1、外文翻译原文LOGISTICSCLUSTERSHOWREGIONALVALUECHAINSSPEEDUPGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINSMATERIALSOURCERAPIDMODELLINGFORINCREASINGCOMPETITIVENESSAUTHORRALFELBERTANDROBERTSCHNBERGERABSTRACTCONCERNINGTHETOPICOF“HOWREGIONALVALUECHAINSSPEEDUPGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINS”,THERESEARCHQUESTIONOFTHISPAPERWILLBETHEACCELERATIONPOTENTIALO
2、FLOGISTICSCLUSTERSINTHEENTIRESUPPLYCHAINACCELERATIONPOTENTIALCANOCCUREGASLEADTIMEREDUCTIONSORASAGILEANDQUICKRESPONSESLOGISTICSCLUSTERSCANMAKEITEASIERFORCOMPANIESTOGAINANINCREASEININNOVATIONABILITYANDPRODUCTIVITY,ANDSOENABLEAHIGHERREACTIVITYTHEINCREASEISBEINGCAUSEDBYATIMEADVANTAGE,WHICHONTHEOTHERHAND
3、RESULTSFROMABETTERPRODUCTMARKETPOSITION,ACONNECTIONOFRESOURCES,CORECOMPETENCIESANDKNOWLEDGE,ANDDECLININGTRANSACTIONSCOSTWITHINTHECLUSTERTHEREFOREPORTERSDIAMONDMODEL,WHICHHEUSEDTOTRANSFERHISOWNMODELOFNATIONALADVANTAGESTOTHEFIELDOFREGIONALCLUSTERS,WILLBEEXTENDEDBYANADDITIONALFACTOR,THATISTOSAYTIME1INT
4、RODUCTION“THEWORLDSEEMSTOMOVEFASTER”THISSTATEMENTISNOTNEW,BUTITNEVERFELTSTRONGERTHANTODAYFORCOMPANIESITIMPLIESTHATTRADITIONALBUSINESSMODELSENCOUNTERLIMITATIONSANDINADDITIONASTRONGCONFLICTOCCURSALWAYSBEINGONEINNOVATIONAHEADTOTHECOMPETITOR,SECURINGIMMEDIATEREACTIVITYANDA100PERCENTSTOCKAVAILABILITYAREO
5、PPOSEDTOAN“ITMAYCOSTNOTHING”MENTALITYANDTHEFINDINGSOFLEANMANAGEMENTITISCLEARTHATITISHARDERFORASINGLECOMPANY,ASA“LONESTANDINGFIGHTER”,TOMEETTHESECHALLENGESOFTIMEANDMONEYBUTCOOPERATIONINNETWORKSCANOFFERANADDITIONALPOTENTIALOFRESPONSIVENESSANDFLEXIBILITYINALONGRUNASASPECIALFORMOFINTERORGANIZATIONALCOOP
6、ERATION,CLUSTERSWEREDISCUSSEDINTENSIVELYINRECENTYEARSALMOST20YEARSAGOITWASMICHAELEPORTERWHOTRANSFERREDTHETERM“CLUSTERS”INTOTHEMANAGERIALECONOMICSANDCONNECTEDITWITHCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESANDSOSETTHEFOCALPOINTFORTHECURRENTENTHUSIASMONCLUSTERSMANIFOLDSTUDIESREVEALANDDOCUMENTTHATCLUSTERSAREASOURCEFORSUCCE
