1、1外文翻译原文AMODELOFPHYSICALMANAGEMENTADAPTEDFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSMATERIALSOURCEHTTP/WWWSEIOFBLUEMOUNTAINCOMAUTHORASFAWYILMAINTHEPASTDECADESWEHAVESEENANINCREASINGRATEOFGLOBALIZATIONOFTHEECONOMYANDTHEREBYALSOOFSUPPLYCHAINSPRODUCTSARENOLONGERPRODUCEDANDCONSUMEDWITHINTHESAMEGEOGRAPHICALAREAEVENTHEDIFFEREN
2、TPARTSOFAPRODUCTMAYCOMEFROMALLOVERTHEWORLDTHISCREATESLONGERANDMORECOMPLEXSUPPLYCHAINS,ANDTHEREFOREITALSOCHANGESTHEREQUIREMENTSWITHINSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTMODELSFORTHISPURPOSENEEDTOBEDYNAMICBECAUSEOFTHETIMECORRELATIONOFUPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMOPERATIONSANDTHEVARIOUSUNCERTAINTIESTHATEXISTINASUPPLYCHAINSOM
3、ERESEARCHERSHAVETRIEDTOCOMEUPWITHDIFFERENTMODELSFORSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTWITHMOREFOCUSONMANUFACTURINGHODDERANDDINCER1986STUDIEDTHEINTERNATIONALPLANTLOCATIONPROBLEMANDDEVELOPEDASINGLEPERIODMODELTODETERMINETHEBESTLOCATIONS,MATERIALFLOWSANDFINANCINGPATTERNSTHEIRMODELIDENTIFIESTHEBESTSOURCINGPLANGIVENMUL
4、TIPLEPOSSIBLEPRODUCTIONSITESFORAPRODUCTTOBESOLDINMULTIPLEMARKETSBREITMANANDLUCAS1987DESCRIBEDTHEPLANETSMODEL,WHICHWASDEVELOPEDATGENERALMOTORSWITHANUMBEROFFEATURESCONSIDEREDSUCHASTARIFFS,LOCALCONTENT,BALANCEOFTRADE,ANDTRADECOMPLEMENTATIONCOHENANDLEE1989DEVELOPEDAMULTIPERIOD,PRODUCTIONDISTRIBUTIONMODE
5、LWITHTIMEVARYINGPARAMETERSFORTHEPERSONALCOMPUTERMANUFACTURERSTOESTABLISHAGLOBALMANUFACTURINGSTRATEGYHAUG1992DESIGNEDANINTERNATIONALLOCATIONMODELTOSTUDYTHEGLOBALSOURCINGPROBLEMINHIGHTECHNOLOGYFIRMSKOGUTANDKULATILAKA1994DEVELOPEDASTOCHASTIC,DYNAMICPROGRAMMINGMODELTOSTUDYTHEVALUEOFPRODUCTIONSWITCHINGIN
6、CONDITIONSWHERECURRENCYEXCHANGERATESAREUNCERTAINTHEYPROVIDEDANUMERICALEXAMPLEWITHOUTIDENTIFYINGASPECIFICINDUSTRYAPPLICATIONARNTZENETAL1995DEVELOPEDAMIXEDINTEGERPROGRAMTOSOLVETHEGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINDESIGNPROBLEMATANELECTRONICSMANUFACTURER,DIGITALEQUIPMENTCORPORATION,NOWPARTOFTHECOMPAQCORPORATIONADISTING
7、UISHINGFEATUREOFTHEMODELBYARNTZENETAL19952ISITSABILITYTOREFLECTBOTHCOSTANDTIMEINTHEOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONGUTIERREZANDKOUVELIS1995DEVELOPEDAMODELANDANALGORITHMFORINTERNATIONALSOURCINGWITHUNCERTAINCURRENCYEXCHANGERATESANDINVESTIGATEDTHEUTILITYOFOPERATIONALFLEXIBILITYTOHEDGEAGAINSTLOSSESINTHISENVIRONMENTINA
