1、外文翻译原文IMPACTOFFREIGHTFLOWSONCITYLOGISTICSINAMEGACITYOFADEVELOPINGECONOMYMATERIALSOURCEACADEMICJOURNALSAUTHORADEBAMBOOLAYINKASOMUYIWATHEDEMANDFORFREIGHTTRANSPORTISANINEVITABLEISSUEWITHINTHECONTEXTOFSOCIOECONOMICANDPOLITICALRELATIONSHIPOFTHESOCIETYFORINSTANCE,ITENHANCESCITYLOGISTICSRELATIVELYTOLANDUSE
2、,TRAFFICANDDELIVERYCHARACTERISTICSOFALLTHESESALIENTISSUES,TRAFFICISCONSIDEREDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTBECAUSEITSUBSUMESCONGESTIONS,ESPECIALLYALONGMAJORCORRIDORSOFTHECITYSIMILARLY,PREVIOUSSTUDIESPOINTEDOUTONTHEROADCONGESTIONCOSTSTOTHESECOSTMUSTBEADDEDTHELOSSOFEFFICIENCYAND/ORSALESATINDIVIDUALANDCOMMERCIALPREM
3、ISESWHENDELIVERIESARRIVELATEITISINTHELIGHTOFTHISTHATTHISPAPERINVESTIGATEDTHEEFFECTSOFLOGISTICALANDSUPPLYCHAINTRENDSONTHELEVELANDNATUREOFDEMANDFORFREIGHTTRANSPORTINLAGOSMETHODOLOGYADOPTEDWASINFERENTIALSTATISTICALTECHNIQUESANDSIMPLEDESCRIPTIVEMETHODSTHESTUDYIDENTIFIEDGAPSINTHEPROVISIONOFINFRASTRUCTURA
4、LCAPACITYANDLOGISTICSSERVICESINTHESTUDYREGIONTHESTUDYFURTHERRECOMMENDEDTHATCITYLOGISTICSSHOULDBEENHANCEDSOTHATTHECITYWILLBEECONOMICALLYBUOYANT,SOCIALLYVIBRANTANDENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYKEYWORDSFREIGHT,FLOWS,LOGISTICS,MEGACITY,DEVELOPING,ECONOMYINTRODUCTIONFREIGHTTRANSPORTISAVERYTRANSPORTPARTOFMOSTECO
5、NOMICSANDSOCIALACTIVITYINDUSTRIESRELYONSOMEOFGOODSMOVEMENTTOMAINTAINCOMMERCE,WHICHMAYRANGEFROMLARGESHIPMENTSOFBULKCOMMODITIESTOPACKAGEDELIVERYWITHINANDOUTSIDELAGOSSTATEFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONPLAYSANIMPORTANTROLEINTHEECONOMYOFLAGOSSTATE,ASTHEDEMANDFORGOODSTRANSPORTISSTRONGLYDEPENDENTONTHELEVELANDNATURE
6、OFECONOMICACTIVITIESONI,2004ASTRANSPORTATIONISPARTOFAPRODUCTIONPROCESS,ITENSURESTHATBITSANDPIECESAREASSEMBLEDTHROUGHTHEUSEOFLOGISTICSCHAINS,ALLOWINGFORTHEDELIVERYOFTHENECESSARYINPUTSFORPRODUCTION,INCLUDINGTHENECESSARYMATERIALSANDLABOUR,ANDALLOWSTHEFINISHEDPRODUCTTOBEDELIVEREDTOTHEMARKETFORCUSTOMERSS