7、SSOFCORPORATIONSSEEEG,SOLVELLETAL2003ROSENFELD1997PORTER1998ROELANDTANDDENHERTOG1999ANDPORTER2003SOFAR,CLUSTERDEVELOPMENTEMERGESASALEGITIMATEINSTRUMENTOFECONOMICPOLICYTHEECONOMICPOTENTIALOFCLUSTERSRECEIVESATTENTIONFROMPOLICYMAKERSATALLPOLITICALLEVELSTHROUGHOUTEUROPETHEEUROPEANCOMMISSION,NATIONAL,REG
8、IONALASWELLASCITYGOVERNMENTSAREPROMOTINGREGIONALCLUSTERSONTHEEUROPEANPOLICYLEVELSEEEG“THEEUROPEANCLUSTERMEMORANDUM”FROMDECEMBER2007THATISSUPPORTEDBYNATIONALANDREGIONALAGENCIESFORINNOVATIONANDECONOMICDEVELOPMENTANDADDRESSEDTOPOLICYMAKERSATTHENATIONALANDEUROPEANLEVELSINGERMANY,THEFEDERALMINISTRYOFEDUC
9、ATIONANDRESEARCHSPENDS600MILLIONEUROSFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOF15CLUSTERSALLOVERTHECOUNTRYINTHENEXTYEARSFURTHERMORE,THEREARECLUSTERDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMSONTHEFEDERALSTATELEVELEGINBAVARIA“BAYERISCHECLUSTERPOLITIK”,HESSE“1CLUSTERWETTBEWERBDESLANDESHESSEN”ANDNORTHRHINEWESTPHALIA“REGIOCLUSTERNRW”WHERECLUSTERDEVEL
10、OPMENTISSUPPORTEDWITHFINANCIALMEANSASWELLASTRAININGANDCONSULTINGOFCLUSTERMANAGERSSEEHAASISANDELBERT,2008,P2122CLUSTERSASASPECIFICINTERORGANIZATIONALFORMWEREALSORECOGNIZEDBYTHELOGISTICIANSIMMEDIATELYTHEYQUICKLYREALIZEDBECAUSEOFTHEIRGENERALKNOWLEDGEABOUTINTERORGANIZATIONALCOOPERATIONEGINNETWORKSANDSUP
11、PLYCHAINSTHEOPPORTUNITIESOFTHISKINDOFCOOPERATIONSEEPFOHLANDTRUMPFHELLER,2004,P3SOITISNOSURPRISETHATUNTILTODAYMORETHAN40LOGISTICSCLUSTERSHAVEBEENESTABLISHEDINGERMANYSEEELBERTETAL,2009,P65TOFINDOUTHOWLOGISTICSCLUSTERSCANCREATETIMEADVANTAGESFORTHEINVOLVEDCOMPANIES,ACASESTUDYINANEXPLORATIVERESEARCHDESIG
12、NANDONTHEBASISOFATEXTANALYSISPOINTSOUT,WHICHSTATEMENTSAREMADEBYTHELOGISTICSCLUSTERSREGARDINGTIMEANDSPEEDTHISPAPERSHOWSANEXAMINATIONOFTHEWEBSITESOFTHE40IDENTIFIEDLOGISTICSCLUSTERSINGERMANYINORDERTODETECTPASSAGES,WHICHREFERTOTIMEANDSPEEDFIRSTREFERENCESWILLBEDISCUSSED,WHETHERPOTENTIALOFACCELERATIONCANB
13、EIDENTIFIEDINTHEPORTERDIAMONDANDWHICHLOGISTICSCONCEPTSAREMADEPOSSIBLETHROUGHREGIONALCOOPERATIONANDHOWLOGISTICSCLUSTERSENABLEIFSPEEDISTHEDETERMININGFACTORAREDUCTIONOFLEADTIMESANDAFASTTURNINGWITHCOMPARABLYSMALLCOSTSINTHENEWMEGAHUBSLOGISTICSCLUSTERS2COMPETITIVEADVANTAGESTHROUGHCLUSTERSINITSBROADESTSENS