8、GLOBALCONTEXTCANELANDKHUMAWALA1996DEVELOPEDUNCAPACITATEDANDCAPACITATEDVERSIONSOFAMIXEDINTEGERPROGRAMMINGMODELTOSOLVEANINTERNATIONALFACILITYLOCATIONPROBLEMIFLPTHEMODELINCLUDESANUMBEROFFEATURESRELATINGTOGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINS,INCLUDINGEXCHANGERATES,CORPORATETAXRATES,TARIFFS,ANDDIRECTEXPORTINCENTIVESMUNSON
9、ANDROSENBLATT1997INVESTIGATEDAGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINPROBLEMTHATEMPHASIZESSUPPLIERSOURCINGWITHLOCALCONTENTRULESTHESERULESREQUIRETHATAFIRMPURCHASEASPECIFIEDQUANTITYOFCOMPONENTSFROMSUPPLIERSWITHINTHECOUNTRYWHEREITOPENSAMANUFACTURINGPLANTHADJINICOLAANDKUMAR2002TOOKABROADERAPPROACHBYCOMBININGMANUFACTURINGANDM
10、ARKETINGFUNCTIONSINTOAGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINMODELTHATTHEYTHENUSEDTOASSESSEIGHTMANUFACTURINGMARKETINGSTRATEGIESHOWEVERTHEMODELDOESNOTINCLUDETHESUPPLYSEGMENTSOFTHESUPPLYCHAINNAGURNEYETAL2003DEVELOPEDANETWORKEQUILIBRIUMMODELFORAGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINCOMPRISEDOFTHREETIERSMANUFACTURER,RETAILER,ANDCONSUMERTHEMODELU
11、SESAVARIATIONINEQUALITYFORMULATIONTODERIVEPRODUCTSHIPMENTSANDPRICEPATTERNSINTHENETWORK,ASSUMINGCOOPERATIONBETWEENTIERSBUTCOMPETITIONWITHINTIERSASWEHAVESEENABOVE,WECOULDNOTFINDMODELSPECIFICALLYRELATINGWITHTHESUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSEVENSOMERESEARCHERSWHOTRIEDTODEVELOPSUPPLYCHAINMOD
12、ELFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTLIKEVORSTANDADRIE2001FOCUSONLYONTIMEDCOLOREDPETRINETSTOSUPPORTDECISIONMAKINGWHENREDESIGNINGASUPPLYCHAINFORCHILLEDFOODPRODUCTS,THEREFOREITISNECESSARYTOLOOKFORANEWGENERALSUPPLYCHAINMODELWHICHISADAPTEDFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSTHISMAYRESULTINAREDUCEDBULLWHIPEFFECT,LOWERINVENTORYLEV
13、ELS,REDUCEDLOGISTICSCOSTS,ANDADVANCEDSTREAMLINEDPAYMENTSFORTHEFIRMTHESEIMPROVEMENTSAPPEARTOHAVEHELPEDPRODUCEMACROECONOMICBENEFITSSUCHASMORESTABLEECONOMICOUTPUTANDHIGHERPRODUCTIVITYGROWTHITALSOHASPOSITIVEEFFECTONHOWTOIDENTIFYFACILITATEMARKETACCESSOFAGRICULTURALCOMMODITIESINDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNT
14、RIES,NOTABLYBYIMPROVINGTERMSOFTRADE,ADAPTINGMULTILATERALTRADERULESTOTHEINSTITUTIONAL,HUMANCAPITALANDINFRASTRUCTURALCONTEXTANDASSISTINGINDEVELOPINGPRODUCTQUALITYANDPREANDPOSTPRODUCTIONSTANDARDSTHUS,THISPAPERFOCUSESONTHEMODELADAPTATIONOFSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSWITHANECESSARYUNDERST
