1、Byronic heroA proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byrons own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but hes merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom.SonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a
2、 single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。从形式上来说它有 14行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格，有着严格的特
3、定的押韵方式。莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single “school“ of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are con
4、sidered part of the Romantic Movement早期浪漫主义诗人 Wordsworth，Coleridge 和 Southey，也被称为湖畔派诗人。他们都住在英国西北部的湖区，并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代，把自然看作是精神上的避难所，因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌） Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the i
5、nfluence of John Donne. 2with a rebellious spirit， the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 3the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods， and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.
6、4 the imagery is drawn from actual life. Metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or reli
7、gion. John Donne is the most important representative.玄学派诗歌一般用来称呼那些在 John Donne影响下写作的作家的作品。玄学派诗人一种背叛精神去试着打破传统的伊丽莎白爱情诗的束缚。玄学诗歌多使用巧智（wit and conceit） ，结构精巧（ingenious structure） ，韵律多变（irregular meter） ，语言口语化（colloquial language） ，意象奇特（elaborate imagery） ，并把不同的事物并置（a drawing together of dissimilar idea）
8、 。它们的意象多来源于现实生活。Neoclassicism（新古典主义） In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. 2this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the a
9、ncient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones. 3 they believed that the artistic ideals should be order， logic ， restrained emotionand accuracy， and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanityRomanticism（浪漫主义） 1In the mid-1
10、8th century， a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England. 2It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism， which emphasized reason ， order and elegant wit. Instead， romanticism gave primary concern to passion， emotion， and natural beau
11、ty. 3In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4 The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1
12、798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth，Byron and Shelley.13. Modernism（现代主义） Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement ， which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century. 2 modernism takes the irr
13、ational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case. 3 the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry， fiction， drama， painting， music and architecture. 4 in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s， in America from shortly before
14、the first world war and on during the inter-war period， modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful. 5as far as literature is concerned， Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules， traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looking at mans position and function in the un
15、iverse and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself. 14. Stream of consciousness（or interior monologue）In literary criticism， Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individuals po
16、int of view by giving the written equivalent of the characters thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context， transferred from psychology， is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing
17、is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow， tracing as they do a characters fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the Engli
18、sh language include James Joyce and William Faulkner. 学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。意识流是现代主义运动的体现，它首先出现在心现学领域，由梅。辛克拉提出的，后引进文学领域。意识流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的内心独白。它的特别是联想性，以句法和标点的跳跃，文章的晦涩难懂为特征。来表现人物的片断思维和感官性直觉。比较著名的使用此技巧的有乔伊斯。福克纳。Metaphysical Poetry (玄学派诗歌) The poems of 17th-century English poets, whose
19、 verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things. 玄学派诗歌：17 世纪英国诗人的诗歌，这种诗歌的特点是风格极具智慧，引人深思，善用引申的暗喻来对比极其不同的事物. Realism (现实主义 ) The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, wi
20、thout idealization or presentation in abstract form. 现实主义：在艺术或文学中将事物，行为或社会状况按其起初情况进行的表现，而不用模糊的形式来表现或理想化Soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud. Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information about a characters motives and state of mind, or for purpose of exposition, and sometimes in order to guide the judgments and responses of the audience.