14、E,ANETWORKCANBETHOUGHTASSOCIAL,ECONOMICAND/ORPOLITICALRELATIONSBETWEENINDIVIDUALSANDORGANIZATIONSSEESCHUBERT,1994,P9VALUECREATIONNETWORKSARECHARACTERIZEDBYCOOPERATIONBETWEENECONOMICANDLEGALINDEPENDENTCOMPANIESINORDERTOREALIZECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESSEEJARILLO1988,P32ANDLIEBHART2002,P113AREGIONALVALUECR
15、EATIONNETWORKCONSISTSALARGENUMBEROFCOMPANIESFROMTHESAMEREGION,WHICHARETIEDTOEACHOTHERBYCOOPERATIVEANDCOMPETITIVEHORIZONTALANDVERTICALLINKSSEERITSCH,2005,P28THISISWHATPORTERDEFINEDASCLUSTERSAGEOGRAPHICCONCENTRATIONOFCOMPANIES,SPECIALIZEDSUPPLIERSANDSERVICEPROVIDERS,ASWELLASCOMPANIESINRELATEDSECTORSAN
16、DINSTITUTIONS,WHICHAREALLCONNECTEDINASPECIALFIELDOFINTERACTIONTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHISCONNECTIONCOULDBEACOMMONBRANCHANDINDUSTRYORRELATEDPROCESSTECHNOLOGIESACCORDINGTOPORTER“THEENDURINGCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESINAGLOBALECONOMYLIEINCREASINGLYINLOCALTHINGSKNOWLEDGE,RELATIONSHIPS,ANDMOTIVATIONTHATDISTANTRIV
17、ALSCANNOTMATCH”SEEPORTER,1998,P78ITISAGAINPORTER,WHOANALYZESCLUSTERSTHEFIRSTTIMEFROMITSCOMPETITIVESTRATEGYFRAMEWORKANDDESCRIBESTHEMASASUPERIORECONOMICSTRUCTURECLUSTERSAFFECTCOMPETITIONINTHREEBROADWAYSTHEYIMPROVETHEPRODUCTIVITYOFCLUSTERCOMPANIES,INCREASETHEIRINNOVATIONCAPABILITYANDSTIMULATETHECREATIO
18、NOFNEWDEMANDPORTEREXPLAINSTHESEEFFECTSWITHENVIRONMENTALINFLUENCESTHATCONVERGEINSIXATTRIBUTESTHATHAVETHEGREATESTINFLUENCEONACOMPANYSABILITYTOINNOVATEANDUPGRADETHESEATTRIBUTES,WHICHHETERMSDIAMOND,“SHAPETHEINFORMATIONFIRMSHAVEAVAILABLETOPERCEIVEOPPORTUNITIES,THEPOOLOFINPUTS,SKILLSANDKNOWLEDGETHEYCANDRA
19、WON,THEGOALSTHATCONDITIONINVESTMENT,ANDTHEPRESSURESINFIRMSTOACT”SEEPORTER,1990,P111HISDIAMONDMODELREPRESENTEDINTHEILLUSTRATIONBELOWCOVERSTHEFOLLOWINGFOURDETERMINANTSTHEFACTORCONDITIONSDESCRIBETHEPOSITIONOFAREGIONCONCERNINGTHEAVAILABILITYOFPRODUCTIONFACTORSTHISCOVERSALLRELEVANTFACTORSFORANINDUSTRYSUC