15、ANDINGOFTHECHARACTERISTICS,3DIFFICULTIESANDPROBLEMSOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS,LIKEWISEITDESIGNSAMODELOFSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSBYUSINGACASESTUDYABOUTCOFFEE,THISPAPERALSOILLUSTRATESTHEBENEFITSANDINSIGHTSGAINEDWITHTHISADAPTEDMODELINGAPPROACH2UNIQUENESSOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSANDTHEIRSUPP
16、LYCHAINMANAGEMENT21PILLARINDUSTRYOFAGRICULTUREDESERVESBETTERSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTINLDCTHEAGRICULTURALSECTORISTHEBACKBONEOFTHEECONOMIESOFTHELEASTDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESLDCSITACCOUNTSFORALARGESHAREOFGROSSDOMESTICPRODUCTGDPRANGINGFROM30TO60PERCENTINABOUTTWOTHIRDSOFTHEM,EMPLOYSALARGEPROPORTIONOFTHELABORFORCE
17、FROM40PERCENTTOASMUCHAS90PERCENTINMOSTCASES,REPRESENTSAMAJORSOURCEOFFOREIGNEXCHANGERANGINGFROM25PERCENTTOASMUCHAS95PERCENTINTHREEQUARTERSOFTHECOUNTRIES,SUPPLIESTHEBULKOFBASICFOODANDPROVIDESSUBSISTENCEANDOTHERINCOMETOMORETHANHALFOFTHELDCSPOPULATION22POORPHYSICAMANAGEMENTRESULTINGINUNFAVORABLEINTERNAT
18、IONALAGRICULTURALTRADEHOWEVER,THEPARTICIPATIONOFLDCSININTERNATIONALAGRICULTURALTRADEISINSIGNIFICANTANDHASBEENDECLININGTHEIRSHAREINWORLDAGRICULTURALEXPORTSHASDROPPEDSTEADILYFROM33PERCENTIN197079TO19PERCENTIN198089ANDAMERE15PERCENTIN199098THEIRSHAREINWORLDIMPORTSHASALSODECLINED,THOUGHMUCHLESSSO,FROM18
19、PERCENTIN1970TO16PERCENTIN1998WHILEWORLDAGRICULTURALTRADEINCLUDINGTHEINTRATRADEOFEUEXPANDEDATANAVERAGEANNUALRATEOFOVER5PERCENTDURING199098,EXPORTSFROMLDCSGREWBYONLY39PERCENT,INCONTRASTTO66PERCENTFORTHEDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESASAWHOLETHEIRMARKETSHAREOFMANYKEYAGRICULTURALCOMMODITIESHASFALLENSIGNIFICANTLYFR
20、OMTHE1980STOTHE1990S,BYOVER30PERCENTFORSUCHCOMMODITIESASTIMBER,COFFEE,TEAANDCOCOAANDABOUT20PERCENTFORCATTLEBRUSSELS,2001THISMAYBEDUETOLACKOFINFORMATIONANDLACKOFGLOBALMARKETKNOWLEDGEONHOWTOINTERTOTHEMARKETWITHCAPABLEKNOWINGCOMPONENTSOFSUPPLYCHAINFORTHISTHEREISNOSPECIFICMODELTODAYSWHICHCANBEDIRECTLYAP
21、PLICABLEFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS23GENERALFLOWCHARTOFPHYSICAOFETHIOPIANCOFFEEASACASECOFFEE,ATYPICALAGRICULTURALPRODUCT,ISONEOFTHEMOSTPOPULARFAIRTRADEGOODSCOFFEEISGROWNINANUMBEROFPLACESAROUNDTHEWORLDINSOMECOUNTRIES,THECOFFEEINDUSTRYISAHUGEPARTOFTHEECONOMYWHENCOFFEEISGROWN,ITMUST4MAKEITSWAYFROMTHEFARMTO