7、UFFICEITTOSTRESSTHAT,THEDEMANDFORFREIGHTTRANSPORTISANINEVITABLEISSUEWITHINTHECONTEXTOFSOCIOECONOMICSANDPOLITICALRELATIONSHIPOFTHESOCIETYHOWEVER,THEMOVEMENTOFFREIGHTISANIMPORTANTBUTOFTENOVERLOOKEDASPECTOFTHETRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMWHILEMUCHRESEARCHANDPLANNINGHASCENTEREDONPASSENGERTRANSPORTSOMUYIWA,2009OG
8、UNSANYA,2004,FREIGHTTRANSPORTANALYSISHASRECEIVEDRELATIVELYLITTLEATTENTION,CONSEQUENTLY,HASIMPLICATIONONTRAFFICSITUATIONTHATISOFTENCONSIDEREDTHEMOSTIMPORTANT,BECAUSEITSUBSUMESCONGESTION,ESPECIALLYALONGMAJORCORRIDORSOFTHECITYSIMILARLY,PREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVEREVEALEDTHEEFFECTSOFCONGESTIONONLOGISTICALEFFICI
9、ENCYRELATETOTHEWHOLECOUNTRYRATHERTHANTHECITYOFLAGOSITISINTERESTINGTONOTETHATSOMEOFTHESESTUDIESPOINTEDOUTONTHEROADCONGESTIONCOSTSFORINSTANCE,VARIOUSAUTHORS,OYESIKU2002,ADENIJI2002,AUCLAIR1999,WORLDBANK2001,COYLEETAL2000ANDUNCHS1998ASSERTEDTHATTRAVELSPEEDSINCITIESAREDECREASINGANDTHETRAVELENVIRONMENTFO
10、RPEDESTRIANSANDPEOPLEPOWEREDVEHICLESAREDETERIORATINGINDEVELOPMENTCOUNTRIES,DUETOTHEINEFFICIENCYOFTHEENTIREROADTRANSPORTSYSTEMOFTHESIXTEENDEVELOPINGCOUNTRYCITYWITHPOPULATIONSOFMORETHEN4MILLIONSTUDIED,FIVEMAJORCITIESINTHISGROUPBUCHAREST,JAKARTA,KINSHASA,LAGOSANDMANILAEXPERIENCEDANAVERAGEONEWAYJOURNEYT
11、OWORKOFABOUTONEANDQUARTERHOURSORMORETHISURBANCHALLENGE,THATIS,ROADTRAFFICCONGESTIONIS,HOWEVER,EXPECTEDTOAGGRAVATEINTHENEARESTFUTUREPARTICULARLYINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,ASARESULTOFTHEPROJECTEDWORLDURBANPOPULATIONEXPLOSION,INWHICHABOUTFIFTYPERCENTOFTHEWORLDPOPULATIONISEXPECTEDTOLIVEINCITIESBYMID21STCENTU
12、RYWORLDBANK,1999THISPROJECTIONJUSTIFIEDTHENEEDFORSCIENTIFICENQUIRYINTOTHEGENERICCHARACTERISTICSOFWHATROADTRAFFICCONGESTION,ASOCIALDISORDER,ASITAFFECTSTRAVELPATTERNANDFREEFLOWOFGOODSANDSERVICESINMETROPOLITANLAGOSSURPRISINGLY,OVERTHEYEARS,CAPACITYEXPANSIONHASBEENREGARDEDASAMAJORPANACEATOMINIMIZATIONOF
