1、文学体裁：诗歌 poem，小说 novel，戏剧 dramaOrigin 起源：Christianity 基督教 bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man
2、 was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟 时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a ve
3、rse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells
4、his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信 ) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运).他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。4、Popular Ba
5、llads 大众民谣 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance (16 世纪) 文艺复兴时期（Gre
6、ek and Roman） 戏剧 drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty an
7、d human achievement2、代表人物：1)、 Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦2)、 Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一个散文家(essayist)3)、 Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter4)、 Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 poets poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen仙后(epic poem 史诗)5)、
8、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。6)、 William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚 戏剧 drama四大悲剧：Hamlet(哈姆雷特)，Othello(奥赛罗)，King Lear(李尔王)，The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17 世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟 prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒 ) believed in simpl
9、icity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。2、代表人物：1)、 John Donne 约翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗 Death be not proud( 笔记)作品特点： strike the reader in Donnes extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度
10、和现实描绘) novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角) novelty of its form.(新颖的形式 )2)、 John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 （ poem 诗歌 blank verse ） Defense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost失乐园 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人Paradise Regained复乐园)、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 a great prose writer “give us the
11、 only great allegory(寓言)” Pilgrims Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment (18 世纪) 启蒙运动prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾
12、迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and hones
13、t, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a mea
14、ns of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。2、18th century 文学的三个方面：Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)3、代表人物：1)、 Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel： Robinson Crusoe鲁
15、宾逊漂流记 Jonathan Wild乔纳森.威尔德 Moll Flanders摩尔.弗兰德斯2)、 Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction(现代小说之父 )Joseph Andrews约瑟夫.安德鲁斯 受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同：Richardson no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默，咬文嚼字，说教Fielding direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity，full of animal spi
16、rits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙，甚至有点俗,精神焕发，讲述流浪者的故事。The History of Tom Jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him3)、 Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特Gullivers Travels格列佛游记 novel 反讽作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied
17、 only by some flashes of fooling when Swifts sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4)、 Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 书信体小说5)、 Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B
18、.谢尔丹School for Scandal造谣学校，喜剧 comedy6)、 Oliver Goldsmiths 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯 散文作家 essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师，小说 novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村，诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle agai
19、nst feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌七、the Romantic Perio
20、d (1798-1832)浪漫主义散文 prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克 诗人 poetRobert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 苏格兰诗人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。2、教育意义 Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the pub
21、lication of William Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads 从威廉.华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣“开始 4、lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate (桂冠诗人)The Prelude序曲 自传性诗歌 Autobiographical poetryWith S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”. 与 s.t.coleridge 一起
22、,联合发表了“抒情民谣”作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的 18 世纪诗歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜伦 Childe HaroldPilgrimage查尔德? 哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章 成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume
23、 of poem 首卷诗 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 Ode to the West Wind西风颂 poem 诗 4)、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂 poem To a Nightingale致夜莺 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a
24、great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师 6)、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁 女 Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 Sense and Sensibility理智与情感 Emma爱玛 写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the fo
25、under of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人。 7)、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist 散文家 6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steelesocialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multi
26、tude. 在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。 Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ，Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the pr
27、oletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。2、代表人物： 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艰难时刻 Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 A Tale of Two Cities双城记 (描述了法国大革命 French Revolution)特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。 2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 Shirley 雪利
28、 Jane Eyre简 .爱 Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff） 特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone. 3)、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方 4)、William