20、HASWORKFORCE,RAWMATERIALSANDSERVICESTHEDEMANDCONDITIONSDESCRIBETHEKINDOFREGIONALDEMANDFORPRODUCTSORSERVICESOFANINDUSTRYTHERELATEDANDSUPPORTINGINDUSTRIESMARKTHEPRESENCEOFINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVERELATEDINDUSTRIESORSUPPLIERSTHEFIRMSTRATEGY,STRUCTUREANDRIVALRYDETERMINEFINALLYTHECONDITIONSOFACLUSTER,HOWC
21、OMPANIESAREORGANIZEDANDLED,ASTHEYCOOPERATEANDHOWTHEREGIONALCOMPETITIONLOOKSLIKEASFURTHERTWODETERMINANTSTHECHANCEANDTHEGOVERNMENTWERELATERADDED,WHICHCANSHAPETHEREGIONALCOMPETITIONSUSTAINABLEANDGIVEATTHESAMETIMEIMPORTANTIMPULSESFORTHECLUSTERDEVELOPMENTTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCLUSTERSISEITHERFOUNDEDBYPARTICULA
22、RLYFAVORABLECONDITIONSINONEOFTHEFOURORIGINALDETERMINANTSOFTHEDIAMONDMODELORITCANBERELEASEDBYACTSOFBUSINESS,WHICHCANNOTBETRACEDTOSPECIALLOCALCONDITIONSTHEFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFCLUSTERSEXPLAINSPORTERWITHARECIPROCALPROCESS,WHICHRUNSBETWEENTHEDETERMINANTSOFTHEDIAMONDMODELHEUNDERSTANDSTHEDIAMONDASASTRENGTH
23、ENINGMODEL,INWHICHAPOSITIVEDEVELOPMENTINONEDETERMINANTLEADSTOANIMPROVEMENTOFTHEOTHERCOMPETITIVECONDITIONSHEASSUMESTHATACERTAINNUMBEROFPARTICIPANTSINTHECLUSTERACRITICALMASSMUSTBEACHIEVED,THUSTHEINTERACTIONSINTHECLUSTERINITIATEANINHERENTDYNAMISMANDAUTOMATICALLYLEADTOASETTLEMENTOFSPECIALIZEDSUBCONTRACT
24、INGFIRMS,SPECIALTRAININGANDRESEARCHINSTITUTIONS,ASWELLASTOAFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFTHEINFRASTRUCTURESEEPORTER,1990,P216THEMOSTLYMACROORIENTEDANALYSISOFPORTERANDOTHERSISVERYIMPORTANTINORDERTOSETUPTHETOPICCLUSTERINTHEMINDOFSCIENTISTS,POLITICIANSANDCOMPANYLEADERSBUTTHESEMOSTLYECONOMICALLYANDECONOMICALLYGEO
25、GRAPHICALLYDRIVENSTUDIESDONOTEXPLAINHOWTHESUCCESSIMPACTOFCLUSTERSCANBEGENERATEDEVENIFREGIONALAGGLOMERATIONSANDALSOCLUSTERSINVARIOUSINDUSTRIESHAVEBEENARESEARCHSUBJECTFORDECADES,ITWASUNTILNOWNOFOCUSONHOWREGIONALVALUECHAINSINCLUSTERSSPEEDUPGLOBALSUPPLYCHAINSBRINGINGCLUSTERSANDLOGISTICSTOGETHER,ITISDEFI