13、ROADTRAFFICCONGESTIONINMETROLAGOSIRONICALLY,THECONSTRUCTIONOFNEWROADSANDEXPANSIONOFOLDONESBYSUCCESSIVEADMINISTRATIONSINLAGOSHASNEVERAMELIORATEDTHEPROBLEMDEMANDHASALWAYSSUPERSEDEDSUPPLY,BECAUSEVEHICULARVOLUMEFORPASSENGERSANDFREIGHTASWELLASHUMANPOPULATIONINLAGOSHASCONTINUEDTOINCREASEOVERTHEYEARSTHECIT
14、YOFLAGOS,ARENOWNEDWORLDFASTGROWINGCITY,HASOVERTHEYEARSBEENEXPERIENCINGPROBLEMOFROADTRAFFICCONGESTIONTHISPROBLEMHASCONSEQUENTLYRENDEREDTHECITYIMMOBILEOVERTIMEANDSPACETAIWO,2005THEUBIQUITYOFROADTRAFFICCONGESTIONINMETROPOLITANLAGOSREDUCESACCESSIBLYTOSPATIALLYLOCATEDURBANRESOURCESANDLANDUSESTHUS,HAVENEG
15、ATIVEIMPACTONSOCIOECONOMICGROWTHANDDEVELOPMENTOFTHECITYROADTRAFFICCONGESTIONINLAGOSISSYNONYMOUSWITHTHEPRONOUNCEDPROBLEMSOFLONGERTRANSITTIMEBETWEENORIGINANDDESTINATIONOFGOODS,HENCE,CULMINATINGTOHIGHCOSTOFTRANSPORTATION,EXCESSIVEENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDITSATTENDANTEFFECTSOFAIRANDNOISEPOLLUTIONSEQUELTOTHIS
16、,THEBUSINESSENVIRONMENTTODAYHASINTRODUCEDOUTSOURCINGOFPARTSOFTHESUPPLYCHAINOFLOGISTICALACTIVITIESTOREDUCEPRODUCTIONCOSTSFURTHER,HENCECOMPETITIONFORCEINCREASESECONOMIESOFSCALESANDEFFICIENCYANDTHUS,OUTSOURCESLARGEPARTSOFTHEIRPRODUCTIONTOOTHERPARTSOFTHECOUNTRYSURPRISINGLY,THISHASRESULTEDINANEVENPRODUCT
17、ION,ANDVARIOUSDISTRIBUTIONOUTLETSCUSTOMERSISTOALARGEEXTENTINFLUENCEDBYTRANSPORTATIONFACTORSINTHELIGHTOFTHIS,DESPITETHELARGEVOLUMESOFGOODSTRANSPORTEDFROMANDTOLAGOSMETROPOLIS,THEREISNOCONCRETERESEARCHTHATACTUALLYIDENTIFIESTHEFINALDESTINATIONSOFTHEGOODSTHEONLYINFORMATIONTHATISAVAILABLEISTHEAREARELATIVE
18、TOTHELOCATIONWITHINANDOUTSIDELAGOSSTATE,ASDECLAREDBYTHEIDENTIFIEDCOMPANIESHENCE,THISDOESNOTNECESSARILYREPRESENTTHEFINALDESTINATIONSOFTHEGOODSSIMILARLY,ITISUSUALLYCOMPLEXTOFORECASTFREIGHTTRANSPORTDUETODYNAMICSOFORIGINS,DESTINATIONS,VALUES,VOLUMEANDWEIGHTOFTHEGOODSBEINGTRANSPORTEDITISTHENIMPERATIVETHA
19、TVARIOUSORIGINANDDESTINATIONOFTHESEGOODSARERELATIVELYKNOWN,SOASTOFACILITATEANEFFECTIVEANDEFFICIENTANALYSISOFFREIGHTTRANSPORTASWELLASTRANSPORTPLANNINGOFLAGOSMETROPOLITANCITYMCKINNON,1998NOCKOLD,2001THUSTHEPAPERSEEKSTOANALYSETYPECOMPOSITIONOFFLOWSANDREDISTRIBUTETHEFLOWSTODESTINATIONPOINTSWHICHISNECESS