22、THECUSTOMERSCOFFEECUPCOLLECTIVELY,THEPATHTHROUGHWHICHAPRODUCTSUCHASCOFFEEMAKESITSWAYFROMTHEFARMERTOTHEFINALCONSUMERISKNOWNASTHESUPPLYCHAINASSHOWNINFIGURE1,BOTHTHENONFAIRTRADEANDTHEFAIRTRADECOFFEESUPPLYCHAINSSTARTWITHTHEFARMERWHOPLANTSANDTHENTENDSTOCOFFEETREESTHETREESSPROUTTHECOFFEEFRUITWHICHISKNOWNA
23、STHEREDCHERRYINETHIOPIA,THEREDCHERRYISHARVESTEDFROMTHETREESBYPEOPLEWHOAREEMPLOYEDBYTHEFARMERS,ORTHOSEINDEPENDENTCONTRACTORSWHOAREPAIDACOUPLEOFCENTSFOREVERYPOUNDOFCOFFEETHATTHEYHARVEST,USUALLYDEPENDINGONHOWMUCHMONEYTHEFARMERISABLETOPAYANDWHATPREVAILINGWAGESAREATTHISPOINT,THEFAIRTRADESUPPLYCHAINSPLITS
24、OFFFROMTHERESTOFTHECOFFEEAFTERTHECHERRYISHARVESTED,ITISSOLDTOWHOLESALERSORCOLLECTORSORTOTHECOOPERATIVETHECOOPERATIVEWASHES,DRIES,ANDPACKAGESTHECOFFEEITISTRANSPORTEDFROMTHEINLANDRURALFARMSTOADDISABABAFORSHIPMENTTOGLOBALCOMPANIESLIKESTARBUCKSANDOXFAMINTHEDEVELOPEDWORLDTHECOFFEEMAYBESOLDBYTHEFARMERTOTH
25、EFAIRTRADECOOPERATIVEOFWHICHHEISAMEMBERBYLAWINETHIOPIA,ALLCOFFEEMUSTBESOLDEITHERATAUCTIONORTHROUGHDEALSWITHCOOPERATIVESSOMETIMESTHECOFFEEISBOUGHTBYEXPORTERSTHEGLOBALCOMPANIESLIKEOXFAMANDSTARBUCKSROASTANDPACKAGETHECOFFEETOPREPAREFORSALETOTHEFINALCONSUMERSALESTOTHEFINALCONSUMERCANHAPPENEITHERTHROUGHTH
26、OSECAMPANILESORTHROUGHRETAILCHANNELSTHECOFFEEISTHENSOLDBYTHEEXPORTERTOAROASTINGCOMPANYTHEROASTINGCOMPANYROASTSTHECOFFEE,BLENDSITWITHOTHERKINDSOFCOFFEEANDPREPARESITFORTHEFINALCONSUMERIFTHECOMPANYSELLSBAGGEDCOFFEE,THECOFFEEISBAGGEDFORSALEIFTHECOMPANYOPERATESCOFFEESHOPS,THECOFFEEISROASTEDANDPREPAREDFOR
27、DRINKINGTHECOFFEETHENMAKESITSWAYTOACONSUMERSCUPATAMARKUPOF12001500ORMOREFROMTHEPRICESTHATAREPAIDTOFARMERSONTHEOTHERHAND,THEGIANTCOFFEEFRANCHISEOPPOSESETHIOPIASEFFORTSTOTRADEMARKTHENAMESOFITSMOSTFAMOUSCOFFEEREGIONSSIDAMO,YIRGACHEFFEANDHARARSTARBUCKS,AFTERALL,ISALREADYUSINGTHOSENAMESTOSELLCOFFEEFORTOP
28、DOLLARSACROSSTHEGLOBEFROMTHECOMPLEXANDSPECIALFLOWCHARTOFCOFFEESUPPLY,WECANCONCLUDETHATTHEUNIQUENESSOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSSHOULDBEFULLYUNDERSTOODANDCONSIDEREDFORANYDEVELOPMENTOFSUPPLYCHAINMODELWITHADAPTATIONTOAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS3DESIGNOFSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTMODELFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS31FOUNDATIONSF