26、NITETOSAYTHATLOGISTICSCLUSTERSARECLUSTERS,WHERELOGISTICSSERVICESARETHECENTRALATTRIBUTEOFTHECONNECTIONBETWEENTHEPARTICIPANTSSEEELBERTETAL,2008,P315FOLLOWINGTHEARGUMENTATIONOFPORTER,LOGISTICSCLUSTERSCANBEDESCRIBEDASCONCENTRATIONSOFLOGISTICSCOMPANIES,SPECIALIZEDSUPPLIERSFORLOGISTICSCOMPANIES,LOGISTICSS
27、ERVICEPROVIDERS,FIRMSINLOGISTICSINTENSIVEINDUSTRIESASWELLASPUBLICANDPRIVATEINSTITUTIONSRELATEDTOLOGISTICS,WHICHCANCOMPETEANDCOOPERATEWITHONEANOTHERTHETERMLOGISTICSCOMPANYCOVERSBOTH,THELOGISTICSINDUSTRYENGINEERINGANDPLANTSFORTHEINTRALOGISTICSANDMATERIALHANDLING,SOFTWAREPRODUCERFORLOGISTICAPPLICATIONS
28、ANDSYSTEMINTEGRATORS,ETCANDTHELOGISTICSSERVICEPROVIDERSPLAYERSLIKECONTRACTLOGISTICS,SHIPPINGCOMPANIES,WAREHOUSEOPERATORS,ITSERVICEPROVIDERS,CONSULTINGFIRMS,ETCREFERRINGTOTHERELATEDDEVICES,RESEARCHINSTITUTIONSWITHANEMPHASISONLOGISTICSASWELLASLOGISTICSASSOCIATIONSANDLOGISTICSRELEVANTINSTITUTESFORSTAND
29、ARDIZATIONCOULDBENAMEDASPOTENTIALCLUSTERPARTICIPANTSDEPENDINGUPONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFALOGISTICSCLUSTER,VERTICALINTERDEPENDENCESBYSUPPLIERCUSTOMERRELATIONSONTHEONEHANDANDHORIZONTALINTERDEPENDENCESBYCOMPANIESONTHESAMESTAGEINTHEVALUECHAINONTHEOTHERHANDCANOCCURSEEELBERTETAL,2008,P3163RESEARCHFRAMEWORKINSECT
30、ION2ITWASSHOWNTHATCLUSTERSCANGENERATECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGESREGARDINGTHEPORTERDIAMONDINORDERTODEDUCETHEEMERGENCEOFTHESECOMPETITIVEADVANTAGES,ITISREQUIREDTOANALYZETHESOURCESOFVALUECREATIONINCLUSTERS,WHEREBASICALLYTHREECATEGORIESCANBEIDENTIFIED“PRODUCTMARKETPOSITION”,“RESOURCES,CORECOMPETENCIESANDKNOWLE
31、DGE”,ASWELLAS“TRANSACTIONCOSTS”SEEELBERTETAL,2009,P63译文物流集群如何运用区域价值链来加快全球供应链资料来源RAPIDMODELLINGFORINCREASINGCOMPETITIVENESS作者拉尔夫埃尔伯特和罗伯特舍恩贝格摘要基于整个供应链，针对“如何运用区域价值链来加快全球供应链”的话题，本论文的主要研究方向是物流集群的加速潜力。比如加速潜力可以缩短交货时间，使整个供应链变得更为敏捷；物流集群可以使企业更容易在创新能力、生产效率和反应速度上获得提升。这种提升是由“时间优势”所引起的，这优势一方面来自于较好的产品市场定位，另一方面来自于集