20、ARYMATERIALSANDMETHODSMONITORINGFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONWITHINTHECONTEXTOFLOGISTICALEFFICIENCYISGENERATINGINTERESTINACADEMIA,HENCE,THEYAREBEENUNDERTAKENASELEMENTSININTEGRATEDLOGISTICSANDSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTTHATALLSUBSUMEDTRANSPORTATIONPLANNINGTHEIMPETUSHASCOMEFROMTHEDRIVETOMAKEDISTRIBUTIONNOTONLYCOSTE
21、FFECTIVE,BUTALSOENHANCECUSTOMERSSATISFACTIONWITHOUTCONSEQUENCEONTHEENVIRONMENTANDWITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEITISINTHISLIGHT,THATTHEPAPERATTEMPTSTOPROPOSEPOLICYFRAMEWORKFORFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONFORTHEMOSTPOPULOUSBLACKCITYINSUBSAHARANAFRICA,WITHTHEAIMTOENHANCINGCITYLOGISTICSDATAFORTHISPAPE
22、RWEREBOTHPRIMARYANDSECONDARY,THATWERECOLLECTEDFROMVARIOUSMAJORCOMPANIESTHATINVOLVEDINFREIGHTTRANSPORTATIONANDOTHERRELATEDAGENCIESLIKECUSTOMSOFFICIALS,DATAWASCOMPILEDYEARLYFOREACHOFTHECOMPOSITETYPEOFCOMMODITYHENCETHEPERIODUNDERSTUDYISFROM19972006THECHOICEOFTHISPERIODWASPREDICATEDONTHELEVELOFCURRENCYA
23、SWELLASTHERATEOFINVESTORFOREIGNANDLOCALAFTERRELATIVECONSIDERATIONOFPOLITICALSTABILITYTHESESETOFPRIMARYDATAINCLUDEDNUMBEROFVEHICLESUSEDANDTYPES,CAPACITY,AREASOFORIGINANDDESTINATIONS,VOLUMEANDWEIGHTOFGOODSBEINGTRANSPORTEDASWELLSTUDYAREALAGOSMETROPOLISISLOCATEDINSOUTHWESTERNNIGERIATHEBOUNDARIESOFTHEARE
24、AISTHETERRITORYWITHINLATITUDES623NAND641NANDLONGITUDE39EAND328EMETROPOLITANLAGOS,HOWEVER,CONSTITUTELESSTHAN25OFNIGERIASTOTALLANDAREAOF923,768KMMEANWHILE,LAGOSACCOMMODATESOVER6OFNIGERIASTOTALPOPULATIONOF1991NATIONALCENSUSTHEMETROPOLITANAREAACCOUNTEDFORTHESEVENTEENOUTOFTHETWENTYLOCALGOVERNMENTAREASINL
25、AGOSSTATEFIGURE1BASICALLYTHESTATELIESONLOWLANDS,WITHABOUT17,500HAOFBUILTUPAREAOFWHICHRESIDENTIALAREASOCCUPYTHESINGLELARGESTPROPORTIONOF8,739HECTARES519,COMMERCIAL821HA48,INDUSTRIAL,1,444HA84,INSTITUTIONALANDSPECIALUSE2,366HA137OPENSPACES45326ANDTRANSPORTATION3,205186OLAYIWOLAETAL,2005ITISINTERESTING
26、TONOTETHATTHEPOPULATIONCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESTATEAREHETEROGENEOUSWITHMOSTPARTSOFTHENATIONBEINGREPRESENTEDAGAIN,DESPITETHERELOCATIONOFTHEFEDERALCAPITALTOABUJA,LAGOSSTATEREMAINS,UNDOUBTEDLY,THEECONOMICNERVECENTREOFTHECOUNTRYITHARBOURSALMOSTALLTHEHEADQUARTERSOFTHEMULTINATIONALCOMPANIESINTHECOUNTRYLAGOS,
27、OCCUPIESAPREEMINENTPOSITIONBASEDONALLURBANINDICATORS,MOSTESPECIALLYDEMOGRAPHYITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATALLOTHERCITIESARERELATIVELYSMALLINTERMSOFCOMMERCIAL,INDUSTRIALANDTRADINGACTIVITIESINCOMPARISONTOLAGOSDEMOGRAPHICALLY,THEDENSITYOFLAGOSISMUCHHIGHERTHANOTHERCITIESINNIGERIAACCORDINGTOTAIWO2005,WHILENIGERIAS
28、POPULATIONDENSITYIS100PERSONSPERSQUAREKILOMETREPSK,THATOFLAGOSISABOUT2,400PERSONS/KMWITHANNUALPOPULATIONGROWTHRATEOFBETWEEN50TO55INTERMSOFTRANSPORTATION,LAGOSAREAISNATURALLYENDOWEDWITHNAVIGABLECREEKS,LAGOONSANDWATERBODYTHATARESUITABLEFORURBANTRANSITSERVICESITALSOHASRAILLINETHATLINKSTHECOMMERCIALSOUT
29、HERNPARTOFTHECITYWITHTHEDORMITORYSETTLEMENTOFTHENORTHASARESULT,LAGOSHASTHEPOTENTIALOFBENEFITINGFROMASEAMLESSTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMIRONICALLY,ROADTRANSPORTDOMINATESMORETHAN90PERCENTOFALLINTRAURBANMOVEMENTONI,2004ACCORDINGTOTAIWO2005THEREAREABOUT2,600KMOFROADSINLAGOSTHESEROADSAREFREQUENTLYCONGESTEDWITHO
30、VER1MILLIONVEHICULARDENSITYOFOVER222VEHICLES/KMAGAINSTCOUNTRYAVERAGEOF11KMTHEMAJORIDENTIFIEDCORRIDORSWITHPREDOMINANTHEAVYVEHICULARTRAFFICARELAGOSABEOKUTAROAD,THELAGOSBADAGRYROADAXISANDTHEIKORODUROAD译文在经济发展城市中货运流向对城市物流的影响资料来源学术期刊网作者ADEBAMBOOLAYINKASOMUYIWA货运的需求是社会、经济以及在其职权范围内社会的政治关系中不可避免的问题。例如,它可以使城市
31、物流中相关的土地利用、交通和交货得到改善。尤其在城市主要通道中,由于交通堵塞的发生,交通成为最严重的问题。以前的研究也曾指出堵塞会增加成本。当交货延迟,这些成本必然被添加到效益损失和/或销售额和商业处所费用中去。根据这些情况,这篇论文研究了拉各斯的物流和供应链的发展对货运需求水平与性质的影响。进行了统计推理和简单描述。这个研究还发现了研究领域中基础设施能力和物流服务的差异。进一步提出城市物流的增强可以带动城市经济增长,社会蓬勃发展和环境的优化。关键词货运、流程、物流、城市、发展、经济。介绍在大多数经济活动和社会活动中,货运是运输特有的一部分。这些行业将大量散装的商品进行包裹递送到拉各斯内外,依