29、ORMODELADAPTATIONOFPHYSICAMANAGEMENTASDISCUSSEDABOVE,THESUPPLYCHAINOFETHIOPIANCOFFEESTARTINGFROMPLANTINGTHETREETOTHEENDCONSUMERSCOULDNOTTRACEDINTHETHEORETICALASPECTSOF5THESUPPLYCHAINMODELBYWUANDOGRADY,2001,ANDTHEOTHERMODELOFGANESHANANDHARRISON1995HOWEVER,BOTHMODELSAREBASICALLYFOCUSEDONMANUFACTURINGP
30、RODUCTS,ANDIGNORETHECHARACTERISTICSOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSATALLTHOUGHSOMERESEARCHERSLIKEVORSTANDADRIE2000TRIEDTODEVELOPSOMESUPPLYCHAINMODELSFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS,THEYMOREORLESSCONCENTRATEDONLYONTIMEDCOLOREDPETRINETSTOSUPPORTDECISIONMAKINGESPECIALLYFORTHESUPPLYCHAINOFCHILLEDFOODPRODUCTSSOITISENCOURA
31、GINGTOCOMEUPWITHTHENEWGENERALMODELFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSTHEREFORE,THEFOLLOWINGMODELFIGURE2WHICHISDEVELOPEDINTHISRESEARCHMAYFILLTHEEXISTEDGAP32COMPONENTSOFSUPPLYCHAINFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSTHESUPPLYCHAINHASBASICALLYFOURCOMPONENTS1PRODUCTIONWHEREBUSINESSESFOCUSONHOWMUCHTOPRODUCE,WHERETOPRODUCEIT,ANDW
32、HATSUPPLIERSTOUSE2INVENTORYWHEREBUSINESSESDECIDEWHERETOSTORETHEIRPRODUCTS,ANDHOWMUCHTOSTORE3DISTRIBUTIONWHEREBUSINESSESADDRESSQUESTIONSABOUTHOWTHEIRPRODUCTSSHOULDBEMOVEDANDSTORED4PAYMENTSWHEREBUSINESSESLOOKFORTHEBESTWAYSTOPAYSUPPLIERSANDGETPAIDBYCUSTOMERSTHEEFFICIENCYANDEFFECTIVENESSOFASUPPLYCHAINIS
33、CONTINGENTONTHEABILITYTOGATHERANDANALYZEIMPORTANTINFORMATIONTHROUGHTHESECOMPONENTSSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTSTRATEGICASPECTSOFANYBUSINESSENTERPRISEDECISIONSMUSTBEMADEABOUTHOWTOCOORDINATETHEPRODUCTIONOFGOODSANDSERVICES,HOWANDWHERETOSTOREINVENTORY,WHOMTOBUYMATERIALSFROMANDHOWTODISTRI
34、BUTETHEMINTHEMOSTCOSTEFFECTIVE,TIMELYMANNER33BENEFITSOFSUPPLYCHAINMODELADAPTEDFORAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSINORDERTOPROVIDERESPONSIVENESS,HIGHFREQUENCYOFDELIVERY,CONTROLLABLEANDRELIABLELEADTIMES,ANDINVOLVEMENTOFAGREATDIVERSITYOFOUTLETSTHENEWMODELWILLPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINAGRICULTURALSUPPLYCHAINSONTHEOTHERH
35、AND,ITHELPSTOMARKETDEVELOPMENTSDEMANDTHATTHEAGRICULTURALSUPPLYCHAINOFTHEFUTURERESPONDSINAQUICKANDHIGHFREQUENTMANNERTOCHANGINGMARKETNEEDSPRODUCTSWOULDHAVETOBEDELIVEREDWITHINAMANAGEABLEMANNERTHUS,CUSTOMERSWILLGETTHEPRODUCTWITHREASONABLEPRICEQUALITYWILLBEGUARANTEEDANDTHEDELIVEREDPRODUCTWILLSHOWDETAILSO
