSDEDI
31、CATEDTOFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONHASBEENPROPOSED,BUTTHEHUGEINVESTMENTSREQUIREDMAKETHISCONCEPTUNREALISTICINMOSTCASESASINDICATEDINMOSTOFTHECITYLOGISTICSLITERATURE,SIGNIFICANTGAINSCANONLYBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHASTREAMLININGOFDISTRIBUTIONACTIVITIESRESULTINGINLESSFREIGHTVEHICLESTRAVELINGWITHINTHECITYTHECONSOLIDATIO
32、NOFLOADSOFDIFFERENTSHIPPERSANDCARRIERSWITHINTHESAMEVEHICLESASSOCIATEDTOSOMEFORMOFCOORDINATIONOFOPERATIONSWITHINTHECITYAREAMONGTHEMOSTIMPORTANTMEANSTOACHIEVETHISRATIONALIZATIONOFDISTRIBUTIONACTIVITIESTHEUTILIZATIONOFSOCALLEDGREENVEHICLESANDTHEINTEGRATIONOFPUBLICTRANSPORTINFRASTRUCTURESEG,LIGHTRAILORW
33、ATERCANALSMAYENHANCETHESESYSTEMSANDFURTHERREDUCETRUCKMOVEMENTSANDRELATEDEMISSIONSINTHECITYBUTCONSOLIDATIONANDCOORDINATIONARETHEFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTSOFCITYLOGISTICSCONSOLIDATIONACTIVITIESTAKEPLACEATSOCALLEDCITYDISTRIBUTIONCENTERSCDCLONGHAULTRANSPORTATIONVEHICLESOFVARIOUSMODESDOCKATACDCTOUNLOADTHEIRCARG
34、OLOADSARETHENSORTEDANDCONSOLIDATEDINTOSMALLERVEHICLESTHATDELIVERTHEMTOTHEIRFINALDESTINATIONSOFCOURSE,ACITYLOGISTICSSYSTEMWOULDADDRESSTHEREVERSEMOVEMENTS,FROMORIGINSWITHINTHECITYTODESTINATIONSOUTSIDETOSIMPLIFYTHEPRESENTATION,HOWEVER,WEFOCUSONTHEINBOUND,DISTRIBUTIONACTIVITIESONLYTHISISTHEGENERALAPPROA
35、CHOFMOSTCITYLOGISTICWORKANDDERIVESFROMTHEIMBALANCEBETWEENENTERINGANDEXITINGFLOWSTHATCHARACTERIZEMOSTCITIESACITYDISTRIBUTIONCENTERISTHUSAFACILITYWHERESHIPMENTSARECONSOLIDATEDPRIORTODISTRIBUTIONITISNOTEWORTHYTHATTHECDCCONCEPTASPHYSICALFACILITYISCLOSETOTHATOFINTERMODALLOGISTICPLATFORMSANDFREIGHTVILLAGE
36、STHATLINKTHECITYTOTHEREGION,COUNTRY,ANDTHEWORLDINTERMODALPLATFORMSRECEIVELARGETRUCKSANDSMALLERVEHICLESDEDICATEDTOLOCALDISTRIBUTION,ANDOFFERSTORAGE,SORTING,ANDCONSOLIDATIONFACILITIES,ASWELLASANUMBEROFRELATEDSERVICESSUCHASACCOUNTING,LEGALCOUNSEL,BROKERAGE,ANDSOONINTERMODALPLATFORMSMAYBESTANDALONEFACIL
37、ITIESSITUATEDCLOSETOTHEACCESSORRINGHIGHWAYS,ORTHEYMAYBEPARTOFAIR,RAILORNAVIGATIONTERMINALSTHECITYDISTRIBUTIONCENTERMAYTHENBEVIEWEDASANINTERMODALPLATFORMWITHENHANCEDFUNCTIONALITYTOPROVIDECOORDINATEDANDEFFICIENTFREIGHTMOVEMENTSWITHINTHEURBANZONECDCSARETHUSANIMPORTANTSTEPTOWARDABETTERCITYLOGISTICSORGAN
