1、以下为英国文学史第二册的知识点总结 个别知识点会有错误或者遗漏 请在复习的时候自主补充 愿大家都能取得好成绩VictoriaJPart V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death. Wordsworth 华兹华斯 Coleridge 柯尔律治 Southey 骚塞 The Lake Poets1. William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华
2、斯 17701850Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）a leader of the romantic movement in England. Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks
3、the beginning of the Romantic Movement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridges long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”) and ends with Wordsworths “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds, daffodils and simple rural
4、folk.(5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems in the collection are:“Lines W
5、ritten in Early Spring”(“早春诗行”), “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”) “Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).Lucy Poems 露西组诗“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “独自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature t
6、hat give him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lov
7、ely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.“The Solitary Reaper” “孤独的收割者”The Prelude 序曲or Growth of a Poets MindThe Excursion 远足 漫游Wordsworths Principles of Poetry（feelings ，commonplace things，the real language of man and deliberate simplicity，inner self, changed the ordin
8、ary speech of the language return to nature.）2. George Gordon Byron 乔治 戈登拜伦 178818241) Hours of Idleness 闲暇时刻 消闲时光dealing with childish recollections and early friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。2) The English Bards and Scott Reviewers 英国诗人和苏格兰评论家She Walks In Beauty 她走在美的光影
9、里When We Two Parted 昔日依依别 Sonnet on Chillon锡隆十四行诗Childe Harolds Pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗德游记- “I awoke one morning and found myself famous” Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗体 9-line stanza, ababbcbcc，long poem with 4 cantosDon Juan/dndu:n/唐璜masterpiece 杰作It was written in Italy during the years from 1818 to 1823.It has
10、 16,000 lines in 16 cantos It is an epic satire, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society.It is written in ottava rima /t:vrim （八行体）. 八行体：每行 10 或 11 个音节，前 6 行交替押韵，后 2 行成一组同脚韵。Each stanza contains 8 iambic pentameter lines. 每个节包含 8 个抑扬格五音步线The rhyme scheme is abababcc.The later part of the
11、 18th century，a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth.This long poem describes Don Juans vicissitudes(变迁) of life and adventures in many countries.The poem gives a satirical description of English ruling classes and social conditions.The hero shows his disgust at the vanity（虚荣） and hypocrisy（虚伪）of Eng
12、lish high society.Byron did not finish the poem. He meant to make the hero take part in the French Revolution and die a heroic death.Comments on Byron1)Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism and one of the most influential poets of the time. 2) His literary career
13、was closely linked with the struggle and progressive movements of his age. 3) He opposed oppression and slavery, and has an ardent (passionate) love for liberty. 4) He praised the peoples revolutionary struggles in his works. 5) His poems are favorites of the British workers and the laboring people
14、of other countries. 6) Byrons poems show energy and vigor, romantic daring (bold, brave) and powerful passion. Some poems show his individual heroism and pessimism.英雄主义和悲观主义“Byronic heroes”“拜伦式英雄” （在“Oriental Tales“东方叙事诗”大量体现）A theme that pervades much of Byrons work is that of the Byronic hero, an
15、idealized but flawed character whose attributes include:Being a rebel 反叛者Having a distaste for social institutions 厌恶社会体系Being an exile 被流放Expressing a lack of respect for rank and privilege 蔑视权威Having great talent 极具天赋Hiding an unsavory past 隐藏着令人厌恶的过去Being highly passionate 高度的热情Ultimately, being
16、self-destructive 自我毁灭“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules 残暴的规则 or moral principles.3. Percy Bysshe Shelley 波西 比希雪莱 17921822The finest lyric poets in the English language1) Zastrozzi, 柴斯特罗齐 ，written when in Eton. 2) The Necessity of Atheism, 无神
17、论的必要性 ，written when in Oxford University3) Queen Mab, 仙后麦布 ，written when in London.4) Prometheus Unbound,解放了的普罗米修斯 ，written when in Italy.5) “The Odes to the West Wind”,“西风颂” written when in Italy.Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the we
18、st wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end a
19、t death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelleys “Ode to the West Wind“ is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will
20、 agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗 aba bcb cdc ded efe )6) The Masque of Anarchy, 暴政的假面 ，a political lyrics, written when in Italy.7) Ozymandias 奥西曼迪亚斯8) A Song: “Men of England” 给英格兰人的歌9) The Cloud云10)To
21、 a Sky-Lark 致云雀Comments on Shelleys Poetry1)Shelley has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite (/rudait/) (learned), complex (difficult), full of classical（古典）and mythological allusions（神话典故）. 2) His style abounds (is rich) in personification 拟人 and metaphor 比喻 and other figures of speech.Comment
22、s on ShelleyHe stood for this social and political ideal all his life.Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied（预言）a happy and free life for mankind.He stood for this social and political
23、ideal all his life.4. John Keats 约翰 济慈 179518211)“O Solitude”,“孤寂”, a sonnet published in Hunts The Examiner检查官. 2)“On First Looking into Chapmans Homer”,“初读查普曼译荷马史诗 ”， a sonnet.3)Poems， 诗集 ， his first book. 4)Endymion,恩底弥翁 his first long poem.5)Isabella,伊莎贝拉6)Hyperion,许佩里翁 ，written in blank verse.