36、FITSORIGINBESIDESTHEMARKET,THETRANSPORTOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTSWOULDHAVETOBEORGANIZEDMOREEFFICIENTLYTOCONFORMTOAHIGHERUTILIZATIONOFLOADINGCAPACITY,ANDENVIRONMENTALFRIENDLYCONCEPTSWOULDHAVETOBEFOUNDITCANHELPTOCATERTOTHEDEMANDSOFTHECONSUMER,AND,HELPTOREDUCEUNNECESSARYTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSALSO,THEDEMANDSON
37、THEENVIRONMENT,6SPACEANDLIVINGCONDITIONSOFTHEFARMERSWILLBEBETTER4CONCLUSIONSPHYSICAMODELINGAPPROACHESCANBECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOMAINTYPESANALYTICALMODELSANDSIMULATIONMODELSANALYTICALMODELSOFTENEMPLOYMATHEMATICALPROGRAMMINGTECHNIQUESTOOPTIMIZETHESTRATEGICDESIGNAND/OROPERATIONALPOLICIESOFTHESUPPLYCHAIN,BUT
38、THEYAREOFTENTOOSIMPLISTICTOBEOFPRACTICALUSEFORCOMPLEXSUPPLYCHAINSONTHEOTHERHAND,SIMULATIONMODELSCANCAPTUREREALISTICSUPPLYCHAINCHARACTERISTICSANDALLOWTHEEVALUATIONOFTHEIMPACTOFPOLICYCHANGESCARRIEDOUTBYONEORMORESUPPLYCHAINMEMBERSHENCE,SIMULATIONMODELSCANBEUSEDASANIMPORTANTFIRSTSTEPTOWARDSREALISTICOPTI
39、MIZATIONTHUS,THISPAPERISONLYCONCERNEDWITHSIMULATIONMODELS,ANDAIMSTOMAKETHEMODELMOREADAPTABLETODEALEFFECTIVELYWITHEXTERNALSTRATEGICCHANGES,SUCHASGLOBALIZATION,ANDOPERATIONALUNCERTAINTIES,SUCHASDEMANDFLUCTUATIONS,INORDERTOTAKEADVANTAGEOFANYNEWOPPORTUNITIESANDTODRIVEDOWNTHEOVERALLSUPPLYCOSTSWHILETHECOS
40、TOFCHANGINGABUSINESSSTRATEGYOROPERATIONALPOLICIESCANBEHUGE,MANAGERSCANMINIMIZETHERISKOFMAKINGEXPENSIVEMISTAKESBYQUANTITATIVELYANALYZINGTHEIRBUSINESSANDASSESSINGVARIOUSSTRATEGIESANDPOLICIESWITHSIMULATIONMODELSSO,THEMODELDEVELOPEDONTHISPAPERHASASIGNIFICANTROLETOMANAGERSTOANALYZETHEIRBUSINESSRELATEDWIT
41、HAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS译文适用于农产品的物流管理模型资料来源HTTP/WWWSEIOFBLUEMOUNTAINCOM作者ASFAWYILMA在过去的十年中，我们看到了在全球化环境下，社会经济不断增长，同时社会物流体系也在不断完善。产品不仅仅只是在同一地理区域内的生产和消费。一个产品的不同部件可能来自世界各地。这将引起更长，更复杂的物流环节，因此这将也改变了社会对物流管理的要求。由于当前物流操纵在上游和下游的各种不确定性是存在的，所以物流运作需要动态来减少物流环节。一些研究人员一直试图想出不同的物流管理模型，并把这些模型更集中在制造业。霍德和戴宁尔研究了国际植物选址问题，并制
42、定了单期模型，以确定最佳位置，物流和融资模式。他们的模型确定了最佳的采购计划提供尽可能多的产品生产在多个市场上销售的网站。彼得曼和卢卡斯描述的行星模型，这个7模型使得通用汽车公司开发多了一些功能的考虑，如关税，当地含量，贸易平衡和贸易互补。科恩和LEE开发了多期的时变参数的个人电脑模型，建立一个全球制造策略，生产分配模式。豪格设计了一个模型来研究国际定位在高科技公司的全球采购问题。可瑞德和卡拉莱尔开发了一种随机的，动态规划模型，研究了生产条件交换值，但其中汇率是不确定的。他们提供一个没有确定具体的行业应用算例。艾森制定了一个混合整数规划来解决一家电子制造商，康柏公司的全球供应链。该模型的一个显