32、靠商品的流动来维持贸易。由于货运需求取决于经济活动的水平和性质,货运在拉各斯的经济中起着重要的作用。运输是生产过程的一部分,保证了零零碎碎的货物通过使用供应链组装起来,为生产中必要的投入进行配送,包括必要的物料和劳动力,为广大客户将成品配送到市场。需要强调的是,运输的需求在社会经济环境和社会的政治关系中是不可避免的问题。然而,货运在运输系统方面经常被忽视。大量的研究和规划集中在客运SOMUYIWA,2009OGUNSANYA,2004,货运分析则相对关注较少,尤其在城市主要通道中,由于交通堵塞的发生,交通成为最严重的问题。同样,以前的研究揭示交通拥挤对物流效率的影响涉及的是整个国家而不是拉各斯
33、城市。对这类研究中指出的堵塞成本进行研究是十分有意思的。例如,各个作者OYESIKU2002,ADENIJI2002,AUCLAIR1999,WORLDBANK2001,COYLEETAL2000ANDUNCHS1998认为在人口超过四百万的十六个发展中国家的城市里,由于整体运输系统的效率不高,导致城市的交通速度减慢,行人和车辆交通环境恶化,这当中的五个主要城市,布加勒斯特、雅加达、金沙萨、拉各斯和马尼拉上班单程平均在大约一个半小时以上。预计在21世纪中期,世界人口的百分之五十将居住在城市里,从而导致的世界城市人口爆炸,因此,在不久的将来,尤其是在发展中国家,道路交通堵塞这个城市难题,将会加剧
34、WORLDBANK,1999。由于道路交通拥堵影响了拉各斯的交通模式和商品和服务的自由流通,因此需要对此进行科学研究。多年来,为了减少拉各斯道路交通堵塞问题,扩展容量成为了灵丹妙药。但是,通过连续建造新的道路和扩张旧的道路的管理,并没有使问题得到改善。由于乘客和货物所需的车辆以及人口多年来在拉各斯持续的增加,需求远大于供应。拉各斯作为一个快速发展的世界知名城市,多年来一直遭受道路交通堵塞问题。在城市的时间和空间上都是一直存在的问题。拉各斯无处不在的道路交通拥挤状况使城市的空间资源和土地利用面积的减少。对城市社会经济的成长和发展产生了负面影响。拉各斯道路的交通堵塞等同于货物在起运抵和目的地之间长
35、时间转运的问题,最后以高运输成本,高能源消耗和伴随产生的空气和噪音污染告终。于是,如今的商业引进了物流活动中的供应链外包,以降低生产成本。此外,竞争力增加了经济规模和效率,大部分产品外包到国家的其他地区。出人意料的,在很大程度上,由于交通因素的影响,产生了更大的产量及更多的经销商顾客。尽管有大量货物进出拉各斯,但是对于货物的最终目的地的无从调查。唯一可用的信息是公司说明的相对于拉各斯内外的位置,但是这并不代表货物的最终目的地。资料和方法基于物流效率研究货物运输引起了学术界的关注,成为综合物流与供应链管理的交通规划基础。在没有环境影响和比较优势的情况下,促使分销不仅符合成本效益,而且提高了客户满
36、意度。于是,以提升城市物流为目的,文章为世界上人口最多的撒哈拉以南的非洲城市货运提出了政策框架。这篇文章的数据都是一手和二手的,资料来源于1997年和2006年各大公司及其他相关机构货运资料,例如海关为每个商品类型编纂的年鉴。选择这个时期,基于通货水平及投资利率,并考虑了国内外政局的稳定。这些基本资料包括使用车辆的数目和类型,能力,起运地和目的地,运输货物的体积和重量。研究区域拉各斯位于尼日利亚西南。境内纬度623N到641N和经度39E到328E。然而,相对于尼日利亚923768平方公里的土地总面积,拉各斯不到25;同时,根据1991年的人口普查,拉各斯容纳了尼日利亚人口总数的6以上。拉各斯
37、地区中,市区占了二十分之十七。大部分地区处于低位势,共有17500公顷,其中住房建筑8739公顷519,商业821公顷48,工业1444公顷83,公共及特殊用途2366公顷137,空地453公顷26,运输3205公顷186OLAYIWOLA,2005。有趣的是,大部分地区的人们都呈现出不同的特性。尽管首都迁至阿布贾,但毫无疑问的,拉各斯依旧是国家的经济中枢。它聚集了几乎国家所有的跨国公司总部。拉各斯在城市所有的指标上占据优势位置,尤其是人口统计学方面。值得注意的是,相对拉各斯,所有其他的城市在商业、工业和贸易活动都较小。拉各斯的人口密度远高于尼日利亚的其他城市。根据TAIWO2005,尼日利亚的人口密度是每平方公里100人,而拉各斯约2400人每平方公里,且年人口增长率在50到55之间。运输方面,自然赋予拉各斯适于通航的水体环境,服务于城市公共交通。它的铁路连接了城市南部的商业和城市北部的住宅。因此,拉各斯可以得益于一个良好的运输系统。但是,道路运输在城市内部起了主导作用,占90以上ONI,2004。根据TAIWO2005,拉各斯大约有2600公里的道路。这些公路经常负荷超过一百万的车载密度,超过222辆/公里,而国家平均水平是222辆/11公里。主要的交通要道是LAGOSABEOKUTA路,LAGOSBADAGRY道路轴和IKORODU道路。