38、IZATIONANDTHEYAREINSTRUMENTALINMOSTPROPOSALSANDPROJECTSSOFARMOSTCITYLOGISTICSPROJECTSWEREUNDERTAKENINEUROPEANDJAPANANDINVOLVEDONLYONECDCFACILITYANDALIMITEDNUMBEROFSHIPPERSANDCARRIERSDIFFERENTBUSINESSMODELSANDSTRATEGIESHAVEBEENTESTEDTHE“CITYLOGISTIK”CONCEPTDEVELOPEDINGERMANYANDALSOAPPLIEDBYANUMBEROFS
39、WISSCITIESCORRESPONDSTO“SPONTANEOUS”GROUPINGSOFCARRIERSFORCOORDINATIONANDCONSOLIDATIONACTIVITIESWITHVERYLIGHTGOVERNMENTINVOLVEMENTTHEREARENO,ORVERYFEW,PRIVILEGESGRANTEDTOPARTICIPATINGENTERPRISESINTERMSOFACCESSANDPARKINGREGULATIONS,FOREXAMPLEANDTHEPROJECTBEINGAPRIVATEINITIATIVEISSUPPOSEDTOBECOMEPROFI
40、TABLEOVERASHORTPERIODTHESECHARACTERISTICSEXPLAINWHYMOSTSUCHPROJECTSDIDNOTCONTINUEONCETHEFINANCINGSECUREDTHROUGHTHEEUPROJECTSWASOVERTHEPOLICYINTRODUCEDBYTHEDUTCHMINISTRYOFTRANSPORTATIONANDPUBLICWORKSISBASEDONSTRICTLICENSINGPRACTICESTHATIMPOSERESTRICTIONSONVEHICLELOADSANDTHETOTALNUMBEROFVEHICLESENTERI
41、NGTHECITYONANYGIVENDAYASWELLASPROMOTETHEUSEOFELECTRICVEHICLESTHISPOLICYHASRESULTEDINCARRIERSINITIATINGCOLLABORATIONACTIVITIESTOCONSOLIDATESHIPMENTSANDREDUCETHENUMBEROFTRIPSTHEREISASIGNIFICANTINVOLVEMENTOFLOCALANDCENTRALGOVERNMENTINTHESEPROJECTSEG,TRAFFICREGULATIONSWEREMODIFIEDTOPERMITLONGERDELIVERYH
42、OURS,WHICHMAYEXPLAINTHESUCCESSANDCONTINUATIONOFTHESEPROJECTSWITHINTHENETHERLANDSATHIRDMAJORAPPROACHWASFIRSTINTRODUCEDINMONACOWHEREURBANFREIGHTDELIVERYISCONSIDEREDAPUBLICSERVICELARGETRUCKSAREBANNEDFROMTHECITYANDDELIVERTOACDC,ASINGLECARRIERTAKINGCHARGEOFTHEFINALDISTRIBUTIONWITHSPECIALVEHICLESTHEMOVEFR
43、OMAPUBLICCARRIERTOAPRIVATEONEDIDNOTMODIFYTHESYSTEMSTRUCTUREANDGENERALOPERATINGPOLICYTHELICENSEBASEDSYSTEMSHAVENOTGAINEDMUCHACCEPTANCEOUTSIDETHENETHERLANDSTHEPRIVATECITYLOGISTICSPROJECTSHAVEYIELDEDMIXEDRESULTSINDEED,CONSOLIDATIONINCDCSRESULTSINEXTRACOSTSANDDELAYS,WHICHARERATHERDIFFICULTTOACCOUNTFORIN