43、著特点是是其能力反映在成本和时间的目标函数中。古铁雷斯和卡佛里斯（1995）开发了一个基于不确定的国际货币汇率的采购方法模型，以对冲在这样的环境损失的效用。在全球范围内卡内尔和卡瓦拉（1996）开发了一个混合整数规划模型联合国容量限制和容量限制的版本，以解决国际设施选址问题（IFLP）。该模型包括了与全球物理，包括汇率，企业所得税税率，关税和直接出口刺激功能。曼森和罗森布拉特（1997）调查了全球供应链问题，强调与当地供应商采购的内容规则。这些规则要求一个企业生产元器件的数量。海德和库曼（2002）注意到运用一个全球供应链模型，然后用它们来评估八个生产营销策略，生产和营销功能的更广泛的方式。然
44、而，模型不包括供应链的供应环节。南德宁（2003年）制定的全球供应链的三个层次组成一个网络均衡模型制造商，零售商和消费者。该模型采用了变分问题制订推导网络产品出货量和价格模式，假设层内各层之间但竞争的合作。正如我们上面看到的，我们无法找到具体模式与农业的物流管理有关。即使是一些研究人员试图开发像福斯特和埃德尔物流模式（2001年）只注重运用因特网，用因特网支持决策，重新设计了冷藏食品物流模式，因此，有必要寻找一种新的物流模式，即农业产品适应物流的发展的新型模式。这有可能降低牛鞭效应，降低库存水平，降低物流成本，并为公司先进的流线型付款。这些改进似乎已经帮助企业发展，能更稳定的加大经济产出和加大
45、生产率增长。它也对能如何识别，特别是通过改善贸易条件来适应多边贸易规则，完善人力资本和基础设施建设，提高产品的质量，促进农产品市场准入等方面，有重要的意义。因此,本文着重论述了适用农产品物流管理管理的模型设计。理解一个农产品的特点，困难和问题,从而也可以设计一种咖啡农产品物流管理模型。通过案例分析,并得出了咖啡模型的相关内容。通过对咖啡案例研究，来阐述这种农产品建模是合适的2农产品及其供应链管理21不发达国家的物流管理在农业支柱产业的发展是最欠缺的最不发达国家（LDCS）的农业生产是这个国家的经济支柱。它占了国内生8产总值的很大份额（约三分之二）有3060GDP，在大多数情况下，雇用的劳动力从
46、最低百分之四十，最高高达百分之九十，是外汇的主要来源。农业部门担负着家一半以上人口的经济收入。22物流管理的缺乏是由国际农产品贸易所导致最不发达国家参与国际农产品贸易中，农产品通过运用物流管理来实现贸易是微不足道的。它们在世界农产品出口中的份额已下降至百分之33。从19902000年的19百分点向20002008年的15百分点递减。它们在世界进口中所占份额也有所下降，从1990年的百分之18至1998年的百分之16。尽管世界农产品贸易（包括内部欧盟贸易）以平均每年超过5个百分点增长，在2000年至2002年，但最不发达国家的出口只增长了39个百分点，而相比之下，百分之66可以作为一个整体的发展
47、中国家。他们的许多重要农产品的市场占有率已大幅下降，从20世纪80年代到90年代，木材，咖啡，茶和可可等商品由百分之30降至百分之20（布鲁塞尔，2001年）。这可能是由于全球市场的信息不流畅和物流知识的缺乏有关。国际米兰元器件市场的物流管理模型在整个农业没有模型的今天，可直接用于农业生产的产品。23一般物流流程，以埃塞俄比亚咖啡的物流链为例咖啡，一个典型的农业产品，是目前最流行的公平贸易商品之一。咖啡生长在世界各地。在一些国家，咖啡业是经济的重要部分。咖啡的种植，必须从农场开始。总的来说，通过它的链条，如咖啡产品从农户到最终消费者，这就是供应链。无论是不公平贸易或者公平贸易咖啡的供应链都从农
48、户开始。在埃塞俄比亚，从树上收割红樱桃的人都受雇于农民,农户独立承包种植的咖啡。在这一点上,当地的公平贸易供应链有别于世界其它地区的咖啡。樱桃收获后，它被出售给批发商、经销商。一起合作洗，烘，和包装咖啡。并把它从内地运到亚的斯亚贝巴农村，再运往星巴克以及发达国家的全球性公司。则咖啡厂商是公平贸易合作的一个成员。在埃塞俄比亚法律，所有的咖啡必须出售或拍卖，或通过与合作社的交易。有时候咖啡的出口商全球公司,如星巴克烤在包装咖啡后出售给最终消费者。通常星巴克做出的咖啡比所支付给农民的价格多12001500的价格出售给消费者。另一方面，咖啡特许经营，反对使用埃塞俄比亚商标。3设计的供应链管理模式的农业
49、产品31供应链管理模式适应基础如上所述，如埃塞俄比亚咖啡供应链，它的物流模型无法开始追查从种植到消费者各个环节。因为这两个模型基本上集中在制造产品，而忽视对农业产品的特性分析。虽然像福斯特和艾瑞德试图发展农产品一些供应链模型，他们或多或少只集中在一个方面进行摸索，尤其是冷冻食品。虽然如此，这是令人9鼓舞的典范。因此，这是本研究开发可填补存在的差距。32农产品物流管理的四个部分基本四部分组成（1）生产在企业生产多少，在哪里生产的，以及供应商使用的重点在哪里。（2）存货其中企业决定在哪里存储他们的产品，有多少储存。（3）分布企业应该如何解决他们的产品移动和存储问题。（4）付款业务中，以最好的方式给支付给供应商和顾客。效率与效益取决于供应链的能力，重要信息采集和分析是企业运行物流管理最重要的组成部分。必须确定如何协调货物的生产和服务,在哪里以及怎样储存存货,谁买材料和如何分配最符合成本效益,就有及时性。33基于物流模型的农产品为了加大响应能力，提前交货日期，交货时间可控，可靠的高频率，以及多样性，需要农业主体的参与。另一方面，有利于适应市场发展的要求，未来的农产品供应链将快速和高频繁地对不断变化的市场需求作出反应。因此，客户将获得价格合理的产品，同时质量将得到保证，所交付的产品将展示其来源。除了市场，农产品的运输将要提高承载能力和适应环境友好的概念，找到更高的利