24、The theme is the conflict between the old and the new.7)Lamia， 莱米亚 8) The Eve of St. Agnes， 圣 爱格尼斯之夜 ，unfinished.9) The great odes: (1)On a Grecian Urn， “希腊古瓮颂”.(2)To Psyche， “心灵颂”(3)To a Nightingale， “夜莺颂 ”.(4)On Melancholy， “忧伤颂”.(5)To Autumn， “秋颂”Comments on John Keats poetry (synesthesia 通感)1) I
25、n John Keats short writing career of six or seven years, Keats produced a variety of kinds of work, including epic, lyric and narrative poems. 2) Keats poetry, characterized by exact and closely-knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the
26、physical beauty of the world.3) His artistic aim is to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid (miserable) reality of his day.He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”.5. Walter Scott 沃尔特 斯科特 177118321. The father
27、of the historical novel2. Scottish Novelist and Poet3. His language is difficult with Scottish dialect.Range: from the Middle Ages to the 18th centurysubjects: history of Scotland, English history, history of European countries.Of the Scottish historyWaverley 威弗利first historical novel.Rob Roy罗布 罗伊th
28、e best of the groupOf the English historyIvanhoe艾凡赫 , Norman Conquest the best of the groupStyle：a. combination of history and romanceb. panoramic scene of the medieval Englandc. third-person point of view (story) combined with first-person point of view (authors intervention);d. the use of disjoint
29、ed flashbacke. structural clues to move the story alongScotts wish of the reconciliation of two nations and desire for the establishment of a strong centralized nation headed by a wise and just king.e.g. Richard the Lion-hearted is such a king. He is a beautified figure.GENERAL FEATURES of THE HISTO
30、RICAL NOVELBlend of fictional and real characters/events 虚实相混Detailed description 细节描写Third-person omniscient narrator 第三人称视角Flashbacks and time shifts 闪回和时间移位Closeness of the past to the present 从古至今Comments on Scotts Historical NovelsScotts historical novels paved the way for the development of th
31、e realistic novels of the 19th century and marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.6. Jane Austen 简奥斯丁 17751817The first important English woman novelist, and now ranking among the truly great British novelists.Pride and Prejudice (1813) 傲慢与偏见Sense
32、and Sensibility (1811) 理智与情感Northanger Abbey (1818) 诺桑觉寺 Mansfield Park (1814) 曼斯菲尔德庄园Emma (1816) 爱玛Persuasion (1818) 劝导Features of Janes Writing(1) Her writing is realistic. (2) She drew vivid pictures of everyday life of the country society. (3) The themes are mostly about love and marriage. (4) T
33、he language is simple, humorous, and witty and with quiet irony. The dialogue is not only fit for the characteristics but also with satire.7. Charles lamb 查尔斯兰姆 17751834The best representative of Romantic Prose Writers.British counterpart of Montaigne.蒙田Dream-Children: A Reverie 梦中的儿女：一首幻想曲Poor Rela
34、tions穷亲戚Features of Lambs Essays1) the most important feature of his essays is his humor. Charles Lamb is a humorist and a master of puns and jokes, which abound in his essays.2) Lamb was especially fond of old writers. His writings are full of archaisms (/a:keiizm/古词).3) His essays are intensely pe
35、rsonal. They are an excellent picture of Lamb and humanity. His essays are marked by relaxed style, conversational tone and wide range of subject matter.4) Lamb is a romanticist of the city, (while Wordsworth is a romanticist of nature).Lambs imagination was inspired by the busy life of London, (Wor
36、dsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes).Part VI The Victorian Age （Critical Realism in England）A satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classs greed and hypocrisy Satire/grotesqueProfound sympathy for the common people honesty and good-heartedness HumorDemocratic a