44、THECONTEXTOFACOMBINATIONOFHANDSOFFPOLICYPRACTICESBYAUTHORITIESANDSHORTTERMPROFITABILITYREQUIREMENTSTHESYSTEMINMONACOPERFORMEDANDCONTINUESTODOSOASPLANNEDYET,FORSOMETIME,ITWASTHEONLYONEOFITSKINDTHEFIELDISSTILLGOINGSTRONG,HOWEVER,ANDTHENEWGENERATIONOFPROJECTSCOMBINESELEMENTSFROMTHETHREEPREVIOUSAPPROACH
45、ESTHECITYDISTRIBUTIONCENTERISSTILLATTHECOREOFTHESYSTEM,BUTTHEPRIVATEPUBLICPARTNERSHIPSARESTRONGERMOREOVER,MOSTPROJECTSFORSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDCITIESINTEGRATETHEIDEATODESIGNATEASINGLEOPERATORFORTHEOPERATIONSWITHINTHECITYONEALSOOBSERVESTHATINTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSTECHNOLOGIESSTARTTOBEINTEGRATEDO
46、PERATIONSRESEARCHBASEDMETHODOLOGIES,WHICHENABLETHEOPTIMIZATIONOFTHEDESIGN,PLANNING,MANAGEMENT,ANDOPERATIONOFCITYLOGISTICSSYSTEMS,ARESTILLGENERALLYMISSING,HOWEVER,WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFAFEWCONTRIBUTIONTOREALTIMEVEHICLEROUTINGMODELSANDMETHODSMOSTCITYLOGISTICSPROJECTSADDRESSSINGLETIERCDCBASEDSYSTEMS,WHENMO
47、RETHANONECDCISINVOLVED,THECITYISUSUALLYPARTITIONEDANDEACHCDCSERVESAGIVENPARTITIONSUCHAPPROACHESHAVENOTBEENSUCCESSFULFORLARGECITIES,HOWEVER,INPARTICULARWHENTHELARGEAREAS,USUALLYIDENTIFIEDASTHECITYCENTER,DISPLAYHIGHLEVELSOFPOPULATIONDENSITYASWELLASCOMMERCIAL,ADMINISTRATIVE,ANDCULTURALACTIVITIESANOTHER
48、CHARACTERISTICOFLARGECITIESTHATPLAYSAGAINSTSINGLETIERSYSTEMSONEMAYMENTIONISTHERATHERLENGTHYDISTANCEAVEHICLEMUSTTRAVELFROMTHECDCONTHEOUTSKIRTSOFTHECITYUNTILTHECITYCENTERWHERETHEDELIVERYTOURBEGINSTWOTIERSYSTEMSHAVEBEENRECENTLYPROPOSEDFORSUCHCITIESFEWSTUDIESDEDICATEDTOTWOTIERSYSTEMSMAYBEFOUNDAND,TOTHEA
49、UTHORSKNOWLEDGE,NOMODELSNOTPROCEDURESHAVEBEENPROPOSEDFORTHEIREVALUATIONANDPLANNINGTHEPRESENTPAPERISACONTRIBUTIONTOTHISFIELD译文评估、设计城市物流运输系统模型资料来源CIRRELT200765作者TEODORGABRIELCRAINIC等介绍货物运输构成了一个对于大部分发生在城市区域的经济社会活动的主要关键因素。对于城市居民来说，它提供了商店、工作场所、闲暇时光，在家收付货物，并提供了避免被拒绝的方式等等。实际上，在城市中进行着一些活动，他们不需要一些被撤离的商品。而且，货运是城市的重要组成部分。货运工具和载客的私人及公共交通工具形成了竞争，显示了街道和城市动脉的能力，并为拥挤和充满麻烦的环境作出了显著的贡献，例如尾气排放和噪音污染。例如在法国的一些主要城市，人们发现载货工具消耗了30的城市道路通行能力。数据同样能够显示温室气体的排放问题。这些糟糕的事影响了那些生活和居住在那些城市的人的生活，城市交通的拥堵也有助于“城市危险论”的信念，促使人们搬离城市。这个问题不会很快消失。事实上，城市里货运工具的数量正在增长中，并且，它被希望以一种更快的速度持续增长。大部分的促成因素都是基于低库存，及时到货率和爆炸性增长的B2C电子商务的现代生产和配送，他们产生了巨大的个