29、Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利场 this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrims Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义 人物：Rebecca Sharp a perfec
30、t embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。 特点： novels mainly containa satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。 5)、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特 女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the
31、 flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into thedevelopment of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。 特点：the significance of G. Eliots work lies in the portrayal of the pett
32、iness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate)：1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning My last duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒) Stingy(小气) 贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in Engl
33、ish literature 19 到 20 世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主义 “art for arts sake” 为艺术而艺术 2、代表人物。1) 、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者 Pessimists Tess of the DUrbervilles 苔丝 Jude the obscure裘德 novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。
34、2)、Oscar Wilde “art for arts sake” 为艺术而艺术 3)、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家(playwright) Mrs. Warrens profession华莱夫人的职业 4)、D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterleys Lover查泰莱夫人的情人 The Rainbow彩虹 Sons and lovers儿子与情人 3、 “stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物： 1)、Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway A Room of Ones Own Woolf was much c
35、oncerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce Ulysses Part 1 The AngloSaxon Period（449-1066）秧格鲁-撒克逊时期 1. Historical Background Celts 400B.C. Romans 50B.C. AngloSaxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D. Roman empire 从 albion撤军，teutonic tribes(包括 angles, Saxons,jutes)（条顿人 or 日耳曼人）陆续登陆此地 2
36、. Literature 1,pagan 异教徒文学 2 christian 基督徒文学 alliterative verse 头韵诗 Epic: Beowulf 贝奥武甫（Denmark背景）（the hall heorot 鹿庁，grendel:a monster half-human）1) Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由 pagan 写，插入由 christian 写 2) a mixture of h
37、istory and legend.，englands national epic 民国史诗 Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁- 诺曼时期1. Historical Background Roman conquest,接着是 english conquest，最后是 norman conquest。 The Norman Conquest in 1066 Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.（the battle of hastings
38、希斯廷战役） KingsBarons 男爵Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy 统治集团 was formed 2. The language Upper classes: French, Latin The common people: Old English Three languages co-existed in England. French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords; Latin became the principal tongue o
39、f church affairs and in universities; and Old English was spoken only by the common English people. 3.The literature Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages. It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight. It reflected the spirit of chivalry 骑士制度. The co
40、ntent of romance: love, chivalry and religion. It involves fighting, adventures. Subject matter: Geoffreys History 杰弗里史记， riming chronicles 押韵编年史，metricalverse 格律诗体，doggerel verse 打油诗体 1) the Matter of France eg. Charlemagne and his peers 查理曼大帝和他的骑士2) Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder 亚历山大大帝 3)
41、 Matter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 3. main literature Sir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士（arthur，gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman 妖精摩根, the green girdle 绿腰带） Part III Geoffrey Chaucer (13401400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1. Historical Background H
42、e was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain. In 1350 AD, 100 Years War between England and France. The English won, they controlled large French territory 领土. The Henry VI lost it all. He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD 2. Whats middle ages like? 1). The medie
43、val society: hierarchy 等级制度 social system. 2). Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity 基督 God-centered thinking, mind ideology 思想体系 3. Life and work of Chaucer Chaucer lived between (1340-1400). His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family. Chaucer is work
44、ing in a royal family as a page 小侍臣. He married the sister of Gaunts wife. He became a government official.He is very much exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture. E. G. Dante 但丁, Patriarch,主教 Boccaccio-the Decameron 薄伽丘著十日谈,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the E
45、nglish tonico-syllabic verse.乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌，开创了英国文学以重音-音节为基础的格律诗先河。首创 heroic couplet 英雄双行体。 His career can be divided into several periods 1. French 1360-1370 translate French poetry 2. Italian 1372-1386 3. English The Canterbury tales 4. The Canterbury tales He got his stories from various s
46、ources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucers originality. He retells the stories in his own way. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury. Pilgrims 朝圣者 tell stories to pass the time. The journey is used as a kin
47、d of device to unite the various tales Nun 修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to become someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be. -Pretentiousness, pretending 伪装 too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters 第一句：as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, an
48、d bathes each bud and shoot The significance of his writing 1) it gives a comprehensive 广泛的 picture of Chaucers time 2) the dramatic structure 3) Chaucers humor 4) Chaucers contribution to the English language. Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the
49、upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church. Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language. He increased the prestige 威信 of the English language. 5. Popular ballads 大众民谣 A ballad is a narrative 叙述 poem that tells a story. It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic. Ballets tell stories-about tragic 悲剧的 incidents