32、群内部的资源、核心能力、知识的整合和交易成本。因此，“时间”这一要素将进一步拓宽“波特钻石模型”。1相关介绍“世界的发展似乎变得更为快速”，这句话不是新的。对于公司来说，如果要保持在创新方面始终是一个领先者，这意味着当传统的商业模式遇到限制或发生额外的冲突时，要确保反应快速。很显然，对于孤军奋战的单个公司来说，有限的时间和金钱很难去满足这些挑战。但是从长远来看，网络式的合作可以提供潜在的反应能力和灵活性。集群作为一种特殊的组织内部的合作方式，在最近几年被深入讨论。20年前，迈克尔波特把“集群”这一术语应用到管理学中去，把它与竞争优势联系起来，把“集群”放在目前备受关注的位置上。多种研究结果表明
33、集群是许多公司成功的源泉。到目前为止，集群作为合法的经济政策工具，它的经济潜力得到了政策制定者的关注，欧洲委员会、国家、区域以及市政府都正在推动区域集群的发展。例如，从欧洲政策层面上看，“欧洲集群”中涉及到的集群都受到国家和不同地区的创新经济发展机构的支持。在接下来的几年里，德国联邦教育研究部将花费6亿欧元来发展国内的15个集群，并且在巴伐利亚州和北莱茵西伐利亚等联邦地区开展集群发展项目，将以金融手段、培训和集群管理者咨询等政策来支持集群的发展。集群作为一种特殊的内部合作形式，很早以前已经被物流学者们所意识到。他们之所以很快意识到，是由于他们重视企业内部合作，比如网络和供应链形式的合作。所以毫
34、不奇怪，直到现在，在德国已经建立了超过40个物流集群。本文通过探索性研究和基于文本的分析去发现物流集群如何为所涉及的企业创造时间优势。为了发现关于时间和速度的篇章，本文对德国认定的40个物流集群网站作了调查。首先讨论潜在的加速是否能在波特钻石模型中体现；通过区域合作，哪些物流思想能得到体现；假如速度是决定性因素（交货时间的缩短、伴随着同等的低成本的快速转变），物流集群如何去获得2集群的竞争优势从广泛意义上看，网络可以被认为是一个社会，是个体和组织之间经济与政治上的联系。为实现竞争优势，价值创造网络的特点体现在经济公司和独资企业之间的合作。一个区域价值创造网络包括来自同一地区的很多公司，它们之间
35、存在着横向与纵向的合作与竞争关系。这就是波特对于产业集群的定义是指特定领域内专门供应商和服务提供商以及相互关联的公司和机构在地理上的集中，它们在特殊领域作用下相互连接，这些连接有可能是相同的分支和行业或相关技术。美国管理学家波特（1998）从竞争优势角度系统地提出了产业集群理论，指出集群是优越的经济结构，可从三方面影响一个企业的竞争力提高集群企业的生产力；提高创新能力；刺激新的需求创造。波特集中于6个要素解释了影响环境的作用，对公司的创新和升级能力有巨大的影响。这些要素，波特在钻石模型中指出过，它们使信息企业获得机会，他们会因为资金、技术、知识，投资环境、产生企业间的竞争压力。他的钻石模型体现
36、在四个决定因素一是要素条件，指的是一个国家的生产要素状况，这包括一个行业所有相关因素如劳动力，原材料和服务。这需求条件指对某个行业产品或服务的国内需求性质。关联和辅助性行业指国内是否存在具有国际竞争力的供应商和关联辅助行业。企业战略、结构和竞争企业的表现是集群最后的形成条件。政府和机会，是后来加进的，可以塑造可持续的区域竞争力，同时为产业集群发展添加动力。波特指出，产业集群的缘起，通常可以追溯到该地在特定的历史情景下，形成钻石模型的部分条件。波特明白钻石模型作为一个强化模型，一个决定因素的积极发展将会促进其它竞争条件的发展。他假设当集群内企业的参与数量达到一定程度时，集群内的相互作用会引发内在
37、动力，自动出现了专业分包企业，特殊培训和研究机构，也促进了基础设施的进一步发展。波特等人的宏观导向的分析是非常重要的，便于设立在科学家，政治家和公司领导心目中的“集群”形象。但这些大多是经济上和经济地理上驱动的研究，并没有解释如何产生有成功影响的集群。即使区域聚集和产业集群已经是几十年的研究课题，但是迄今为止,没有人研究过产业集群内区域价值链加快全球供应链的问题。很明确地说，物流集群就是集群，其中物流服务是参与者之间的主要的连接属性。按照波特的说法，物流集群可以被描述为物流企业、专门供应商、物流服务提供商、以及具有公共与独立的物流部门的企业等的集聚，可以相互竞争与合作。物流企业这个术语包括物流业（如内部物流和材料处理的工厂，物流应用软件生产商和系统集成商等）和物流服务提供者（如合同物流公司，运输公司，仓库经营者，IT服务供应商，咨询公司等）。对于相关配套设施，研究机构强调物流协会和标准化的物流相关机构都是潜在的集群参与者。在物流集群发展过程中，都会发生供应商与客户的垂直合作和价值链中同一阶段的企业间的水平合作。3研究框架关于波特钻石模型，在第2章中已经表明，集群可以产生竞争优势。为了引出这些竞争优势，就需要分析集群内的价值创造的来源，基本上可确定三类来源“产品的市场地位“，“资源，核心竞争力和知识“，以及“交易成本”。