37、nd humanistic character.1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯狄更斯 1812-1870The First Period18361841, Period of youthful optimist: fun, high spirit, naive optimism1) Sketches by Boz (1836) 博兹特写集, the first book 2) The Pickwick Papers (1837) 匹克威克外传3). Oliver Twist (1837-1838) 奥克佛特维斯特 ， 雾都孤儿 4). Nichols Nickleby (1838
38、-1839) 尼古拉斯尼克尔贝5). The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841) 老古玩店6). Barnaby Rudge (1841) 巴纳比拉奇The Second Period1842-1850, Period of excitement, irritation and frustration: exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power, optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation1) American Notes (1842) 美国札
39、记 2) Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844) 马丁朱述尔维特3) A Christmas Carol (1843) 圣诞颂歌 4) The Chimes 教堂钟声 5) The Cricket on the Hearth 灶上蟋蟀 6) Dombey and Son (1847-1848) 董贝父子7) David Copperfield (1849-1850)大卫 科波菲尔, the most autobiographical, one of the greatest English novelsThe Third Perioda Period of steadily
40、 intensifying pessimism, showing underlying tone of bitterness, loss of hope for English bourgeois society1) Bleak House(1852-1853) 荒凉山庄2) Hard Times(1854) 艰难时世3) Little Dorrit (1855-1857)小杜丽 4) A Tale of Two Cities(1859) 双城记 5) Great Expectations(1860-1861) 远大前程6) Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865) 我们的共
41、同朋友7) Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1869) 艾德温德鲁德之迷.Features of His Works这两个是批判现实主义都有的特点：批判社会现实+妥协1. Dickens novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, criticize the vices of capita
42、list society.2. Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. 小资产阶级知识分子 He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a def
43、inite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalists society.3. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and satire.（批判现实）4. Almost all his novels have happy endings.（妥协 compromise）5. His novels tell much of the experience of his childhood.（创作源泉）2. William Makepe
44、ace Thackeray 威廉梅克皮斯 萨克雷 181118631) The Book of Snobs 势利人脸谱 势利者集It gives a satirical description of the different strata of the ruling classes of England and is regarded as a prelude to Thackerays major literary career.2) Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero 名利场3) The History of Pendennis 彭登尼斯4) The
45、Newcomes 纽克姆一家5) The History of Henny Esmond亨利埃斯蒙德6) The Virginians 弗吉尼亚人 historical novelsComments on Thackerays Novels1) Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. 2) Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖锐的) and his humor subtle(精妙的).3) Thackeray
46、is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.The Features of Vanity Fair(1) Vanity Fair has a sub-title, A Novel Without a Hero, which intends to portray the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.(2) In Vanity Fair, Thackeray gives block characters(人物群体 ).(3) Van
47、ity Fair is work of social criticism, and is noted for the authors realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism.(4) Thackeray uses symbolism in Vanity Fair.(5) Thackeray employs an omniscient narrator to tell the story.3. George Eliot 乔治 艾略特 18191880 ( Mary A
48、nn Evans 玛丽安伊万斯)She is a female writer, most of her works are on the moral problems and religion; some are on the political problems with ferocious criticism of the bourgeoisie society.She used a male pen name to ensure her works would be taken seriously. she wanted to escape the stereotype of women
49、 only writing lighthearted romances. Desire to shield her private life from public scrutiny and to prevent scandals attending her relationship with the married George Henry Lewes, with whom she lived for over 20 years1. Translation: The Essence of Christianity 基督教的本质2. Editor of The Westminster Review威斯敏斯特评论Three stories:1)“The
